黃 磊(綜述),張衛(wèi)星(審校)
(北京大學(xué)深圳醫(yī)院ICU,深圳518036)
血流動力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的危重患者對液體復(fù)蘇有反應(yīng)者僅50%左右[1],為避免無效甚至有害的液體復(fù)蘇,有必要精確預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性。早在 1965年,Thomas等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn),被動抬腿試驗(passive leg raising,PLR)后的正常人心搏量(stroke volume,SV)增加,而缺血性心肌病患者SV下降。但是,PLR影響SV的這種生理現(xiàn)象長期以來并未受到太多關(guān)注,僅被用于循環(huán)衰竭患者早期復(fù)蘇的一種措施。近年來,發(fā)現(xiàn)PLR能精確預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性,故逐漸被重視并成為研究熱點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)對PLR的最新進(jìn)展予以綜述。
容量反應(yīng)性是指快速補(bǔ)液后,SV或心排血量(cardiac output,CO)隨之明顯增加的現(xiàn)象,反映了心臟處于心功能曲線的上升段。長期以來,中心靜脈壓(central venous pressure,CVP)、肺動脈楔壓或左/右心室舒張末期容積等靜態(tài)血流動力學(xué)參數(shù)用于判斷容量反應(yīng)性,指導(dǎo)液體治療。但現(xiàn)有研究[3-5]表明,這些傳統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)指標(biāo)難以精確預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性,故臨床上需要更為精確的預(yù)測指標(biāo)。
PLR是一種功能性血流動力學(xué)監(jiān)測參數(shù),是指通過監(jiān)測PLR前后SV或其替代指標(biāo)(如主動脈血流峰值、脈壓等)的變化來預(yù)測機(jī)體的容量反應(yīng)性。PLR操作簡單,將下肢被動抬高45°,受重力影響,從下肢靜脈回流至中心循環(huán)的血量將額外增加150~300 mL[6-8],即PLR后,心臟前負(fù)荷增加。此時,如果患者左右心室的Frank-Starling心功能曲線都處于上升支,前負(fù)荷增加將導(dǎo)致SV明顯增加,即容量有反應(yīng)性;如果有任一心室的Frank-Starling曲線處于平坦支,前負(fù)荷增加不會導(dǎo)致SV明顯增加,即容量無反應(yīng)性??梢?,PLR是個動態(tài)指標(biāo),通過誘導(dǎo)前負(fù)荷的增加,觀察SV的變化來判斷容量反應(yīng)性。曾有學(xué)者懷疑PLR除增加前負(fù)荷外,還可能興奮壓力感受器或心肺反射,進(jìn)而激活交感神經(jīng)而影響血流動力學(xué),但多個研究均表明PLR前后心率無明顯變化,故目前認(rèn)為PLR期間交感神經(jīng)并未激活,前負(fù)荷的增加是導(dǎo)致血流動力學(xué)變化的唯一因素[9]。
2002年,Boulain等[10]首次開展PLR預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性的研究,39例機(jī)械通氣的循環(huán)衰竭患者,下肢被動抬高45°并持續(xù)4 min,監(jiān)測PLR前后SV和脈壓變化等血流動力學(xué)參數(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)PLR期間的SV和脈壓較基線(PLR前)增加,并且PLR誘導(dǎo)的SV及脈壓變化與隨后300 mL林格液快速靜脈滴注后誘導(dǎo)的SV及脈壓變化密切相關(guān)。表明通過監(jiān)測PLR期間脈壓變化可以無創(chuàng)地預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性。
隨后,Monnet等[11]對71例循環(huán)衰竭并接受機(jī)械通氣的患者進(jìn)行PLR研究,將液體負(fù)荷試驗后主動脈血流峰值較基線值增加≥15%定義為容量有反應(yīng)性,發(fā)現(xiàn)以PLR誘導(dǎo)的主動脈血流峰值≥10%為界值點(diǎn),預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性的靈敏度和特異度分別是97%和94%,ROC曲線下面積(the area under the receiver operation characteristic curve,AUC)是0.96±0.02。更有價值的是,在存在自主呼吸觸發(fā)或心律失常的亞組分析中,PLR也同樣能夠精確預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性。近期的研究[12-14]進(jìn)一步支持PLR在清醒、未接受機(jī)械通氣的自主呼吸人群中有良好的預(yù)測價值,AUC在0.90~0.96。相反,每搏量變異度或脈壓變異度等其他功能性血流動力學(xué)參數(shù)預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性價值雖然也優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)指標(biāo),但它們只適用于無心律失常、無自主呼吸并接受機(jī)械通氣的患者,并受潮氣量、通氣模式、呼吸道壓力或呼吸頻率等諸多因素影響[11,15-17]??梢姡渌δ苄匝鲃恿W(xué)預(yù)測參數(shù)相比,PLR突出優(yōu)勢是適用人群廣,預(yù)測價值不受自主呼吸和心律失常干擾,因為PLR類似于液體負(fù)荷試驗[9],與自主呼吸無關(guān);PLR測量CO或SV是取數(shù)個心動周期的平均值,心律失常對其影響不大。
傳統(tǒng)的容量負(fù)荷試驗固然也能精確預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性,但對容量無反應(yīng)性患者貿(mào)然快速補(bǔ)液,有可能出現(xiàn)肺水腫等不良事件。而PLR期間,盡管前負(fù)荷迅速增加,但抬高的下肢一旦恢復(fù)水平位,前負(fù)荷可迅速、完全恢復(fù)原狀[6],故PLR是可逆的自體容量負(fù)荷試驗,不僅能精確預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性,更兼有安全性高的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
此外,無論是有創(chuàng)的漂浮導(dǎo)管、還是相對無創(chuàng)的食管多普勒超聲、PiCOO或Vigileo/FloTrac方法,亦或是完全無創(chuàng)的經(jīng)胸超聲心動圖或超聲CO監(jiān)測儀應(yīng)用于PLR研究[10,11,13,14,18,19],所得出的容量反應(yīng)性預(yù)測價值有高度的一致性,其AUC基本都在0.90以上??梢?,PLR預(yù)測價值尚具有不受監(jiān)測設(shè)備限制的特點(diǎn)。
3.1 監(jiān)測參數(shù) 有多個血流動力學(xué)參數(shù)(如: CO/CI、SV、主動脈血流速度和脈壓等)應(yīng)用于PLR研究。Cavallaro等[20]運(yùn)用薈萃分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)PLR誘導(dǎo)的脈壓變化預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性的靈敏度僅為59.5%、特異度為86.2%、AUC為0.76,遠(yuǎn)低于CO/CI、SV或主動脈血流速度等參數(shù)的預(yù)測價值(靈敏度89.4%、特異度91.4%、AUC 0.95)。這提示PLR預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性的研究不宜首選脈壓參數(shù),因為脈壓間接反映SV的能力還受動脈順應(yīng)性和測壓部位的影響[7,19]。
3.2 監(jiān)測時機(jī) PLR誘導(dǎo)的血流動力學(xué)效應(yīng)發(fā)生迅速但持續(xù)短暫[6,13,21,22],下肢抬高30 s后,即可觀察到SV或主動脈血流峰值增加,1 min后達(dá)到高峰,受機(jī)體對血容量再調(diào)節(jié)及毛細(xì)血管滲漏影響,一般持續(xù)4 min左右,很少超過7 min,故評估PLR的作用,宜在30~90 s內(nèi)即時監(jiān)測血流動力學(xué)變化,否則PLR預(yù)測能力的敏感性下降。
3.3 體位 Jabot等[8]比較了PLRSUPINE體位(平臥位時抬高下肢45°)和PLRSEMIREC體位(基礎(chǔ)體位是半臥位,PLR時:軀體由半臥位轉(zhuǎn)為平臥位,同時抬高下肢45°)預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性的價值,發(fā)現(xiàn)PLRSUPINE體位較基礎(chǔ)值分別增加CVP20%、右室舒張末期面積10%和cI10%,而PLRSEMIREC體位較基礎(chǔ)值分別增加CVP33%、右室舒張末期面積20%和cI 22%;在35例容量有反應(yīng)性患者中,以PLR誘導(dǎo)的ΔCI≥10%為界值點(diǎn),PLRSUPINE體位假陰性率高達(dá)43%,而PLRSEMIREC體位假陰性率為%??梢?,PLRSEMIREC體位較PLRSUPINE體位回心血量更多,因為此時尚可增加內(nèi)臟儲存池的回心血量,從而心臟前負(fù)荷增加更明顯,預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性的敏感性更高。
3.4 高腹壓 高腹壓可壓迫下腔靜脈,減少下肢及內(nèi)臟靜脈回心血量,故可能降低PLR預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性的敏感性。Mahjoub等[23]在31例容量有反應(yīng)性患者中,經(jīng)多因素回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),高腹壓是影響PLR預(yù)測能力的獨(dú)立危險因素(OR=2.6,P=0.04),而CVP、潮氣量、平臺壓和體質(zhì)量指數(shù)與PLR預(yù)測能力無關(guān);腹壓≥16 mm Hg時,預(yù)測PLR無價值的靈敏度是100%、特異度87.5%、AUC是0.969±0.033。
3.5 其他 Lakhal等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),PLR預(yù)測能力與PLR期間ΔCVP有關(guān),ΔCVP≥2 mm Hg時,PLR預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性AUC是0.98;而ΔCVP<2 mm Hg時,AUC是0.83。此外,嚴(yán)重低血容量狀態(tài)、穿彈力襪或下肢深靜脈血栓形成者可能影響回心血量而降低PLR的預(yù)測價值[6]。
盡管PLR是可逆的容量負(fù)荷試驗,其安全性高,但仍有潛在風(fēng)險,如可能會增高顱內(nèi)壓、惡化右心室功能、出現(xiàn)誤吸等并發(fā)癥[6,25-27]。
Kamran等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),PLR誘導(dǎo)的肱動脈擴(kuò)張和快速充血誘導(dǎo)的肱動脈擴(kuò)張密切相關(guān)(r=0.82,P<0.01),機(jī)制可能與內(nèi)皮功能相關(guān),提示可以運(yùn)用PLR這一簡單的方法來評估血管功能。此外,有研究[29]表明PLR能降低主動脈重搏波的壓力并延緩其發(fā)生,從而減少左心室做功負(fù)荷。
PLR期間增加回心血量150~300 mL,是可逆的自體容量負(fù)荷試驗,預(yù)測容量反應(yīng)性精確度高,AUC在0.90以上,并具有操作簡單、安全性高,適用人群較廣,不受自主呼吸和心律失常干擾。另外,PLR預(yù)測價值尚有不受監(jiān)測設(shè)備限制的優(yōu)點(diǎn),故值得在臨床上推廣應(yīng)用,指導(dǎo)液體治療。但臨床實施PLR需注意選擇合適體位,并需要即時監(jiān)測血流動力學(xué)的變化,此外,目前尚缺少PLR指導(dǎo)補(bǔ)液對預(yù)后影響的臨床研究,今后可進(jìn)一步開展前瞻、隨機(jī)、對照試驗明確PLR指導(dǎo)補(bǔ)液的預(yù)后價值。
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