引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為 “引語”。直接引用別人的原話，并且用引號(hào)標(biāo)出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不需要引號(hào)，這叫做間接引語。實(shí)際上間接引語大都是賓語從句，其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語除外（祈使句轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞不定式）。直接引語變成間接引語時(shí)，先需要對(duì)直接引語部分的句子作分析，來確定連詞的選用；其次在轉(zhuǎn)變過程中還需要對(duì)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語等作變化，歸納起來可以濃縮為：1.變引號(hào)確定連接詞；2.變?nèi)朔Q（遵循“一主，二賓，三不變” ）3.變時(shí)態(tài)；4.變時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)狀語等。直接引語變間接引語時(shí)過程比較復(fù)雜，在改寫中應(yīng)具體注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

（1） 連詞使用

若直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容是陳述句，那么改為間接引語時(shí)，要用連詞that（可以省略）。若直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容是一般疑問句，那么改為間接引語時(shí)，要用連詞if/whether（不可以省略）。若直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容是特殊問句，那么改為間接引語時(shí)，要用wh-（即本身的疑問詞）連詞來引導(dǎo)（不可省略）。

（2） 主句動(dòng)詞的變化

一般來說，主句謂語動(dòng)詞常為said 或said to ，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，當(dāng)直接引語是陳述句時(shí)，said不變。當(dāng)直接引語是一般疑問句和特殊問句時(shí)，則要把said 或said to 變?yōu)閍sked/ asked sb.。

（3） 從句人稱的變化

由直接引語變間接引語時(shí)，從句的主語人稱要遵循“一主、二賓、三不變”原則。 1.如果直接引語的主語是第一人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，要和主句的人稱保持一致。2.如果直接引語的主語是第二人稱， 變間接引語時(shí)，要和主句的賓語保持一致。3.如果直接引語的主語是第三人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，人稱不變。

如：1.They said，“ We will go there by bus.”

→They said （that） they would go there by bus.（直接引語的主語we是第一人稱，應(yīng)和主句主語人稱they一致，故改為they ）

2. She said to me ， “ Are you interested in English?”

→She asked me if I was interested in English. (直接引語的主語you 是第二人稱， 變間接引語時(shí)應(yīng)和主句的賓語me保持一致， 故改為I )

3. His mother said to me ， “ He can’t go to school.”

→His mother told me that he couldn’t go to school. (直接引語的主語he 是第三人稱， 變間接引語時(shí)人稱保持不變， 故仍用he)

（4）從句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化

1）如果主句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)， 從句的時(shí)態(tài)則用相應(yīng)的過去某種時(shí)態(tài)(即:過去進(jìn)行時(shí)， 一般過去時(shí)， 過去完成時(shí)，過去將來時(shí))，具體變化為: 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過去時(shí); 一般過去時(shí)→過去完成時(shí); 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過去進(jìn)行時(shí); 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過去完成時(shí); 過去完成時(shí)→過去完成時(shí); 一般將來時(shí)→過去將來時(shí)。

如: He said， “I’m very tired.”

→He said that he was very tired.(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)改為一般過去時(shí))

Tom said， “I’m watching TV.”

→Tom said that he was watching TV.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)改為過去進(jìn)行時(shí))

She said， “I’ve seen the film.”

→She said that she had seen the film.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)改為過去完成時(shí))

He said， “We’ll have a party this week.”

→He said that they would have a party that week.(一般將來時(shí)改為過去將來時(shí))

He said to his mum， “ I finished my homework two hours ago.”

→He said to his mum that he had finished his homework two hours ago.(一般過去時(shí)改為過去完成時(shí))

2)直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)，變間接引語時(shí)從句的時(shí)態(tài)仍用原時(shí)態(tài)(即保持不變)。

如： He says，“I have finished my homework.”

→He says that he has finished his homework.

Lucy will say，“I will do it tomorrow.”

→Lucy will say that she will do it the next day.

（5）時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語及某些對(duì)比性的指示性代詞和動(dòng)詞的變化

1）時(shí)間狀語： now → then； today → that day； tonight → that night； this

morning /week→ that morning / week；tomorrow → the next （following） day；

yesterday → the day before； next year → the next year；last week/month→

the week/ month before； two days ago → two days before

2）指示代詞： this→that； these→those

3）地點(diǎn)狀語： here→there

4）動(dòng)詞： come→go； bring→take

如： She said， “I won’t come here any more.”

→She said that she wouldn’t go there any more.

He said，“ This will be finished tomorrow.”

→He said that would be finished the next day.

（6）直接引語變間接引語時(shí)， 下列幾種情況從句時(shí)態(tài)無須變化

1) 當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)， 如：

He said，“ I went to college in 1994.”

→He told us that he went to college in 1994.

2) 當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或諺語、格言時(shí)，如:

He said to us， “ Light travels faster than sound.”

→He told us that light travels faster than sound.

He said， “Practice makes perfect.”

→He said that practice makes perfect.

此外， 轉(zhuǎn)述中的變化要因?qū)嶋H情況而定， 不能機(jī)械照搬。 如果當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述， here不必改為there， 動(dòng)詞come不必改為go， 如果當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday， tomorrow， this afternoon等均不必改。如:

Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student A: What did the teacher say， Monitor?

Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

（7）表示請(qǐng)求或祈使的句子改為句型tell/ask/order sb. （not） to do sth.

當(dāng)直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容表示要求時(shí)用tell sb. （not） to do sth.；

當(dāng)直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)用ask sb. （not） do sth.；

當(dāng)直接引語引號(hào)里的內(nèi)容表示強(qiáng)制要求時(shí)用order sb.（not） to do sth.。

【同步訓(xùn)練】

1. “I’m doing some important work.” Mr Smith said.

Mr Smith said __________________ some important work.

2. “Who are you looking for？” Tom asked Sandy.

Tom asked Sandy __________________ looking for.

3. “We’ll help you with your English.” said he.

He said that __________________ help _____ with _____ English.

4.Millie asked where her book was.

Millie asked， “____________________？”

5. “ I want to know if you can learn it by yourselves.” the teacher said.

The teacher said _________ to know if ________ learn it by ______.

6.My mother asked me， “ Have you finished your homework yet？”

My mother asked me __________________ finished homework yet.

7. Mr Wu asked us where we had found the lost boy the day before.

Mr Wu asked， “___________you _____ the lost boy ？”

8.The teacher said to us， “The earth goes around the sun.”

The teacher ______ us _____ the earth ______ around the sun.

9. “Who did you see in the room？” I asked Mary.

I asked Mary ____________________ in the room.

10.Tom said to me， “ Don’t be late for class again.”

Tom ____ me __________________ late for class again.

Keys:1.he was doing 2.who she was 3.they would，us，our 4.where is my book 5.he wanted，we could，ourselves 6.if I had，my 7.where did，find，yesterday 8.told，that，goes 9.who she had seen 10.asked，not to be