孟建平

《全日制高級(jí)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》明確地規(guī)定:“高級(jí)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的目的,是在義務(wù)教育初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué) 的基礎(chǔ)上,鞏固擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),發(fā)展聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)的基本技能,培養(yǎng)在口頭上和書(shū)面上初步運(yùn)用英語(yǔ) 進(jìn)行交際的能力……”書(shū)面表達(dá)就是在卷面上體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言交際能力的一種重要形式。因此,在高中一年級(jí)就應(yīng) 該開(kāi)展書(shū)面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練。而不是為了應(yīng)付高考,在高三時(shí)才開(kāi)展書(shū)面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練,到那時(shí)就會(huì)有一種“為時(shí)太晚、 力不從心”的感覺(jué)了。

新編高中教材(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)新教材)編寫(xiě)的體系幫助我們擺脫了以往的困境,大大有利于全面培養(yǎng)學(xué)生聽(tīng)、 說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)的四種技能。新教材從第一冊(cè)開(kāi)始就編排了大量的書(shū)面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練,這些訓(xùn)練由淺入深分三個(gè)層 次推進(jìn),形成了一種“由易到難、由簡(jiǎn)到繁、循序漸進(jìn)”的訓(xùn)練模式。

一、第一層次的訓(xùn)練策略

(一)句型訓(xùn)練。寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練從詞法、句法知識(shí)入手,結(jié)合課本里的重點(diǎn)單詞、短語(yǔ),進(jìn)行五種基本句型的 造句練習(xí)。例如:

1.S+V→The First World War broke out in 1914.

2.S+V+O→We're leading a happy life.

3.S+V+P→The mixture tastes terrible.

4.S+V+O(I)+O(D)→Mr Brown will give us a talk this aftern-oon.

5.S+V+O+C→We should make our classroom clean and tidy.

(二)改寫(xiě)對(duì)話(huà)。以第一人稱(chēng)或第三人稱(chēng)的口氣講述并寫(xiě)下每單元第一課的對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容。例如:〔Unit 4 L esson 13(選自學(xué)生作業(yè))〕

Jane and Betty are going on holidays in a few days'time.Betty is going off to Guangzhou by p lane next Thursday evening.She is staying with her friend Kate Klarke.Jane is going to Xi'an.She 's leaving of Friday.She's going with her parents.She's going by plane,too.

在這篇改寫(xiě)的短文里,只要在理解原對(duì)話(huà)的基礎(chǔ)上,給主要句子換上一個(gè)主語(yǔ)即可。隨著學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)內(nèi)容的 增加和循序漸進(jìn)的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練,理解主題、抓住要點(diǎn)的閱讀能力會(huì)逐漸增強(qiáng),詞語(yǔ)、句型的運(yùn)用能力也會(huì)大大的 提高。再如在Unit 23 Lesson 89里,同樣是關(guān)于holidays的改寫(xiě),就能運(yùn)用學(xué)過(guò)的知識(shí)寫(xiě)出如下的句子:

1.Mr White Suggests visiting the town of Aswan.

2.Bob Suggests that they visit the High Dam.

3.But Mrs White prefers shopping to visiting places.

二、第二層次的訓(xùn)練

(一)縮寫(xiě)課文。新教材所選的課文題材廣泛,體裁豐富。我們要好好利用這些有利的因素與條件,進(jìn)行 寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練。具體做法:先對(duì)課文做好充分預(yù)習(xí)并根據(jù)內(nèi)容找出關(guān)鍵句,從中劃出關(guān)鍵詞,然后根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)復(fù) 述課文,最后把復(fù)述的內(nèi)容寫(xiě)下來(lái)。例如:〔Unit 21 Lesson82,要求:談?wù)勸R克思如何學(xué)外語(yǔ)(選自學(xué)生作 業(yè))〕。

Karl Marx was born in Germany.German was his native langu-age.When he was young,he had to mo ve on from place to place.In 1849,he went to England and lived there.Then he started working har d to improve his English Before long,he could write artic-les in English for an American newspap er.Later,he was able to write the book The Civil Warin France in English.Marx began to learn Rus sian in his fifties.At the end of six months he had learned enough Russian to read articles and reports.Marx set us a good example in learning foreign languages.(畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分是關(guān)鍵詞)

(二)回答問(wèn)題、聯(lián)句成文。課本每單元的第二課及Exercise 1是這種訓(xùn)練的最好的素材。

(三)仿寫(xiě)與編寫(xiě)。仿寫(xiě),就是利用已知信息“改頭換面”地寫(xiě)一段話(huà)。編寫(xiě),就是根據(jù)所閱讀的課文, 編寫(xiě)出一段對(duì)話(huà)。

三、第三層次的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練

(一)機(jī)械寫(xiě)作。常用的應(yīng)用文如通知、書(shū)信等都有其特定的格式。我們要初步了解、掌握這些特定的格 式及寫(xiě)作技巧,讀懂具體內(nèi)容,然后把內(nèi)容套進(jìn)特定的格式中去,就是一篇條理清楚的書(shū)面表達(dá)了。如寫(xiě)通知 ,要掌握:1.通知的對(duì)象、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間及要做的事情;2.要注意的事項(xiàng);3.寫(xiě)上"Don't be late"或"Be on ti me."等一類(lèi)句子。例如: Class 2 and Class 3 are going to plant trees on Western Hills tomorrow.We'll take a bus to go there.Please bring lunc-h and water with you.Remember to wear old clothes as we'll do a lot o f hard work.We will meet in front of the school gate at nine o'clock.Don't be late.

(二)小組作文。這種方法尤其適用于看圖寫(xiě)作。做法是同學(xué)間按照好、中、差兼顧的原則分成幾人一小 組進(jìn)行討論并列出英文要點(diǎn),接著個(gè)人分頭準(zhǔn)備(如每人講述一、二個(gè)要點(diǎn)或一、二幅圖);再經(jīng)過(guò)小組討論 糾正并加上“啟承轉(zhuǎn)合”詞、句以聯(lián)段成文;然后小組之間交換并進(jìn)行評(píng)議,有條件的可進(jìn)行集體評(píng)改。這種訓(xùn)練方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:1.“團(tuán)結(jié)作戰(zhàn)”能消除畏懼心理;2.開(kāi)展討論可促使大家積極參與;3.交換評(píng)議 或集體評(píng)改有利于互相學(xué)習(xí)、共同提高。

(三)獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作。經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的循序漸進(jìn)的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)后,就能對(duì)難度適中的材料進(jìn)行獨(dú)立審題并限時(shí)完成 了。例如:下面是一篇“一件小事”的記敘作文。筆者所教的高一學(xué)生根據(jù)自己去一家電影院看電影的途中所 經(jīng)歷的一件小事用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的一篇作文,詞數(shù)100左右。

It was Saturday evening.After supper,I decided to go to s-ee a film,so I went to the bus sto p to take a bus.Soon the buscame and I got on it.I had a very good seat.Just then,an old woman g ot on the bus.Seeing that there were no spare seats in the bus,I stood up at once and gave my se at to her.She was v-ery pleased.She sat down and thanked me again and again.Soon the bus stopped before the Guangming Cinema.I got off the bus and said good-bye to the old woman.

高一學(xué)生能寫(xiě)出這樣的書(shū)面表達(dá),是令人欣慰的。這是遵循語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)律,遵循“由易到難、由簡(jiǎn)到繁、 循序漸進(jìn)”這一科學(xué)的訓(xùn)練模式的結(jié)果,也是新教材編排合理性與科學(xué)性的又一證明。