Standing on top of the flat surface of Table Mountain on a clear day is one of those special moments that you tuck away for safekeeping in the recesses of your mind. In the company of rock rabbits, an icy fresh sea breeze and your own thoughts 1086 meters above an Atlantic Ocean that stretches into electric blue infinity below, you feel like you're standing on top of the world. As well as its unusual shape, the mountain is known as a place of deep spiritual significance, the brooding quartzite and granite cliffs casting a protective aura over the city it has cradled for more than three and a half centuries.
晴空萬(wàn)里,站在平坦的桌山之頂是眾多美妙時(shí)刻之一,如此美麗的畫面烙在了記憶最深處,永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)忘記。身邊不時(shí)有巖兔躥過,清新微涼的海風(fēng)撫過臉頰,想想自己正站在高過大西洋(無限蔓延的一片鐵藍(lán))1086米的地方,頓生“會(huì)當(dāng)臨絕頂”的感慨。由于這座山山形奇特,因此也被賦予了一種深刻的精神意義——隱約的石英巖和花崗石懸崖以一種保衛(wèi)的姿態(tài)守護(hù)這座城市近三個(gè)半世紀(jì)。
It is the presence of this iconic landmark at its rear and the ocean in front that has led Cape Town, nestled in a natural bowl between the two, to be internationally described as the most beautiful city in the world. Founded as a trading post in 1652, the settlement became an important stop-over for ships to repair and resupply on the Asan spice route. It was because of the relief felt by these weary ancient mariners when they discovered not only one of the most beautiful places on earth, but also one that had fresh food and water, that they called it the Cape of Good Hope. South Africa's oldest city, Cape Town is also known by locals as the Mother City
正是后方的這個(gè)地標(biāo)以及前方的浩瀚大洋成就了開普敦——依偎在兩者間的天然峽灣,也被公認(rèn)為世界上最美麗的城市。1652年這里被建成一個(gè)商棧,隨后逐漸成為Asan香料之路上來往船只休憩和補(bǔ)充給養(yǎng)的重要中轉(zhuǎn)站。當(dāng)筋疲力盡的老船員們發(fā)現(xiàn)這里不僅僅是世界上最美麗的地方之一,而且還有新鮮的食物和水,他們感到無比的安心和輕松,因此他們稱之為好望角。南非最古老的城市——開普敦,也被當(dāng)?shù)厝俗u(yù)為母親城。
Magical Mountain
神奇山脈
Table Mountain is Cape Town's top attraction for visitors. For those who are energetic it's a three-hour hike to the top, and as part of a nature reserve and a UNESCO Cape Floristic Region World Heritage Site there is an opportunity to enjoy the unique flora on the way up. More than 1400 species of plant life flourish in the area. Most people opt to go up by cable car, with its revolving floor, that zips you up in minutes. Without warning, and almost like magic, a tablecloth of clouds can float down and spill over the mountains' edge, turning your visit into a fairy tale and softening the nearby rock formations known as the Lion's Head, Signal Hill, Devil's Peak and the Twelve Apostles until they look near enough to touch. An ancient legend says the ethereal tablecloth is due to an old Afrikaner called Van Hunks who sits on Devil's Peak (adjacent to Table Mountain) having a smoking contest with the devil himself. The two keep puffing away, blowing clouds of smoke and neither ever wins.
桌山是開普敦最有吸引力的地方。精力充沛的游客只需3個(gè)小時(shí)就能登上山頂。作為自然保護(hù)區(qū)以及聯(lián)合國(guó)科教文組織植物區(qū)角世界遺產(chǎn)的一部分,一路上可以欣賞到各種奇特的植被,大概有1400多種。大部分游客都寧愿乘坐(360度)旋轉(zhuǎn)上升纜車,幾分鐘內(nèi)就能夠到達(dá)山頂。然后,毫無預(yù)兆地,甚至可以說是不可思議地,大片大片桌布似的云朵會(huì)在瞬間飄過,緊緊覆在山的四周,幾乎要滿溢出來,游客也仿佛進(jìn)入了一個(gè)童話世界,而四周的獅頭峰、信號(hào)山、魔鬼峰、十二門徒峰也似乎被這些迷幻的云朵抹去了尖銳的棱角,變得柔軟起來,仿佛近在咫尺,觸手可及。關(guān)于這些飄渺的桌布的來歷有一個(gè)古老的傳說:一個(gè)名叫范漢#8226;克斯的南非人在魔鬼峰(在桌山附近)和一個(gè)魔鬼比賽吸煙,兩個(gè)人不停地抽煙、吞云吐霧,但誰(shuí)都沒有贏得對(duì)方,因此,桌山上便總是云霧繚繞了。
Beaches, Oh Beaches
美麗海灘
After the altitude of the mountain, get down to sea level and head for Cape Town's legendary beaches which have earned Europe's coveted blue flag status for outstanding beaches. Watersport junkies can surf, dive, kite-surf into salty nirvana. The trendy beaches of Camps Bay, Clifton and Llandudno along the Atlantic Seaboard are right up there with the best in the world. Tanned, gym-sculptured bodies, ivory colored sand and sunsets crying out for film are all part of the attraction. It's all too perfect. That is, of course, until you step into the water. The Atlantic tides that wash the Cape are teeth-chatteringly cold - dashing in and out to cool down is about all you'll want to do.
在領(lǐng)略過高山美景后就來到海邊,直奔開普敦傳說中的海灘——獲得歐洲最具價(jià)值的藍(lán)旗稱號(hào)(頒給杰出的海灘)。這里的水上運(yùn)動(dòng)包括海上沖浪、潛水還有沖浪風(fēng)箏等等。而像大西洋沿海的坎普斯灣海灘、克里夫頓海灘、蘭蒂德諾海灘這些新潮時(shí)尚的海灘都是世界聞名。日光浴、健身房里刻意鍛煉出的完美身材、泛著象牙色澤的沙子以及適合電影鏡頭的美麗落日,這些都極具吸引力。一切都太完美了。當(dāng)然,更準(zhǔn)確的說,是在你下水之前。沖刷著海角的大西洋海浪異常寒冷——你所能做的就是不斷地游進(jìn)游出讓自己冷靜下來。
On the east coast of the Cape peninsula, you can catch a commuter train along the False Bay coastline, stopping at beaches and quaint villages. The water here is warmer than the Atlantic and draws swimmers and surfers in droves. Long Beach at Muizenberg, with its rainbow colored wooden change rooms; the antique shops, art galleries and cafes of Kalk Bay, where fishermen hawk the day's catch; and Fish Hoek, a family beach always packed with locals, are all worth exploring. The bay is also a great place for whale watching. The train line ends at the postcard village of Simon's Town, South Africa's naval base, with its main street lined with Victorian wrought iron lace facades.
在開普半島的東海岸,你可以乘坐佛斯灣海岸線的市郊火車,逐個(gè)停留游覽沿途沙灘和獨(dú)特的村莊。這里的海水比大西洋的要溫暖得多,游泳者和沖浪者蜂擁而至。位于梅森堡長(zhǎng)灘上的用木頭搭建的彩虹色更衣室;考克灣的舊書店、藝?yán)取⒖Х瑞^以及兜售一天收獲的漁民;還有當(dāng)?shù)厝思鄣尼烎~鎮(zhèn)海灘,這些都值得一看。這個(gè)海灣還是觀看鯨魚的好地方?;疖嚱K點(diǎn)站是風(fēng)景如畫的西蒙鎮(zhèn),也是南非的海軍基地,它的主街道滿是維多利亞時(shí)期的鍛鐵飾物。
A mile away, at Boulders Coastal Park, a colony of over 3,000 jackass penguins has nested nearby, gracefully sharing the crystal waters with human swimmers. It's a black and white living extravaganza. From Simon's Town, the road winds lazily along the craggy coastline to Cape Point and the Good Hope Nature Reserve. This is the end of the African continent, where the Atlantic and Indian Ocean meet and described by intrepid British mariner Sir Francis Drake in 1580, as \"the fairest Cape in all the world\".
一英里外的伯德斯海岸公園有一個(gè)3000多只嬌憨的企鵝的聚居地,它們和游泳者們一起分享著晶瑩剔透的海水,那里簡(jiǎn)直是一個(gè)黑白分明到極致的世界。馬路從西蒙鎮(zhèn)開始懶懶地蔓延至開普點(diǎn)以及好望角自然保護(hù)區(qū)。這里是非洲大陸的末端,也是大西洋和印度洋的交匯處。 1580年,英勇的英國(guó)水手弗朗西斯#8226;德雷克爵士稱其為“世界上最美麗的海角”。
Historical City
歷史古城
Apart from Table Mountain and the swathe of pristine beaches, Cape Town is a city that's made for browsing. The most modern city in Africa, it's a vibrant, cosmopolitan place, and the eclectic mix of designer shops, street markets, cafes and street artists means there is something to linger over on almost every corner. Historically ancestors here were Indonesian, French, Dutch, British, German, and indigenous Bushman and Hottentot tribes, giving Cape Town its flavor. Capetonians are a breed apart, laid-back, ready to laugh at themselves and in no rush to break the stress barriers of the corporate world. This easy-going lifestyle is set amongst the historic buildings of old Cape Dutch and the English architecture of the Castle of Good Hope dating back to 1666, a fort of the first Dutch settlers and a fine example of living conditions in the city then. Across from the fort the colonial-style ochre yellow City Hall stands as beacon for photographers and history buffs alike. Few skyscrapers obscure the skyline as the city sits neatly against is majestic mountain backdrop.
除了桌山和眾多天然的海岸外,開普敦也是一個(gè)天然牧業(yè)城市。作為非洲最現(xiàn)代的城市,它生機(jī)勃勃、非常國(guó)際化,而兼收并蓄各種設(shè)計(jì)大師風(fēng)格的時(shí)裝店、街邊超市、咖啡館、街頭藝術(shù)家都意喻著每一個(gè)街角都會(huì)讓你流連忘返。歷史上,這里曾居住著印度尼西亞人、法國(guó)人、荷蘭人、英國(guó)人、德國(guó)人、以及本土的澳洲叢林居民和霍頓都部族,這些都形成了開普敦獨(dú)特的風(fēng)情。開普敦人比較獨(dú)特、懶散、喜歡自嘲,并且沒有任何想要去打破全球化的障礙和壓力的欲望。這種隨和的生活方式就滋生于那些歷史古建筑中,比如舊式開普荷建筑、源于1666年的好望英式城堡、第一個(gè)荷蘭殖民者建立的堡壘都體現(xiàn)了那時(shí)的居住環(huán)境。穿過堡壘,如燈塔般聳立的具有殖民地風(fēng)格的市政廳呈現(xiàn)在眼前,這座赭黃色的建筑物備受攝影師和歷史狂熱者的追捧。整座城市安靜地蝸居在巨大的山脈中,只有少數(shù)的摩天大樓突兀地聳立云霄,模糊了天際,叫人難以分辨。
Robben Island - Symbol of Freedom
羅賓島
One of the biggest attractions for visitors to Cape Town lies a short 30 minute boat ride from the city harbor across Table Bay. It's an island that has for almost four centuries been the place where lepers, convicts and anyone thought to be disruptive to society was banished. It is steeped in pain and suffering and went largely unknown by most South Africans for years. All that changed when the world's most famous political prisoner, Nelson Mandela, and other members of the African National Congress were imprisoned there for challenging the oppressive apartheid government of the day in the 1960s. In 1999 the island was declared a World Heritage Site. Now people flock to see the 5 square meter cell that was home to Mandela for 18 of his 27 years in prison and the \"Island of Exiles\" as described by author Lawrence Green, and its maximum security prison, opens a window on a past long kept hidden. Tour guides on the island are actual former political prisoners who share their stories with visitors in an insightful way, very refreshing from the usual monotone droning of guides found in other places of interest.
開普敦最吸引游客的地方之一是需從城市碼頭坐船半個(gè)小時(shí)穿過桌灣才能到達(dá)的羅賓島。這個(gè)海島有長(zhǎng)達(dá)四個(gè)世紀(jì)的歷史——麻風(fēng)病者、罪犯以及任何企圖分裂國(guó)家社會(huì)的人都被流放至此。這里始終都沉浸在一片痛楚和苦難中,并且長(zhǎng)期以來不為大多數(shù)南非人所知。直到20世紀(jì)60年代,全世界最著名的政治犯納爾遜#8226;曼德拉和其它非洲國(guó)會(huì)成員因反抗政府的種族隔離壓迫而被監(jiān)禁于此,一切才有所改變。1999年,羅賓島被列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)?,F(xiàn)在人們都涌至這里觀看曼德拉在他27年的牢獄生活中度過了18年的僅有5平米的牢房,勞倫斯#8226;格林稱之為“流放之島”,這也是世界上最安全的監(jiān)獄,只有一個(gè)隱蔽的小窗戶用以放風(fēng)。和其它地方只會(huì)重復(fù)一些陳詞濫調(diào)的導(dǎo)游不同,羅賓島上的導(dǎo)游是過去的政治犯,他們以獨(dú)到的見解和游客分享他們的故事。
After Dark
暮色四合
When night falls, Long Street and the Sea Point area come alive with every kind of entertainment, and whether you want to spend an evening mellowing to full flavored jazz, take part in a drumming circle or strut incandescently at some chic nightclub, Cape Town delivers. Meanwhile, lovers of roulette wheels, cards and slot machines can get their fix at the Grand West Casino, which provides gambling and entertainment on larger-than-life scale.
當(dāng)夜幕降臨時(shí),長(zhǎng)街和海點(diǎn)地區(qū)就開始上演各式各樣的娛樂活動(dòng),無論你是想整夜享受美妙的爵士,還是參加鼓社,抑或無拘無束地在一些別致的夜店里逍遙,開普敦都能讓你得到滿足。同時(shí),喜歡輪盤賭用輪、撲克牌還有老虎機(jī)的人則會(huì)流連于大西部賭場(chǎng),那里提供賭博以及一些不同尋常的表演。
The city has more restaurants and bars than you would need in a lifetime. Atlantic Seaboard areas of Clifton and Camps Bay serve up fine dining, but if its wholesome earthy flavors you crave, point your shoes in the direction of Mama Africa in Long Street for real African dishes and specialties like ostrich, crocodile and several varieties of game, all served with traditional stiff corn meal porridge and washed down with the Cape's world famous wines. For seafood, something Cape Town is known for, the Waterfront provides everything from succulent pink crayfish to sea-fresh line fish, while further out on the False Bay coast make a stop at Carla's in Muizenberg for peri-peri prawns that are talked about worldwide.
這個(gè)城市里有很多餐館、酒吧。大西洋沿海地區(qū)的坎普斯灣海灘、克里夫頓海灘都提供美味的餐飲,但如果你在尋求健康樸素的風(fēng)味美食,那就去長(zhǎng)街上享受一頓真正的非洲美食吧,特色菜如鴕鳥、鱷魚還有其它很多不同種類的野味都會(huì)附上一碗傳統(tǒng)的老玉米粥,當(dāng)然你還可以就著開普敦聞名世界的美酒一起享受,實(shí)在是妙不可言。至于海產(chǎn)品,開普敦也是可圈可點(diǎn),從多汁的小龍蝦到新鮮的海魚,在濱海地區(qū)應(yīng)有盡有,再遠(yuǎn)就是佛斯灣,你一定要去梅森堡的卡拉品嘗一下世界聞名的鮮美對(duì)蝦。
There is also a strong Malay influence in Cape Town, descendents of the slaves used by early Dutch colonialists, who bring a strong influence to many walks of life - not least of which is their multi-ethnic spicy cuisine. Delicious sosatie meatballs, beryiani curry and pastry wrap samoosas are worth a taste at the Noon Tea Room Restaurant high above the city in Bo-Kaap.
開普敦也融合了濃烈的馬來西亞風(fēng)情,他們都是早期荷蘭殖民者奴隸的后代,這些殖民者影響了許多行業(yè)——不僅僅是因?yàn)樗麄兌嗝褡屣L(fēng)味的辛辣烹飪方法。而位于波卡普城上的午茶店和餐館所提供的美味sosatie肉丸、beryiani咖喱飯、samoosas咖喱角(一種三角形的開胃餅)都值得一嘗。
World Class Wines
美酒佳釀
Wine drinking is part of Cape Town's culture and big business in these parts. No visit would be complete without a scenic hour's drive to the heart of the Cape winelands, through brooding mountain ranges, vineyards and the typical gabled architecture of Cape Dutch homesteads. The pretty, historic oak-bowered university town of Stellenbosch offers wine cellar tours and tasting at The Bergkelder, as do the KWV estate in Paarl and the timelessly elegant Boschendal manor house in Franschhoek, where the picnic lunches on the lawns to the sound of live classical music hark back to a time of elegance.
美酒是開普敦文化的一部分,并且在很多地方形成了一種產(chǎn)業(yè)。如果沒有穿過隱約的山脈、大片的葡萄園、典型的高墻環(huán)繞的開普荷式家園建筑,沿著如畫的風(fēng)景驅(qū)車一小時(shí)去開普敦的美酒中心,就不算是一次完整的旅行。斯坦陵布其不僅風(fēng)景秀麗,還擁有歷史悠久橡樹成蔭的大學(xué),更有奇妙的酒窖觀光——可以在The Bergkelder品嘗美酒,就如同在帕爾的KWV公司、無垠雅致的法國(guó)角Boschendal莊園一樣,在草地上聽著古典音樂享受午餐,喚回曾經(jīng)的高雅。
Visitors often ask the question: Is Cape Town really Africa? The city's cultural diversity, feel and relaxed atmosphere could be sliced straight out of the Mediterranean region. Traditional African dancers, the wail of fish hawkers, the tang of ruby red Cape wines, on shore Atlantic breezes and the perpetually comforting shadow of the mountain above give the city a vibrancy unseen anywhere else on the planet. It's a city that will fill all your senses and then some.
游客們經(jīng)常會(huì)禁不住產(chǎn)生疑問:開普敦真的屬于非洲嗎?這個(gè)城市的多樣文化、輕松的氛圍都讓人毫不猶豫地將它劃出地中海地區(qū)。傳統(tǒng)非洲少女的舞姿、魚販們的悲鳴、開普敦紅酒所散發(fā)的芬芳、大西洋海岸清新的海風(fēng)、青山永恒的溫潤(rùn)背影,這一切都賦予了開普敦在這個(gè)星球上獨(dú)一無二的生機(jī)與活力。這是一個(gè)能夠讓你的感官得到前所未有或者更多滿足的城市。
Simply the Best
最佳城市
Cape Town was voted in the top 10 travel destinations in the world by US Travel Leisure magazine in 2006 and 2007. (Florence, Buenos Aires, Bangkok, Rome, Sydney, New York, Udaipur, Istanbul, San Francisco, Cape Town)
開普敦在2006和2007年連續(xù)被美國(guó)《旅游與休閑》雜志票選為十大旅游圣地。(佛羅倫薩、布宜諾斯艾利斯、曼谷、羅馬、悉尼、紐約、烏代布爾、伊斯坦布爾、舊金山和開普敦)
Language
語(yǔ)言
Although South Africa has 11 official languages English is spoken and used across the country
盡管南非有11種官方語(yǔ)言,英語(yǔ)仍然在全國(guó)通用。
When to Go
最佳出游時(shí)間
Although weather is generally Mediterranean, October to April is the best time, despite some rain showers in March and April it is still warm. Very little humidity.
盡管是地中海氣候,10月到4月是最好的時(shí)期,雖然3月和4月偶有陣雨,但仍然很溫暖。有一點(diǎn)干燥。
Festivals/Events
節(jié)日
Major events happen throughout the year. Two of notes are the Cape Town International Jazz Festival (March) and the Cape Town Minstrels Carnival on New Year's Day.
這里一年到頭都不乏節(jié)假日。但最出名的要算三月的開普敦國(guó)際爵士音樂節(jié)以及新年時(shí)的開普敦吟游詩(shī)人嘉年華會(huì)。
http://www.sa-venues.com/events/western-cape-events.php
Also Worth a Visit
其它看點(diǎn)
Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens
克斯坦博西植物園
View the hugely diverse and beautiful plants and flowers of the Cape flora in one of the most comprehensive botanical gardens in the world. Numerous paths wander through the grounds situated on the back side of Table Mountain.
克斯坦博西植物園是世界上植被種類最多的植物園之一,在這里可以觀賞到開普植被群各種各樣的奇花異草。桌山后更有無數(shù)條蜿蜒小徑。
The Castle of Good Hope
好望城堡
South Africa's oldest building over 350 years old. It has extensive displays of historical military paraphernalia, an art collection and the William Feur Collection (including old Cape Dutch furniture).
這座南非最古老的建筑已經(jīng)有350多年的歷史了。里面陳列了大量的歷史軍事用品、藝術(shù)館和William Feur館(包括古老的開普荷家具)。
Cape Point
開普點(diǎn)
Wuthering heights, cliffs carved by time knife towards the most southwestern tip of Africa. Standing at the foot of the continent you can watch the cold Benguela current on the West coast and the warm Agulhus current on the East coast merge in two distinctive shades of blue.
海風(fēng)呼嘯,面對(duì)非洲最西南端的是久經(jīng)時(shí)光雕琢的懸崖。站在陸地最低處,你可以看見西海岸的本格拉寒流和東海岸的阿古爾哈斯角暖流兩種完全不同的藍(lán)色海水在這里匯合。
Whale Watching (October to November)
觀鯨魚(10月到11月)
The small coastal town of Hermanus, about 90 minutes drive from Cape Town, comes alive with visitors when Southern Right Whales head in large numbers to the warm shallow waters here. Whale experts say it is now the top land based whale watching site in the world.
海邊小鎮(zhèn)赫爾曼努斯距開普敦大概一個(gè)半小時(shí)的車程,當(dāng)南部脊美鯨追尋溫暖的海水來到此地時(shí),這座小鎮(zhèn)也因?yàn)榉鋼矶恋挠慰投兊脽狒[起來。專家們說這里是陸地上觀看鯨魚的最佳地點(diǎn)了。
Adrenalin Injection
刺激
Shark Cage Diving
鯊魚籠潛水
Not for the faint hearted. An hour and a half from Cape Town at Dyer Island. Go down into the silky salty blue depths and get up close and personal with a Great White Shark. No need to panic, you're in a shark cage. If this doesn't get your adrenalin hip-hopping you must be on life support.
心臟不好的人就不要去了。戴爾島距開普敦大概一個(gè)半小時(shí)的車程。在這里你可以浸入如絲般光滑的藍(lán)色海水深處與大白鯊做近距離接觸。不用害怕,你是在鯊魚籠里。如果這樣都不能讓你興奮(腎上腺素上升),那你離見上帝也不遠(yuǎn)了。
Shopping
購(gòu)物
The Victoria and Alfred Waterfront is a huge five star shopping and entertainment area next to the harbour, ideal for \"retail therapy\". Also try Cavendish Mall and Canal Walk Mall. If you like bargain hunting head for the sprawling Sea Point flea market every Sunday selling everything from African crafts to print cloths and bric-a-brac.
海港附近的維多利亞和阿爾弗雷德碼頭區(qū)是大型的五星級(jí)購(gòu)物娛樂中心,也是進(jìn)行“購(gòu)物療法”的好地方。還有卡文迪什購(gòu)物中心以及水道步行購(gòu)物中心。如果你想淘些便宜貨的話就去海點(diǎn)跳蚤市場(chǎng),那里每個(gè)周日都熱鬧非凡,從非洲的工藝品到印花服飾再到小古玩,應(yīng)有盡有。
Notes
1. tuck away
意為“暢飲、大嚼”,還有“藏起來放在一邊”的意思。文中指的是景色異常迷人,留在了記憶的最深處,永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記。
2. zip up
意為“增添、增加興趣或者生命力等”,在文中有點(diǎn)“直飛、直沖”的意味,形容纜車速度很快。
3. puff away
意為“噴氣、吹氣”。大家都知道抽煙的人一般會(huì)在深吸一口后,再吐出煙霧,文中指的就是這樣。
4. salty nirvana
本意為“咸澀的天堂”,在文中用來比喻歡樂的水上樂園——大海。
5. cry out for
意為“迫切需要”,文中指海灘上的落日異常美麗,正是電影拍攝浪漫場(chǎng)景所急需的畫面。
6. opens a window on a past long kept hidden
在這里是一種暗喻,暗指羅賓島監(jiān)獄的安全和隱蔽。
7. point your shoes in the direction of
本意為“將你的鞋尖移至某某方向”,引申為“去某地”。
8. hark back
意為“回顧、追溯”。
Links
1. Three Capitals三個(gè)首都
南非政府、議會(huì)和最高上訴法院分處三個(gè)城市,故有三個(gè)首都。
Pretoria比勒陀利亞
行政首都,中央政府機(jī)關(guān)所在地,其市政府稱茨瓦內(nèi)(Tshwane)市政委員會(huì)。人口約240萬(wàn),白人居多。始建于1855年,1910年建都。海拔1378米,綠草成茵,繁花似錦,市花為紫楹花(Jacaranda)。系南非黑色冶金工業(yè)中心和公路、鐵路樞紐,主要有鋼鐵、機(jī)械、化工、紡織、肥料、紙張、食品等工業(yè)以及金剛石、鉑、金、鉻、煤等采礦業(yè)。亦是南非最重要的文化、教育、科研中心。擁有比勒陀利亞大學(xué)、南非大學(xué)(全球十大函授大學(xué)之一)、國(guó)家天文臺(tái)和各種研究機(jī)構(gòu)。有各類博物館35個(gè),世界一流的體育場(chǎng)館、國(guó)家歌劇院等。比陀國(guó)家動(dòng)物園位居世界前十大動(dòng)物園,有3500多種動(dòng)物。
Cape Town開普敦
立法首都,全國(guó)議會(huì)所在地。人口約300萬(wàn),有色人種居多。面臨大西洋桌灣,背靠桌山,風(fēng)景優(yōu)美,為世界著名旅游城市。始建于1652年,是歐洲殖民者在南部非洲第一個(gè)據(jù)點(diǎn),荷、英殖民者向非洲內(nèi)地?cái)U(kuò)張的基地。阿非利卡人為紀(jì)念其祖先最早來此定居,稱其為“母親城”。這里有大型紡織、釀酒、煙草、煉油、化工、皮革、造紙、造船等工業(yè),地處重要國(guó)際航道交會(huì)點(diǎn)。天然良港設(shè)施先進(jìn),有南半球最大的干船塢。30余國(guó)在此設(shè)有領(lǐng)事機(jī)構(gòu)。
Bloemfontein布隆方丹
司法首都,最高上訴法院所在地,又是自由州省省會(huì)。人口46萬(wàn),海拔1390米。與中國(guó)南京市結(jié)為友好城市。位于中部高原,為全國(guó)的地理中心,四周有小丘環(huán)繞,夏熱,冬寒有霜。它最初為堡壘,1846年正式建城,現(xiàn)為重要交通樞紐。布隆方丹一詞,原意為“花之根源”。市內(nèi)丘陵起伏,風(fēng)景秀麗。主要建筑物有:市政廳、上訴法院、國(guó)家紀(jì)念館、體育場(chǎng)和大教堂等。國(guó)家博物館內(nèi)有著名的恐龍化石。建于1848年的古堡是市內(nèi)最古建筑。1849年所建的舊省議會(huì),只有一個(gè)房間,現(xiàn)在是全國(guó)性的紀(jì)念建筑物。國(guó)家紀(jì)念碑是為紀(jì)念在第二次南非戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中死去的婦女和兒童而建,碑下為南非歷史著名人物埋葬地。市內(nèi)有奧蘭治自由邦大學(xué),建于1855年。
2. Ecotourism Certification生態(tài)旅游認(rèn)證
“生態(tài)旅游”一詞是由世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟(IUCN)生態(tài)旅游特別顧問H Ceballos Lascurain 于1983年首先提出,它的含義不僅是指所有觀覽自然景物的旅行,還強(qiáng)調(diào)被觀覽的景物不應(yīng)受到損失。世界銀行環(huán)境部和生態(tài)旅游學(xué)會(huì)給生態(tài)旅游下的定義是:有目的地前往自然地區(qū)去了解環(huán)境的文化和自然歷史,它不會(huì)破壞自然,而且它會(huì)使當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)從保護(hù)自然資源中得到經(jīng)濟(jì)收益。
The Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Program澳大利亞自然與生態(tài)旅游認(rèn)證程序
NEAP構(gòu)想始于1993年,1997年開始進(jìn)行旅游產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證,設(shè)想提供一種機(jī)制讓國(guó)家的自然旅游和生態(tài)旅游業(yè)通過它朝著長(zhǎng)期可持續(xù)的方向發(fā)展?,F(xiàn)在NEAP已被世界上很多國(guó)家視為國(guó)際生態(tài)旅游標(biāo)準(zhǔn),它是世界上唯一的生態(tài)旅游專項(xiàng)認(rèn)證計(jì)劃。
Certification for Sustainable Tourism哥斯達(dá)黎加的可持續(xù)旅游認(rèn)證體系
CST由哥斯達(dá)黎加旅游局自然資源部與哥斯達(dá)黎加國(guó)家認(rèn)證委員會(huì)共同構(gòu)建實(shí)施,1996年開始規(guī)劃,1998年首次進(jìn)行認(rèn)證。其認(rèn)證范圍很廣,包括大眾旅游、可持續(xù)旅游與生態(tài)旅游三大類。哥斯達(dá)黎加旅游局也與“藍(lán)旗”緊密合作對(duì)哥斯達(dá)黎加的海灘進(jìn)行了認(rèn)證。CST認(rèn)證體系由153項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組成,主要包括四大類:自然生物環(huán)境、旅游基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施與上層建筑設(shè)施、消費(fèi)者、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境。
Green Deal危地馬拉生態(tài)旅游與可持續(xù)旅游認(rèn)證體系
GD于1999年開始首次認(rèn)證。認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有兩種類型并針對(duì)旅游業(yè)的每一部分制定了不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),基本覆蓋范圍為質(zhì)量控制、環(huán)境與社會(huì)文化問題。
Smart Voyager生態(tài)旅游認(rèn)證體系
熱帶雨林同盟(Rainforest Alliance)和厄瓜多爾自然保護(hù)組織(Conservatony Desarrollo)于2000年5月構(gòu)建了這個(gè)非官方的生態(tài)旅游認(rèn)證體系——Smart Voyager。它作為一種保護(hù)手段用于制約和完善旅游業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理權(quán),其直接目的是幫助旅游業(yè)降低對(duì)環(huán)境的影響。
ISO1400環(huán)境管理認(rèn)證體系
ISO1400環(huán)境管理體系國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由ISO組織于1996年9月1日正式頒布,它對(duì)所有產(chǎn)業(yè)的組織進(jìn)行環(huán)境管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)認(rèn)證,全球已有一部分旅游企業(yè)通過認(rèn)證。ISO1400環(huán)境管理體系主要適用于大型企業(yè)。
Blue Flag英國(guó)“藍(lán)旗”可持續(xù)旅游認(rèn)證體系
1985年,第一個(gè)生態(tài)標(biāo)識(shí)“英國(guó)藍(lán)旗”誕生,這是環(huán)境認(rèn)證的第一個(gè)里程碑,英國(guó)“藍(lán)旗”從1987年開始對(duì)歐洲、拉丁美洲、東南亞、南非的21個(gè)國(guó)家約2500個(gè)海灘及游艇停泊港進(jìn)行了可持續(xù)旅游認(rèn)證。英國(guó)“藍(lán)旗”由英國(guó)FEE(The Foundation for Environmental Education)和一些非贏利性的非政府組織掌管實(shí)施,該體系認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括27個(gè)海灘特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和15個(gè)游艇停泊港特定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,一部份對(duì)所有國(guó)家具有強(qiáng)制性,一部份則根據(jù)具體情況僅具有指導(dǎo)性。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要覆蓋四大領(lǐng)域:水體質(zhì)量、環(huán)境管理、安全服務(wù)與設(shè)施、環(huán)境教育與信息等?,F(xiàn)在這個(gè)標(biāo)識(shí)已成為全球唯一一家世界范圍內(nèi)的可持續(xù)旅游認(rèn)證體系,覆蓋1800家海灘與600家游艇停泊港。在歐洲,“藍(lán)旗”是影響消費(fèi)者選擇海灘型旅游目的地的一種主要因素,擁有“藍(lán)旗”標(biāo)識(shí)就意味著搶占了市場(chǎng)的先機(jī),而沒有此標(biāo)識(shí)的海灘在消費(fèi)者的眼中就是不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的海灘。
Green Globe21綠色環(huán)球21
1994年,國(guó)際上成立了綠色全球組織全球唯一可持續(xù)旅游認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)綠色全球21,1998年建立“綠色全球”標(biāo)準(zhǔn),它是專門從事旅游業(yè)環(huán)境管理和宣傳的組織,也是世界上唯一進(jìn)行可持續(xù)旅游認(rèn)證的機(jī)構(gòu)。綠色全球提供四個(gè)方面的服務(wù):會(huì)員、頒證、指定景點(diǎn)和項(xiàng)目策劃。
每一種生態(tài)旅游與可持續(xù)旅游環(huán)境認(rèn)證體系的最終目的就是要引導(dǎo)業(yè)界把其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為自愿接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),符合絕大多數(shù)參與者的要求,并被市場(chǎng)作為一種環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)識(shí)進(jìn)而影響消費(fèi)者的購(gòu)買行為。研究表明具有生態(tài)標(biāo)識(shí)的旅游目的地比不具有生態(tài)標(biāo)識(shí)的在市場(chǎng)中被認(rèn)知與接受的程度要高得多。在我國(guó),生態(tài)旅游認(rèn)證尚未形成良好的體系,要做到更好的將環(huán)境和旅游的和諧統(tǒng)一,還需要很多的努力。