Contents & AbstractsContents & Abstracts

A New Analysis of Soft Power Theory: Components, Functions and Developing Principles——With Compare of Soft Power between China and US

Hu Jian(3)

Abstract: In recent years, academic circles become more interested in studying soft power. But there exists insufficiency in theoretical studies. What is made up of soft power? What functions does soft power play in nation growing? And what principle does exist in the developing process of soft power? Such problems need deep theoretical studies. Most scholars think that culture, values, institutions and so on are soft power. But in fact, they are resources of soft power. Only when one state uses them for some aim, can these resources transform into soft power. The importance of these resources, the capability of using these resources and the attitudes toward these resources, are the reference of measuring soft power. And also such factors make soft power has special principles in its developing process.

Keywords: Theory of soft power; Components; Functions; Developing Princples

The Current Soft Power Research in China: Some Difficult Problems and Considerations

Guo Jiemin(12)

Abstract：With further researches into the soft power, some complicated and related problems have gradually appeared. First, soft power has some different Chinese translations: there emerges difference between “ruan shi li”and “ruan quan li”. While taking up the theory of soft power as a kind of international power thought, reconstruction of its Chinese meaning is necessary. Secondly, which one is the dominant power, political power or cultural power? Cultural power is intermingled with political one, and they show a relationship of "inside" and "outside" to some extent. Thirdly, there is the logical problem in the evaluation of soft power, including the clarification of the identity of soft power, the use of normative standards, the logic among related views, and so on.

Keywords: Soft power; Cultural power; Political power; Logic

New Thinking of Theory and Policy of Chinas Soft Power Construction

Guo Xuetang(20)

Abstract: Since there is the huge change of international political and economic pattern, to develop soft power is a necessary condition to promote comprehensive national power as well as the key to realize Chinas peaceful rising. Under the background of economic globalization and deep interdependence, the manifestation of great powers competence is that competence of soft power becomes more and more fierce and comprehensive, and to strengthen the building of soft power requires us to pay attention to public diplomacy, especially to concern the great change of its subject and object, to find the paradox of soft power construction, and seek for the theory and ways suitable for nations developing strategy.

Keywords: Soft power; Hard power; Public diplomacy

“Internally-public, Externally-private” as the Basic Characteristic of General Organization: A Theoretical Analysis of the Dual Contract

He Xiaoxing(27)

Abstract: Given that any transaction and contract involve external factors, every contract is a dual contract combining the internal contract with the external one. In all the four structures of the dual contract, only the dual contract of the structure with fully or partially internal public and external private nature can display the basic characteristics of the organization and can be termed organization by definition.The dual contract defining the organization results from the following conditions: the gain is bigger than the cost in reaching the internal public contract and in reaching the external private contract. In most cases, the organization is the mixture of public and private natures in both internal and external transactions, however, so long as the dual contract shows some of such nature, it has already possessed the basic characteristics of an organization; only that its organizational level varies with the intensity of such nature. Its a continuum of organizational level growing from non-organization to full organization. Organization is but a special contract, and market only offer space and platform where contract is established and transaction is concluded. There exists no comparison and directly substitute relationship between organization and market.

Keywords: Contract; Dual contract; Internally-public, externally private; Organization; Market

On Institutional Restriction of Chinas Local Government Investment Project and Innovation of Management Model

Yan Yanming Li Guihua(38)

Abstract: In the transformation time, Chinas local government investment projects are still influenced by some plan economic factors. To complete management system of government investment is also a key link of economic and social transformation. At present, with the requirement of endeavoring to realize a quicker and better development, it is urgent to explore to introduce a new model and mechanism to promote management of local government investment projects. The article makes a discussion of model innovation to breakthrough institutional restriction of traditional systems. It proposes some ways to optimize management system of local government investment projects and to promote efficiency of project management.

Keywords: Local government; Investment project; Institutional restriction; Management model; Innovation

The Innovation of Metropolis and Its Population Development: A Comparative Study on New York, Tokyo, London and Shanghai

Zuo Xuejin Wang Hongxia(44)

Abstract：The metropolitan area is the agglomeration of population and economic activities as well as the major and important area for innovation. From the perspective of innovation and population development, this paper argues that innovation must have the population support，no matter what the innovation diffusion and the innovation process mentioned. At metropolitan regions in New York, London and Tokyo, the factors including the stable increasing population scale, the high-qualified labor resource, the diversified industrial structure and the opening market are all the key powers to keep the metropolitans achieving innovation and remaining its innovation competence. Compared with New York, London and Tokyo, Shanghai has much difference in population development, which can be generalized as the short of the high-qualified human capital, the comparative slowing growth in population, and the possible crisis resulting from the population mobility, diversity and openness. Those are the important problems Shanghai are facing with and the great challenges most international metropolitans need to solve to keep their innovation activities and competence. According to the empirical analysis and studies, the paper proposes some policy suggestions such as the deregulation on population control and industry rule, various investment on human capital and the public service for the high skilled people, and so on.

Keywords: Metropolitan innovation; Population support; Human capital; Population diversification; International compare

“Questinoning China” into “Understanding China”: Rural China Research as the Other of the West and Its Creative Transformation

Zhao Xudong(53)

Abstract: As a paradigm,to regard the rural China as “questioning China” is a motive to do research among lots of scholars. Atomization, lineage and village politics are key issues of which those researchers concern and are urgent to resolve through fieldwork. Based on their misunderstanding of the methodology of the fieldwork and ethnography which only led them to accumulate more data and fieldwork materials, they cannot promote their understanding level about the rural China. Rural China researchers should relocate their position out from understanding perspective to realize the creative transformation of rural China research from the thickness of ethnography and culture understanding.

Keywords: Rural China research; Questioning China; Understanding China; Creative transformation

On Government-Oriented Social Work NPO and Reconstruction after the Catastrophe: with an Example of Shanghai L NPO

Peng Shanmin(64)

Abstract: Government-oriented social work NPO is a newly power in the reconstruction aftercatastrophes. The trust of such government-oriented organization reduces the difficulty of engagement. Its insist of dual tasks makes continuous impulse and connection of soft service, and substantive building is easy to achieve high efficiency. However, to seek for more professional social service, it is necessary to distinguish plural participation of determining subjects in mechanism of organization determination; to link local resources and outside ones in mechanism of resource integration; to strengthen relation outside in information communication; to entitle more independence to volunteers in incentive mechanism.

Keywords: Government-oriented; Social work; NPO; Reconstruction after the catastrophe

On Dilemma of Real Estate Investment Trusts and Its Way out

Li XintianLu Zirui(70)

Abstract: Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS) is a real estate investment product with a global trend and an unparalleled advantage. However, there are still difficulties in the introduction of REITS to China. Despite it, the establishment of a comprehensive C-REITs is a necessary trend. C-REITs can be improved on the organization style, conditions of establishment, tax law, mode of operation, etc.

Keywords: REITs; Advantage; Obstacle; Suggestion

On Chinese Trust Asset Legislation Model

Dong Huining(77)

Abstract: Trust asset system is generally applied in common law states. In civil law states, since there is neither dual ownership nor equitable basis. the systems of law in civil law states were satisfactory without the need for an additional equity jurisdiction, so full transposition of trust asset is impossible. The PRC Trust Law has not clearly defined that the ownership of the trust asset belongs to the trustees, while only requires that the management of the trust asset rights lies in the trustees. It is incompatible with the development of the current trust theory and practice. This article considers that the title of trust asset should stand in the name of settlers under Chinese civil law and stand in the name of trustees. The beneficial rights should stand in the beneficiaries under Chinese trust law. While confirming the ownership of trustees under the Chinese trust law, the protection of beneficiaries should be given attention to.

Keywords: PRC Trust Law; The trust asset; Legislation model

On Interpretation and Confirmation of Trust Duty of Fiduciary Institution

Xiao Haijun(84)

Abstract: The trust duty of fiduciary institution consist of several aspects, such as the duty of good management, of faithful operation and of careful attention. Since the present trust legal norms are generalized and indefinite, and additionally there is a number of gaps in terms of the trust law, there emerges unclearness of the interpretation of the law and the standard of the judge about trust duty of fiduciary institution in the practice of business and judicial. Therefore, specification and identifiable quality about the main trust duty of fiduciary institution should include in the focus of the future trust and trust investment legislation.

Keywords: Fiduciary Institution; Trust Duty; Good Management; Faithful Operation; Careful attention

A Proposition Neglected: Traditional Factors Affecting Metropolitan Public Organization—— A Compare between Tocqueville and Ostrom

Lin Tuo(93)

Abstract: As a difficult global issue, metropolitan governance has drawn much attention, so does its public organization. In general idea, traditional factors affecting local governmental organization are neglected or even abandoned, because they are treated as unsuitable element under the current development situation. Metropolitan reform movement often encounters frustration in the USA, although it took popularity in many other Western countries. Ostrom etc, re-discovered the important role of traditional factors in US local government, which Tocqueville found 150 years ago. And the former also noticed that traditional factors still keep their vitality against all the challenges and regulation by urbanization during the last 150 years. And what is more, these factors will affect metropolitan governance development in US. Implying a broader view, we can find that after various superficial values were proved failure, such reforms in many developed countries have gradually turned back to their institutional, social and cultural tradition which they embed. In conclusion, traditional factors affecting metropolitan public organization is a future key proposition in the governance.

Keywords: Metropolis; Public organization; Traditional factors

Urban Expansion and Rrt Adjustment: Centered at Modern Painting in the Expansion of European Cities in the 19th Century

Geng Bo(101)

Abstract: The expansion of European cities in the 19th century made a quite different developing mode from that of cities in the Middle Age. With such expansion, there emerged urban diseases oppressing humanity. However, the expansion itself included a kind of dialectical tension of liberating individuals. Therefore, in the sense of art adjustment, the modern painting, which appeared in such expansion process in the 19th century, possessed the significance ofelevating the reality of urban individual experience, transforming urban materialized reality and achieving the balance between material level and spiritual one.

Keywords: Urban expansion; Modern painting; Art adjustment

Socrates, Plato, Confuciuss Mutual Concealment of Wrong Doing among Family Members and Their Thoughts of Family Ethics

Guo QiyongChen Qiaojian(110)

Abstract: Confucius had the notion of mutual concealment of wrong doing among family members, but concealment itself implies mutual admonition of wrong doing among family members as well. Furthermore, Confucius didn't think that family members should conceal their wrong doing mutually in the public affairs. He didn't encourage family members to accuse mutually in the private sphere, but argued that family and community should be regulated in harmony with the spirit of religious ethics. Socrates and Plato also attached much importance to family ethics and filial piety. In their own notion of holiness, to show piety to gods demands to show filial piety and to respect for one's parents, which is a universal law that gods have established for the human being. In the context of the whole thoughts of Socrates and Plato, it is easy to understand that Socrates criticized and refuted Euthyphro to accuse his father of murder. These three all thought highly of family ethics and filial piety, and in a sense, they all approved the notion of mutual concealment of wrong doing among family members.

Keywords: Socrates; Plato; Confucius; Filial piety; Mutual concealment of wrong doing among family members

Tokotomi Sohou and His Views on China

Ye HunglinShi Zhiyu(117)

Abstract: The literature, Chinese as well as Japanese, has yet to examine Tokutomi Sohous views on China. Having lived through the period of Meiji Restoration and the World War II, Tokutomi was a long time China observer in modern Japan. In his time and after, Tokutomi was known for his radical political thoughts. In addition, Tokutomi had been a determined critic of China. This paper summarizes Tokutomis published writings on China. In addition, by placing Tokutomis life experiences against the domestic and international events of the 1920s and 1930s, which heavily shaped Japan and every of its thinkers, this paper contextualizes Tokutomis understanding of China. Different from the popular impression of him being inconsistent, the paper treats his political thoughts and actions as a systematic whole and parallels the evolution of Tokutomis Political philosophy with Japans quest for modernity.

Keywords: Tokutomi Sohou; Japan; China; Pan-Asianism; Populism

The Interaction between the State and Society: The Origins of Marihuana Control Policy in the United States

Zhang Yong-an(129)

Abstract: The social anti-marihuana consensus had been established when American states and Federal government would begin to control it in the early of the 20th century. The public attitudes to marihuana began to change and gradually created a “moral panic”, along with the change of social cultural fabric and moral factor. Marihuana problem gradually closed from the margin to the center, as a result, the centralization of problem polymerized social consensus, which not only affected the origin of marihuana control but also was an important weatherglass of policys aggrandizement and weakening. In fact, both the state and the society had some “self-limits”, as a result, the interaction was not completely synchronization or equity. However, it is confirmed that the base of policy adjustment is the interaction between the state and the society; moreover, the harmony of them becomes the end-result of policys enactment and enforcement.

Keywords: USA； Marihuana Control；Moral Panic； Social Consensus

Another Argument of British and France Troops Withdraw in Neoteric Japan

Zhang Xiaogang(139)

Abstract: British and France armies garrisoned in Yokohama under the excuse of safe guarding to foreigners in 1863. Japanese government had argued uselessly with western powerful countries about troops withdrawing after theMeiji Reform. Up to 1875, British and France armies withdrew suddenly and initiatively. The paper makes a further research and analysis on its historical background, negotiating process and withdrawing reasons.

Keywords: Neoteric Japan; British and France garrison troop; Withdraw troop

“Word—Annotation” in the Late Qing Dynasty

Wen Guiliang(146)

Abstract: In the late Qing Dynasty, that by what way“new words” was accepted by Chinese was an important issue. The article makes an analysis on three models of “word—annotation”: dictionary, anntations in the column of newspapers and annotations in the paper. It argues that on the one hand, “word—annotation” finished the task accepted by Chinese, on the other hand, it experienced europeanization of Chinese. From perspective of knowledge pedigree, “word—annotation” was also a way and content of knowledge construction in the late Qing.

Keywords: “Word—Annotation”; Europeanization of Chinese; Knowledge construction

Scientific Fictions in the Late Qing Dynasty and thoughts of the End of the World: A Case Study on Two Fictions of“The Last Days of the Earth”

Li Yanli(157)

Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century which was the transition time of China, two homonym short fictions named “The last days of the Earth” by Liang Qicao and Bao Tianxiao were published in New Fiction and Monthly Fiction. Doubtlessly, they were scientific fictions spreading advanced astronomy knowledge. However, at the beginning of a new century, “the last days of the Earth” seemed unsuitable for the trend. By comparative study of similarities and differences of the English fiction, Japanese translation version, Chinese translation version and Chinese creation version, and from perspectives of “science” in the late Qing and “scientific fictions”, “the last days of the Earth” and “thoughts of the end of the world ”, the acceptance of “thoughts of the end of the world” in China, the essay argues that “science”,“the last days of the earth”and “the end of the world”which seemed contradictory in two fictions, actually included the deep significance of transformation from the old tradition to a new society.

Keywords: The late Qing Dynasty; Scientific fiction; The last days of the earth; Thoughts of the end of the world

A Comparative Study on Literary Thoughts of Chen Duxiu and Lu Xun

Wang Fuxiang(168)

Abstract: That Lu Xun becoming the founder of Chinese modern literature is closely related to the support and encourage of Chen Duxiu. They both held the view of literary independence which belongs to humanity. They also emphasized ideological content of literature and the characteristic of literature as aesthetics. Despite their similarities, their difference lies in what Lu Xun called “mental voice” and what Chen Duxiu called “human feeling”. Though they both proposaled realism in literary theory and creation, Chen Duxiu preferred naturalism of which the distinguished representative was Zola, emphasizing complete realism without any idealism; Lu Xun belonged to symbolism emphasizing mixture of reality and symbol which includes idealism. But they agreed with the education function of literature. By detailed comparative study of them, the paper considers that older Chen Duxiu entered into a liberal realm of art of life while during the whole life, Lu Xun was troubled with contradiction whether literature is useful or useless.

Keywords: Chen Duxiu; Lu Xun; Literary thoughts; Compare; Humanity; Realism

Common Challenges, Common Efforts: Working Together for a Better World——Review of Opinions of Oversea Scholars in the 3rd World Forum on China Studies

Huang Kaifeng