一、句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整

不完整的句子指以大寫字母開頭，以句號、問號或感嘆號結(jié)束但缺主語或謂語等的句子。它有以下幾種情形。

1.從句

從句只是句子的一個成分——狀語、定語、主語、賓語、表語、同位語，它不能獨立成句，除非把從句的引導(dǎo)詞去掉。如:First，we would have more roads built.Because with the increase of the cars，our roads now become more and more crowded.應(yīng)改為First，we would have more roads built because with the increase of the cars，our roads now become more and more crowded.或First，we would have more roads built.With the increase of the cars，our roads now become more and more crowded.

2.詞組

即把詞組當(dāng)作一個句子用，但由于詞組經(jīng)常沒有謂語，所以不能獨立成句。如:There are three people in my family. My farther，my mother and I.應(yīng)改為There are three people in my family:my farther，my mother and I.

二、謂語動詞與非謂語動詞不分

謂語動詞以具體的時態(tài)、人稱、數(shù)出現(xiàn)，在句中作謂語，如:He works as a doctor in the town hospital.其中謂語works呈現(xiàn)為一般現(xiàn)在時、第三人稱、單數(shù)。而非謂語動詞以不定式、-ing形式、ed形式出現(xiàn)(to do，doing，done)，在句中作“非謂語”，即除謂語以外的其他句子成分。如:Compare with those onechild families，my family is rare at present.應(yīng)改為Compared with those onechild families，my family is rare at present.

三、代詞使用錯誤

1.人稱和數(shù)前后不一致

如:When I was a young girl，my mother always told me that you should do this or do that.應(yīng)改為When I was a young girl，my mother always told me that I should do this or do that.

2.指代不清

如:There are a lot of flowers in the gardens.They are very beautiful.應(yīng)改為There are a lot of beautiful flowers in the gardens.或There are a lot of flowers in the beautiful gardens.

四、詞的用法與所用句型不配套

如:Because in our city there are a lot of factories and many cars，so the air is very dirty.應(yīng)改為Because in our city there are a lot of factories and many cars ，the air is very dirty.或In our city there are a lot of factories and many cars，so the air is very dirty.(because 引導(dǎo)從句，連接主從結(jié)構(gòu)，表示主從關(guān)系，而so 連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，表示并列關(guān)系，所以不能同時出現(xiàn)在一個句子里，這和although與but的關(guān)系一樣。)

又如:I hope some chance to improve myself.應(yīng)改為I hope for some chance to improve myself.(可以用hope to do sth， hope+賓語從句或hope for sth，但沒有hope sth的結(jié)構(gòu)。)

五、詞形錯誤(如名詞的單復(fù)數(shù))、詞性的錯誤等

如:There are high building，expressway and so on.應(yīng)改為There are high buildings，expressways and so on.

六、對一些詞、詞組的特殊用法沒有掌握而犯的錯誤

如:I very like studying English.應(yīng)改為I like studying English very much.

七、省略不當(dāng)

省略是為了使語言簡潔，但省略須遵循一定規(guī)律，否則將引起結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤。省略的規(guī)律很簡單:去掉完全重復(fù)的部分，或去掉前面部分，或去掉后面部分。以下兩種情形不能省略:

1.沒有重復(fù)的成分

2.有些詞看似重復(fù)，實則充當(dāng)不同成分

八、表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)確，局限于中文思維，不符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣

如:My friends think me lively while strangers think me like keeping silent.應(yīng)改為My friends find me lively while the people who don’t know me well find me quiet.

總之，在用英語表達(dá)時，除了要注意語法是否正確外，還要考慮表達(dá)方式是否得體，是否符合英語習(xí)慣。另外，還應(yīng)注意句子、句與句之間以及整個語篇的邏輯意義是否正確。只有這樣，才會寫出規(guī)范、地道、邏輯性強(qiáng)的文章來，在考試中取得高分。

(責(zé)任編輯 周侯辰)