賓語從句是初三英語教材中的重、難點,要想把賓語從句學(xué)好、用好,必須掌握以下幾個方面:
★ 一要
在含賓語從句的復(fù)合句中,不管主句是陳述句還是疑問句,從句一律要用“連接詞+陳述句”語序,其標(biāo)點符號由主句來決定。例如:
You must remember what your teacher said. 你必須記住老師所講的話。
She asked me if she could go with me. 她問我是否能和我一起去。
Do you know who he is writing to? 你知道他正在給誰寫信嗎?
★ 二不要
1. 不要省略掉連接詞。在由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,由于連詞that只起引導(dǎo)功能,無具體意義,因此在口語或非正式文體中??墒÷裕坏?,當(dāng)一般疑問句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,不要忘掉用if或whether。例如:
She said she missed us very much. 她說她非常想念我們。
I don’t know if/whether he still lives there. 我不知道他是否仍住在那兒。
溫馨提示:在下列that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,that不能省略。
⑴主從句之間有插入語時。如:
We decide, as you suggested, that we will start out tomorrow. 正如你建議的那樣,我們決定明天動身。
⑵若出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,且由并列連詞連接時,只有第一個連詞that可以省略。如:
He said (that) you needn’t worry and that he would help you. 他說你沒必要著急,他會幫助你的。
2. 不要把if、whether與連接代詞、連接副詞混用。當(dāng)特殊疑問句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,只需用原來的特殊疑問句引導(dǎo),不可再加上if或whether。例如:
Can you tell me whom she is waiting for? 你能告訴我她正在等誰嗎?
Please tell me when you’ll have the meeting. 請告訴我你們將在何時開會。
★ 五注意
1. 注意if和whether的用法區(qū)別。
連接詞if或whether引導(dǎo)一般疑問句,兩者通常可互換,但動詞discuss, wonder后多數(shù)使用whether;賓語從句提前時多數(shù)用whether;作介詞賓語時多數(shù)用whether;后邊加不定式時多數(shù)用whether;與or not連用時也多數(shù)用whether。其它情況則用if。例如:
We wonder whether it is right or not. 我們想知道它是否正確。
We are talking about whether the old man lives there. 我們正在談?wù)撃莻€老人是否住在那兒。
Please tell me whether or not he is here.
=Please tell me whether he is here or not. 請告訴我他是不是在這兒。
2. 注意從句時態(tài)與主句保持一致。
如果主句是現(xiàn)在時,賓語從句的時態(tài)要根據(jù)具體情況來確定;如果主句是過去時,一般情況下,賓語從句要用過去時態(tài)的某種形式,即一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時等。例如:
I don’t know why he hasn’t come yet. 我不知道他為什么還沒有來。
—Do you know when the Greens moved here? 你知道格林一家什么時候搬來的?
—They moved here soon after their son was born. 他們在兒子出生后搬來的。
I asked where he came from. 我問他是從哪兒來的。
溫馨提示:
⑴如果賓語從句表示的是科學(xué)真理、客觀事實、格言、諺語等,即使主句用了過去時,從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老師說地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
⑵情態(tài)動詞could, would用于“請求”,表示“委婉、客氣”的語氣時,從句不用過去時的相應(yīng)時態(tài)。例如:
Could you tell me when you get up in the morning? 你能告訴我今天早上你是什么時候起床的?
⑶若賓語從句中有具體的過去時間,無論主句中謂語時態(tài)如何,從句中一般過去時態(tài)不變。例如:
Do you remember what your teacher said last time? 你記得上次老師講的話嗎?
3. 注意賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
在賓語從句中,如主句動詞是think, believe, suppose, except等詞,否定賓語從句時,其否定形式往往移到主句的謂語動詞之前,而從句使用肯定式。除前面幾個動詞外,其它動詞后的賓語從句不發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象。例如:
I don’t think that it is going to rain. 我想今天不會下雨。
I don’t suppose that David will lie about it to me. 我猜大衛(wèi)不會在這件事上對我說謊。
溫馨提示:在這種情況下,如果需要構(gòu)成反意疑問句,簡短問句要和從句保持一致,需用肯定形式。如:
I don’t believe she has been to Beijing, has she? 我想她沒去過北京,是嗎?
4. 注意賓語從句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。
在英語中可以把一類短語,如:do you think, do you believe, do you guess置于賓語從句中疑問詞之后,構(gòu)成雙重疑問。例如:
When do you think he left here? 你認(rèn)為他何時離開這兒的?
Who do you believe did it? 你相信誰干了這件事情?
5. 注意賓語從句與狀語從句的區(qū)分。
if/when既可引導(dǎo)賓語從句,也可引導(dǎo)狀語從句,要注意區(qū)分。當(dāng)if或when引導(dǎo)條件(時間)狀語從句時,從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。例如:
Do you know if he will come back next week? If he comes back, please tell me. 你知道他是否將在下周回來嗎?如果他回來了,請告訴我。
—Do you know when the World Cup will begin next week? 你知道世界杯將在下周什么時候開始?
—Next Friday. When it begins, I’ll ring you. 下周五。當(dāng)它開始時,我打電話告訴你。
[感受中考] 單項選擇。
1. —Nobody knows _______ he was after he graduated from Beijing University.
—But I was once told that he was a doctor working in a far-away village. (2006年蘭州)
A. what B. who C. where D. how
2. We still didn’t know _______ he came so soon. (2006年武漢)
A. howB. that ifC. what
3. —How about visiting the museum?
—Good idea. But first we should find out _______ it is open. (2006年荊州)
A. howB. whetherC. whatD. which
4. —Could you tell me _______ ?
—Sorry, I have no idea. (2006年宿遷)
A. when does the museum open
B. when the museum opens
C. when did the museum open
D. when is the museum open
5. Just now I asked Linda _______ , but she didn’t tell me. (2006年寧夏)
A. where does she come from
B. where did she come from
C. where was she from
D. where she came from
6. Peter says that the Whites are on holiday, but no one knows _______. (2006年河南)
A. where they have been
B. where are they
C. where are they from
D. where they have gone
7. Our headmaster saw the empty seat next to me and asked _______ . (2006年濰坊)
A. where has Jeff gone
B. where did Jeff go
C. where Jeff has been
D. where Jeff had gone
8. —Could you tell me _______ tomorrow morning?
—Well, it will start at 9:00. (2006年河北)
A. when the meeting will start
B. where will the meeting start
C. where the meeting starts
D. when the meeting would start
9. —I want to know when _______ have a field trip.
—We’ll have it when all the work _______. (2005年遼寧)
A. you are; will finish
B. you will; finishes
C. you will; is finished
D. you will; is finish
10. —Let’s go fishing if it _______ this weekend.
—But nobody knows if it _______. (2006年揚州)
A. is fine; will rain
B. will be fine; rains
C. is fine; rains
D. will be fine; will rain
Keys: 1~5 AABBD 6~10 DDACA