閆　躍

英語(yǔ)作文應(yīng)做到“意形并重”，除了考慮“說(shuō)什么”，還得考慮“怎么說(shuō)”，銜接語(yǔ)的使用是后一方面的要求，它的使用力求新穎靈活，要能使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)走出單調(diào)枯躁的陰影。下面筆者將英語(yǔ)議論文中與觀點(diǎn)論述相關(guān)的一些常用銜接語(yǔ)小結(jié)如下，希望對(duì)中學(xué)生朋友們有所幫助。

一、表示話題“涉及方面”的短語(yǔ)

這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)多半表示“關(guān)于”、“就……而言”之類(lèi)的意義，除了常用的about, on, as to(for)等詞語(yǔ)，還有許多表示相同意義的其他方式，如in the matter of, on the subject of, in connection to / with, in point / regard / respect of, in reference / regard / relation to, with reference / regard / relation / respect to, as concerns / regards（后接名詞、動(dòng)名詞或what從句）, concerning, regarding, respecting, as / so far ... be concerned, where ... be concerned等等。例如：

In connection with / In point of / In reference to / With respect to / In the matter of / On the subject of what you were just saying, there is one point I would like to emphasize. 關(guān)于你剛才所說(shuō)的話，有一點(diǎn)我要強(qiáng)調(diào)。

I have little information as regards/ concerning her fitness for the post. 至于她是否適合這個(gè)職位，我無(wú)可奉告。

As far as / Where sovereignty is concerned, there is no latitude for negotiation. 在涉及主權(quán)的問(wèn)題上沒(méi)有談判的余地。

二、表示“觀點(diǎn)來(lái)源”的短語(yǔ)

這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)主要用來(lái)引出陳述者的立場(chǎng)或論斷。大致分為兩類(lèi)：一類(lèi)用于引出陳述者根據(jù)個(gè)人的看法或意愿在某一事件上所形成的“立場(chǎng)”，表示“在某人看來(lái)；某人認(rèn)為”之類(lèi)的含義；另一類(lèi)則用于引出陳述者根據(jù)所了解的客觀情況所做出的主觀性相對(duì)較弱的“論斷”，表示“據(jù)某人所知”之類(lèi)的含義。為了方便論述，第一類(lèi)短語(yǔ)，以“在我看來(lái)；我認(rèn)為”為例，除常用的personally, speaking for myself, in my opinion / view等結(jié)構(gòu)，還有為數(shù)甚多的其他表達(dá)，如：in my understanding, to my mind, to my (way of) thinking, from where I stand, as / so far as I am concerned等介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句均可表達(dá)這一意義；第二類(lèi)短語(yǔ)，以“據(jù)我所知”為例，一般可表示為: to (the best of) my knowledge, from what I know / understand, as / so far as I know / understand 等等。例如：

To my (way of) thinking / From where I am standing, it ought to be banned altogether. 我認(rèn)為這應(yīng)該全部取締。

To (the best of) my knowledge / As far as I know, the new project will be starting in June. 據(jù)我所知，新項(xiàng)目將于六月開(kāi)始進(jìn)行。

三、表示“觀點(diǎn)給出方式”的短語(yǔ)

這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示“……地說(shuō)”這類(lèi)意義，最普通的表達(dá)就是“adv + speaking”，除這一模式外，還存在多種表達(dá)方式，比如要表示“簡(jiǎn)要的說(shuō)”，可以有如下選擇：in brief, to be brief, to speak briefly, to put it briefly, putting it briefly, put briefly（put是過(guò)去分詞）, if I may speak briefly。這些介詞短語(yǔ)、非限定性分句或從句，如選用得當(dāng)，作文也會(huì)給人耳目一新的感覺(jué)。例如：

To be frank / To speak frankly / To put it frankly / Putting it frankly / Put frankly / If I may speak frankly, I am not quite of the opinion that children should receive foreign language education since childhood. 坦率地說(shuō)，我不大贊同兒童應(yīng)該從小就接受外語(yǔ)教育的看法。

四、表示行為發(fā)生“依據(jù)”或“憑借”的短語(yǔ)

表示“鑒于”、“由于”這類(lèi)解釋原因或理由概念的詞有considering / given(that), in view / consideration of, with ... in view等，其中considering / given可用作介詞，后接一名詞性成分，也可作連詞，后接一從句（該從句如由that引導(dǎo)，that可省略）；表“由于”、“因?yàn)椤边@類(lèi)概念，除常見(jiàn)的介詞because of等，還有by reason of, for reasons of, for ... reasons, in consequence of, on account / grounds of, what with（用于列舉各種理由，至少兩個(gè)）, by / in the virtue of, on the score of等表示法，表該類(lèi)意義的從屬連詞，除常見(jiàn)的because, as, since,還可用by reason that, for the reason that, on the ground(s) that, being as / that, now (that), seeing (as / that)等。例如：

Considering / Given her age（= Considering）, she had done remarkably well. 考慮到她的年齡，她已經(jīng)做得相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)了。

By reason of / On account of / What with the cold weather and my bad leg, I havent been out for weeks. 由于天冷，我的腿又不好，我已好幾個(gè)星期沒(méi)出門(mén)了。

Her claim was disallowed on the ground(s) that / by reason that / being as / being that she had not paid her premium.她要求賠款遭到拒絕，原因是她事先沒(méi)有交納保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。

Now (that) / Seeing (as / that) it is ten oclock, we will not wait for Mary any more. 既然已經(jīng)十點(diǎn)了，我們就不再多等瑪麗了。

五、表示行為發(fā)生“條件”的短語(yǔ)

這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)多表示“如果”、“萬(wàn)一”、“只要”等意義，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)，除常用的in case (of), if外, 還有in the event (of), providing / provided (that), on(upon) condition (that), on the understanding that等結(jié)構(gòu)，其中in case of與in the event of是介詞，其他的是從屬連詞。例如：

Britain agreed to support the US in the event of war / in the event (that) there is a war. 英國(guó)同意一旦發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)將支持美國(guó)。

Providing / provided (that) we got good weather, it will be a successful holiday. 如果天氣良好，我們的假日將會(huì)過(guò)得非常好。

I lent him five pounds on condition (that) / on the understanding that he would repay me today.我借他五英鎊，條件是他今天得還給我。

六、表示“觀點(diǎn)匯總”的短語(yǔ)

這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)用作獨(dú)立成分，主要表示“總的看來(lái)”與“總之”的含義，表示前者的主要有：on the whole, on balance, by and large, wholly speaking, taken / seen as a whole, all things considered, everything taken into consideration,其中taken / seen as a whole是過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)須與主句一致，all things considered, everything taken into consideration是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，它們都屬非限定性分句的范疇。表示后者的主要有：all in all, in a word, in conclusion, to conclude, in sum / summary, to sum up。例如：

On the whole / On balance / By and large, our firm has had quite a good year despite some failures. 總體看來(lái)，我們公司雖然存在某些不足之處，但這一年還是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的。

Taken / Seen as a whole / All things considered / Everything taken into consideration, her proposal is more practical.總體說(shuō)來(lái)，她的建議更切合實(shí)際。

All in all, its been a pretty bad year for John Major. 總體來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)約瀚·梅杰來(lái)講這是最糟糕的一年。

And so I would say, in sum / in summary, that the campaign has been a great success. 因此我認(rèn)為，總的看來(lái)，這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)巨大。

銜接語(yǔ)的合理運(yùn)用既可以使得英語(yǔ)作文避免在措辭上的生硬和單調(diào)，又可以增強(qiáng)觀點(diǎn)的親和力。需要指出的是，上文同一條目下的短語(yǔ)可以表示同類(lèi)意義，但有些并非完全對(duì)等，就如同均為表示原因的because, as, since之間的差別一樣，像being as / that 比較口語(yǔ)化，而by / in the virtue of則顯得較正式文雅；if與on the understanding that雖同樣可以表?xiàng)l件，但前者只表示“如果”，而后者含有“只要；在……的條件下”，在意義上存在細(xì)微差別，并且后者多用于正式文體當(dāng)中。