馬 靜
一、 命題依據(jù)及考綱解讀:
命題依據(jù):
自1996年以來,在新的外語教學(xué)理念影響下,新的單項填空測試?yán)砟钜呀?jīng)確立。2007年考試大綱英語學(xué)科將體現(xiàn)出如下命題依據(jù):
(1) 命題原則保持一致。語言知識題保證知識覆蓋面,盡可能增加綜合性與語境化的因素,強調(diào)語言運用。
① 語言必須放在實際的并盡可能不同的情景中運用;
② 語言必須適合具體的交際行為;
③ 考核的焦點在于是否達到了交際目的;
④ 語言交際行為除了需要語言能力外,還需要一些其它的能力;
⑵ 題型結(jié)構(gòu)相對穩(wěn)定;
⑶ 試卷難度保持一致;
⑷ 強調(diào)語言測試的交際性原則,加大對語言交際能力的考查。
二、 考綱解讀:
許多省份2008屆畢業(yè)生使用的是新教材和新課標(biāo)。新教材與傳統(tǒng)的教材相比其特點是:文章的話題豐富多彩,功能意念項目更加具體,課文中的難句、長句和慣用句型屢見不鮮。詞匯量大,大約在三千五百個左右;有大量的詞匯是傳統(tǒng)教材中未曾出現(xiàn)過的。語法項目的分布也非常系統(tǒng)、科學(xué)。那么適應(yīng)于這套教材的2008年高考將會怎么樣呢?《2007年普通高等院校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試大綱》在“語言知識”方面,要求考生“能適當(dāng)運用基本的語法知識,掌握詞匯量3500個,而過去高考只要求掌握2500個,詞匯量增加了1000個?!蓖ㄟ^分析2006年和2007年的全國及各省的高考英語試題可知,高考單項填空主要是從以下幾個方面檢查考生的英語水平:
(1)基礎(chǔ)語法知識;
(2)語法知識的運用能力;
(3)詞組的搭配和習(xí)慣用法;
(4)對詞義的正確理解。
三、 命題特征:
1. 強調(diào)語言的交際性和真實性, 突出語境的作用,提供語境,間接考查語言知識的運用。
重視語言交際,專門測試口語表達的試題以對話形式出現(xiàn)較多, 與去年相同約占 20%,這些題干體現(xiàn)了較強的口語化特征,創(chuàng)設(shè)了簡潔真實的語境,為解題提供了必要的信息。強調(diào)基礎(chǔ), 在真實的語言環(huán)境中考查語法和詞匯的基礎(chǔ)知識, 體現(xiàn)了內(nèi)容綜合化和題型交際化的原則。幾乎所有的試題都設(shè)置了微型語境,幾乎沒有單純考查語法知識的試題。為了保證語境設(shè)置的充分,本節(jié)15個小題的題干形式全部使用了對話、并列句、復(fù)合句等較為復(fù)雜的句式結(jié)構(gòu),沒有單純的簡單句。命題者巧設(shè)語境,置語法知識的考查于情景之中,突出了對應(yīng)用能力的考查。
2. 重視基礎(chǔ)知識,顧及全體考生。
旨在考查考生對最基礎(chǔ)的語法知識、句型、短語和詞匯的用法掌握了多少, 而不是考查考生還有什么知識沒有掌握。緊扣大綱及課本測試的語言點,基本上沒有超出教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的內(nèi)容和課本中的內(nèi)容,總的說來較為容易。若課文熟悉,題目做起來十分容易。例如:
NMET2002單項選擇的一些題與教材中的內(nèi)容在用法和結(jié)構(gòu)上相似。現(xiàn)選擇一些例子作一比較并加以分析。
(NMET 2002) Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains__B__whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen
C. seeing D. seen
教材中的句子:
A lot of work remains to be done in the office. (L8 SB Ⅱ)
(NMET 2002) Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, __B__I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what
教材中的句子:
He had the idea of organizing two big pop concerts on the same day, one in England and one in the USA. (L103 SB Ⅰ)
Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting, the one that was to become world famous. (L18 SB Ⅱ)
3. 句子較長,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,一題多點,使試題的區(qū)分度比較明顯。
題干加長,有的從句套從句,加大了試題的信息量及難度。
4. 體現(xiàn)了淡化語法規(guī)則偏重閱讀理解的趨勢。
5. 體現(xiàn)了選拔功能,雖然絕大部分題目緊扣教材,不偏不難,但也出現(xiàn)個別“偏題怪題”。但這類試題能讓考生拉開分數(shù)檔次,更好地體現(xiàn)了高考的選拔功能。
6. 測試重點突出。
強調(diào)對動詞用法的考查,15個小題中測試動詞的題占了一大半,包括動詞時態(tài)、非謂語動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、動詞辨義等。其次是對從句的考查,也就是說既注重了面又強調(diào)了點,重點內(nèi)容每年都考,且占很大比例。
7. 材料來源規(guī)律:
(1) 有的高考試題是取自往屆的高考試題閱讀理解文章中的原句。如:
(NMET 2000) Most animals have____little connection with animals of__B__different kind unless they kill them for food.
A. the; a B. 不填; a
C. the; the D. 不填; the
Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind unless they kill them for food. (1996年全國卷閱讀理解C篇第一句話)
(2) 原封不動地來源于權(quán)威的外文詞典。如:
有的高考試題是取自以英語為本族語的人編寫的《牛津高級英漢雙解詞典》和《朗文英漢雙解詞典》等權(quán)威詞典。略舉兩例如下:
(2003 北京) They had a pleasant chat__D__a cup of tea.
A. for B. with C. during D. over
They had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea. (見《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》的over詞條)
(NMET 1998) Why do you want a new job__D__youve got such a good one already?
A. that B. while C. which D. when
Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already? (見《朗文英漢雙解詞典》的when詞條)
(3) 來源于對往屆高考題的改造。如:
2004年全國卷(Ⅰ)考查it作形式賓語的第27題就是模仿1998年的一道題。請對照:
(2004全國Ⅰ) I like__C__in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
(1998全國) I hate__A__when people talk with their mouth full.
A. it B. that C. these D. them
(4) 來源于對詞典句子的改造。如:
NMET2003的第31題就是對《朗文當(dāng)代高級英語辭典》中break down詞條下的例句擴充改造而成。請對照:
(2003全國) News report says peace talks between the two countries__A__with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down B. have broken out
C. have broken in D. have broken up
The peace talks broke down without any agreement being reached. (《朗文當(dāng)代高級英語辭典》)
(5) 來源于對教材句子的模仿。如:
2004年遼寧卷的第26題就是模仿高三教材中的第26課的最后一個句子造出來的。請對照:
(2004遼寧) Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else __A__such a beautiful place.
A. can you find B. you could find
C. you can find D. could you find
(6) 來源于優(yōu)秀的教輔資料和工具書。如:
2004年全國卷Ⅱ的第25題和天津卷的第28題就是分別根據(jù)蔣小青等編寫的《高考英語單項填空與完形填空》中“動詞時態(tài)”一節(jié)的“考點預(yù)測”第10題和第11題略微加工而來。請對照:
(2004四川) —Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He__C__it this morning.
A. did B. has done
C. was doing D. had done
—Has your sister finished her composition yet?
—I have no idea. She__D__ it this morning.(《高考英語新單項填空與完形填空》)
A. had started B. started
C. have started D. was starting
(2004天津) —What were you doing when Tony phoned you?
—I had just finished my work and__D__to take a shower.
A. had started B. started
C. have started D. was starting
—What were you doing when I phoned you last night?
—I__C__my painting and was starting to take a bath. (《高考英語新單項填空與完形填空》)
A. have already finished
B. was finishing
C. had just finished
D. was going to finish
(7) 來源于某些省市的模擬試題。如:
2004年福建卷的第26題就是直接取自江蘇部分重點中學(xué)高三第二次調(diào)研考試的第26題。請對照:
(2004福建) Id like to buy a house—modern, comfortable, and__B__in a quiet neighborhood.
A. in all B. above all
C. after all D. at all
(江蘇二調(diào)) I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable, and__C__in a quiet neighborhood.
A. over all B. in all
C. above all D. after all
8. 題干創(chuàng)新規(guī)律:
近幾年的單選題的題干創(chuàng)新力度在逐步加大,迷惑性不斷增強。這主要表現(xiàn)在兩個方面:一方面更喜歡采用對話的形式,語境化更為明顯,致使一些解題的有效信息更加隱藏;另一方面是通過加入插入語(如of course, I think, do you think等)、定語從句或打亂正常語序等方式使句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化。
(1) 題干中加入插入語。
(2004天津) Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, ______, of course, made the others envy him.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
說明: 答案選D。句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,made the others envy him. 題干中加入of course這一插入語后,難度便大大地增加了。
(2) 題干中加入定語從句。
Does the way you thought of______the problem make any sense?
A. settle B. settled
C. settling D. to settle
說明: 答案選D。此題在the way to settle the problem中加入了定語從句(that) you thought of,大大增加了此題的迷惑性,以致使考生誤以為介詞of后面接要doing而選C。
(3) 隱藏補語的賓語或主語。
(NMET 2000) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see______the next year.
A. carried out B. carrying out
C. carry out D. to carry out
說明: 答案是A。此題中see的賓語為替代the plan的that,因為較為隱蔽,考生選出正確答案的難度較大,若寫成They would like to see the plan____.我們不難選出正確答案是A。
(NMET 1992) The salesman scolded the girl caught________and let her off.
A. to have stolen B. to be stealing
C. to steal D. stealing
說明: 答案是D。句中l(wèi)et her off與scolded the girl是并列謂語,caught stealing是過去分詞短語作定語,相當(dāng)于who was caught stealing,其中stealing是主語who的補足語。但這個主語是隱藏的,若不仔細分析,很難選出正確答案是D。
(4) 打破句子的正常結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2004浙江) Anyway, that evening, ______Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
說明: 答案是D。此題中that evening本來是和I ended up ... 句在一起的,它在主句中作狀語,在從句中作about的賓語,但命題人卻將它提前,迷惑性大增,不少同學(xué)以為that evening是先行詞而誤選A。
9. 語境設(shè)置規(guī)律:
(1)文化差異不斷重現(xiàn)。
命題人故意利用中西方思想文化的差異來設(shè)置語境,讓你步入習(xí)慣思維的陷阱。如下面的題考生很容易按照中國人的習(xí)慣思維而誤選B,事實上正確答案是A。
—I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her.
—__A__. It was her fault. (NMET 2003)
A. No way B. Not possible
C. No chance D. Not at all
(2)有效信息更加隱蔽。
題干的設(shè)置水平和靈活性逐年提高,有關(guān)信息不僅存在于句子的表面,也可能存在于字里行間,或者存在于一個不引人注意的某個單詞上。如:
I had to buy____these books because I didnt know which one was the best. (2004上海)
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
說明: 答案是D。此題要求考生確定用表示“兩者”還是“多者”的限定詞,題干中沒有明顯表示數(shù)量的詞語,但the best卻暗含指多者,由此可確定答案是D。
(3)口語色彩更加濃厚。
由于有特定的語境,口語經(jīng)常使用省略,較書面語簡潔明快。近年來的高考單項填空題的口語色彩日漸濃厚。如:
—Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
—Why____? John is sitting here doing nothing. (NMET 2003)
A. him B. he C. I D. me
說明: 答案是D。此題考查口語的簡略答語中用人稱代詞的賓格代替主格的用法。答案選D。