李國(guó)勤

名詞的概念在不同的語(yǔ)法教科書(shū)中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實(shí)際應(yīng)用來(lái)講還是不要過(guò)分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應(yīng)用上來(lái)。我們不妨把它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個(gè)人、事物、機(jī)關(guān)等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall， America等，它們是不能隨意變動(dòng)的。而普通名詞中則包括個(gè)體名詞，如pen, worker等，它表示單一的個(gè)體人或事物；集體名詞，如：family, class, team等,它表示的是由若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體；物質(zhì)名詞，如：water, paper等，它表示的是一種物質(zhì)，原材料；而后一種是抽象名詞，如:work, time等，它表示著一種在實(shí)際生活中看不見(jiàn)、摸不到，但卻與實(shí)際生活緊密相關(guān)的某些動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。

一、名詞種類

專有名詞：London, John, the Communist Party of China…

普通名詞： nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table…

集體名詞： class, family, army, police, team, people…

物質(zhì)名詞： water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand…

抽象名詞： happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest…

二、名詞功用

作主語(yǔ)： My family are now in New York.

作表語(yǔ)： His father is a scientist.

作賓語(yǔ)： We love our great motherland.

作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： He made London the base for his work.

作定語(yǔ)： The girls are making paper flowers.

作狀語(yǔ)： The car cost him 1000 dollars.

作同位語(yǔ)： Mr. Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.

名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù)，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：English, air, water, cotton, work……可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞，所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種。

可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是：

1. 一般情況加s,如：pen—pens, doctor—doctors, boy—boys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀［s］，在元音和濁輔音后讀［z］。如：map—maps， boy—boys。

2. 在以s, sh, ch, x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es，如：bus—buses, class—classes,其讀音為［iz］。

3. 以ce, se, ze, (d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，其讀音為［iz］。如：piece—pieces, sneeze—sneezes, college—colleges。

4. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加es，讀作［z］，如：factory—factories, country—countries, family—families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如:boy—boys, day—days。

5. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外來(lái)詞，縮寫(xiě)詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s，如：tomato—tomatoes, hero—heroes; photo—photos, radio—radios, piano—pianos。

6. 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es，如：knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。

7. 不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的，它沒(méi)有規(guī)律可循，如:man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, mouse—mice。

8. 單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞有：fish, sheep, deer…

9. 單數(shù)形式但其意義為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people, police等。

名詞還有格的變化，其主格可作主語(yǔ)，賓格可作賓語(yǔ)。還有所有格，用來(lái)表示人或物的所有，以及所屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加s，其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s，如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day。在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國(guó)家……名詞的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk。但無(wú)生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers。

【小試牛刀】

1. Lucy and Lily _＿＿＿ in the same class.

A. am B. is C. are D. be

2. Which is the ＿＿_(dá)＿ to the bus stop， please?

A. road B. way C. street D. address

3. Hurry up! There is _＿＿＿ time left.

A. little B. a little C. few D. a few

4. How many ＿＿＿_(dá) can you see in the picture?

A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato D. the tomato

5. “＿＿＿_(dá) is the meat， please?” “Ten yuan a kilo.”

A. How much B. How many C. How old D. How long

6. The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is _＿＿＿.

A. James Allen B. Allen Green C. James Green D. Mr. Green

7. Shanghai is one of the biggest ＿＿＿_(dá) in our country.

A. city B. citys C. citys D. cities

8. Would you please pass me _＿＿＿?

A. two paper B. two papers C. two pieces of paper D. two pieces of papers

9. I only have _＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.

A. a bit B. a bit of C. little D. few

10. “What would you like, Ann?” “Id like two _＿＿＿.”

A. glass of milk B. glasses of milk C. glass of milks D. glasses of milks

11. There isnt ＿_(dá)＿＿ paper in the box. Will you go and get _＿＿＿ for me?

A. any； some B. any； any C. some； some D. some； any

12. These foreign friends are _＿＿＿.

A. German B. Germen C. Germany D. Germans

13. All the students are busy, so _＿＿＿ of them will go to the cinema.

A. many B. little C. a few D. few

14. There are three ＿＿＿_(dá) and seven ＿_(dá)＿＿ in the picture.

A. deers； sheeps B. deers； sheep C. deer； sheep D. deer； sheeps

15. “Whose room is this?” “Its _＿＿＿.”

A. my B. Kikes and Johns C. our D. Kike and Johns

Key(3)