呂正操與張學良都是遼寧海城人。
1922年,17歲的呂正操加入奉軍張學良衛(wèi)隊旅,不久得張學良賞識,被送到東北講武堂學習兩年(張學良時為學堂監(jiān)督),畢業(yè)后少帥先把他留在身邊當副官,以后又讓他到部隊帶兵。1936年10月(西安事變前兩個月),張學良親自選了些靠得住的人到身邊,以加強內部力量。呂正操此際奉命從河北徐水六四七團團長任上來到張公館,主要負責內勤。
一個不可忽略的人物
西安事變有許多舉足重輕的人物:張學良、楊虎城、毛澤東、周恩來……然而,在呂正操的記憶里,事變前后還有一位“發(fā)揮了不可磨滅的歷史作用”的信使高福源。他是呂正操東北講武堂第五期的同期同學。
1935年10月,高福源任團長的六一九團在一次“剿共”中被紅軍“吃掉”,高福源負傷被俘。在紅軍醫(yī)院療傷期間,他參加了“東北軍軍官政治學習班”,深受震動,于是他問中共中央聯(lián)絡局局長李克農(nóng):“我愿回去說服軍中官兵和張學良將軍,與紅軍聯(lián)合抗日,你們敢放我回去完成這任務嗎?”紅軍高層同意了高福源的設想。
當時,六十七軍軍長王以哲奉張學良之命,正設法與紅軍取得聯(lián)系。他立即把高福源接到洛川長談并密電張學良。次日,張學良飛抵洛川,高福源向他遞交了毛澤東和周恩來的信。張學良命高福源速返延安,請紅軍派一名正式代表來會談。1936年4月9日,周恩來和張學良在膚施城內的一座教堂里會談,達成了紅軍與東北軍互不侵犯、互相幫助等項協(xié)議,并建立了電臺聯(lián)系。9月22日,毛澤東代表紅軍,張學良代表東北軍分別簽署了《抗日救國協(xié)定》。此后,高福源繼續(xù)做與紅軍的聯(lián)絡工作,促成了東北軍、西北軍和紅軍“三位一體”的聯(lián)合抗戰(zhàn)局面。
東北軍、西北軍聯(lián)共抗日,蔣介石自然不會坐視不理。1936年12月9日,蔣介石寫信給陜西省主席邵力子,密囑其在《大公報》發(fā)表剝奪張學良、楊虎城的“剿共”兵權,并由蔣鼎文取而代之的消息。張學良、楊虎城獲悉《大公報》將發(fā)表剝奪他們兵權的密囑時,知道蔣介石表面要打共產(chǎn)黨,實際是一箭雙雕,順勢收拾東北軍和西北軍。
張學良、楊虎城立即進行緊急密商,打算先下手為強,于是決定12月12日凌晨4時對蔣介石實行“兵諫”。
確定的時間一到,張學良的部隊在臨潼抓捕蔣介石。與此同時,楊虎城的十七路軍也在西安行動。住在西安招待所的南京國民政府的軍政大員均被楊虎城的部隊拘禁,蔣介石的這封密囑也被一舉查獲。
從苦諫、諍諫到兵諫
呂正操至今仍清楚記得:1929年東北易幟后,張學良被迫執(zhí)行蔣介石的“剿共”命令,但東北軍在與紅軍的作戰(zhàn)中屢屢損兵折將,這使張學良深感只有聯(lián)俄聯(lián)共才能打回老家,洗掉“不抵抗將軍”的罵名。
1936年12月4日,蔣介石和南京國民政府的一批軍政要員飛抵西安。張學良苦苦陳情,請蔣介石停止內戰(zhàn)。蔣介石卻大發(fā)雷霆:“軍人以服從為天職,我叫你去死,你就得去死!”后來張學良激動了,聲淚俱下地說:“只有領導全國團結抗日,才是委員長振興國家的唯一正確的道路,我有為委員長犧牲一切的決心?!笔Y介石拍案大叫:“現(xiàn)在你就是拿槍把我打死,我的‘剿共計劃’也不能變!”張學良諍諫、哭諫無效,又請西北軍司令楊虎城再去勸說,結果仍是白費口舌。此刻,張學良、楊虎城已痛切感到,除了兵諫逼蔣抗日,別無他路可走。
西安事變發(fā)生后,不同國家、不同政治派別和利益集團都有不同反應,局面極其緊張而錯綜復雜。呂老回憶道:事變后的一次干部會上,張學良鄭重地對到會人員說:“我為什么敢冒天下之大不韙,扣留蔣介石?主要是為爭取停止內戰(zhàn),一致抗日。假如不盡快把蔣介石送回南京,將會出現(xiàn)比今天更大的內亂。那我張學良真是萬世不赦的罪人,我只得自殺以謝國人!”為了國家民族,張學良此時已把個人生死毀譽置于度外,他于12月25日下午,身著平時極少穿著的戎裝,威武嚴肅地來到下屬們的住處,聲音平和地對大家說:“我要伴送蔣介石回南京,有宋子文、宋美齡和端納作保,沒問題,三天就回來。”
呂正操見張學良去意甚決,就對他說:“等你一星期,你不回來,我就回河北掌握部隊。”
臨行前,張學良留下手諭,請東北軍將領聽從楊虎城、于學忠的指揮,然后送蔣介石到機場一同上了飛機。從此,他就被蔣介石監(jiān)禁逾半個世紀,而楊虎城將軍則先被蔣介石逼令離軍出國,回國后遭長期監(jiān)禁,1949年被蔣介石下令秘密槍殺于重慶。
呂正操認為,假如歷史真的按照蔣介石“攘外必先安內”的政策走下去,不管對蔣介石個人還是對整個國家,后果都不堪設想。他說:西安事變使蔣介石接受了全國人民的抗日要求,實現(xiàn)了第二次國共合作,避免了中國成為東方慕尼黑或淪為殖民地半殖民地的結局。從這個意義上講,恰恰是張學良、楊虎城挽救了蔣介石。
受重托紐約重會張學良
鶴有還巢夢,云無出岫心。1936年西安一別,張學良35歲,呂正操31歲,說好三天就回來卻一別54載不能見面。
呂正操和張學良的重逢,是在1991年。1991年3月10日,張學良和夫人獲準從臺北赴美探親。在臺北桃園機場登機前,張學良向記者表示想回祖國大陸探親的意思。鄧小平得知后,打電話給當時的中央領導說:“你們應該開個會,研究研究這個問題?!苯?jīng)過研究,確認:見張學良的最佳人選非呂正操莫屬。
赴美前,鄧穎超在中南海西花廳與呂正操詳談,并以私人的名義給張學良寫了一封親筆信:“今穎超受鄧小平先生委托,愿以至誠,邀請先生伉儷,在方便之時回訪大陸,看看家鄉(xiāng)故土,或掃墓、或省親、或觀光、或敘舊、或定居?!瓎柡蚰姆蛉粟w女士?!北硎玖艘黄嬲\。
呂正操一行五人,5月23日從北京飛舊金山再轉紐約,為生于1901年6月3日的張學良賀壽。1991年5月29日,兩位冰心未改的老人,在張學良年輕時的知己、貝祖貽太太蔣士云家中見面了。見面不久,張學良就對呂正操說:“我現(xiàn)在有個迷信,迷信上帝?!眳握僬f:“我也有個迷信。我迷信老百姓,迷信人民。蔣介石也信上帝吧,結果800萬軍隊也打敗了?!?/p>
張學良說:“得民者昌?!?/p>
呂正操說:“對了。人民才是真正的上帝?!?/p>
張學良說:“這次見到你,我也老了,你也老了。我有一句話,什么叫‘大丈夫’?‘大丈夫’能屈能伸。我愿意保持我現(xiàn)在的身份,假如哪天需要我奔走,我很愿意跟你們溝通,過去歷史上我也辦過這樣的事情?!?/p>
呂正操說:“您爭取回來看看,了解了解家鄉(xiāng)的變化。”
張學良很想回國走走,他說:“為了中國,為了中國人民,我個人衷心希望兩岸能和平統(tǒng)一,大家和衷共濟才有力量。”
第一次見面意猶未盡,呂正操和張學良還分別在曼哈頓一家瑞士銀行的經(jīng)理辦公室和中國常駐聯(lián)合國代表團團長李道豫大使的官邸再次面談。
呂正操鄭重向張學良面呈鄧穎超的信和轉達國家領導人對他的問候。張學良坦誠表示:“我這個人清清楚楚地很想回去,但現(xiàn)在時候不到,我一動就會牽涉到大陸、臺灣兩個方面。我不愿為我個人的事,弄得政治上很復雜?!庇终f:“我還是懷念東北,自九一八事變后,我就沒回過老家。”他認為自己是個“愛國狂”,如果有來生,還是要做張學良。
2001年10月15日,張學良病逝于夏威夷史特勞比醫(yī)院。談及張學良的一生,呂正操說:“他強烈的愛國思想始終如一!他一生從民族大義出發(fā),志在振興中華,實現(xiàn)祖國統(tǒng)一?!?/p>
張學良給后人留下什么?呂正操概括了12個字:披肝瀝膽、忍辱負重、浩然正氣。
“作為重要的親歷者您如何評價西安事變?”筆者請教呂老。
“我贊賞美籍華裔唐德剛教授在《張學良的政治生涯》序言里的一句話:西安事變簡直扭轉了中國歷史,也改寫了世界歷史。毫無疑問,西安事變有力地推動了中國乃至世界的反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭。這一歷史的轉折,使中國人民全面抗戰(zhàn),而且打勝了。人民從來就是無堅不摧的力量,我堅信這一點?!?/p>
General Talks about Xi’an Incident and Zhang Xueliang
By Fang Xiaoning
Lu Zhengcao and Zhang Xueliang both came from Haicheng in northeast China’s Liaoning Province. The story of the two is part of the history about the Xi’an Incident that changed history and changed the lives of the two.
In 1922, the 17-year-old Lu Zhengcao joined the ranks of the Guards Brigade under Zhang Xueliang. Pretty soon, Zhang found Lu Zhengcao’s talent and sent him to a military academy. After two years of studies at the academy, Lu became one of Zhang’s adjutants and later he was sent to head a combat unit. In October 1936, two months before the Xi’an Incident, Zhang handpicked a group of trustworthy men to work under him directly and Lu was chosen to handle internal affairs. He had been a colonel at that time, stationed in Hebei Province with his regiment.
It was a time when the whole nation was at a crucial historic juncture. Japan had invaded China. The Communist Party and its Red Army had settled down in the northern Shanxi Province after the Long March and were prepared to fight the invading Japanese. Ignoring the Japanese invaders and brushing aside the urgent issue of rescuing the country from the invaders, the National Government gave the first priority to annihilating the communists. In early December 1936, Chiang Kai-shek and other top government officials came to Xi’an, the capital city of Shanxi Province, and ordered Zhang Xueliang to start military activities against the communists. Zhang Xueliang argued with Chiang repeatedly, beseeching the leader to give up the wrong policy and turn against the Japanese invaders. Chiang Kai-shek decided to strip Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng of their military power. On December 12, Zhang and Yang detained Chiang Kai-shek and other leaders and forced Chiang to fight against Japanese invaders.
With the coordination of the communists, the crisis was peacefully resolved. After negotiations, the communists and the nationalists decided to work together and make concerted efforts to lead the whole nation to resist the Japanese invasion. On December 25, Zhang Xueliang decided to accompany Chiang back to Nanjing. Dressed in an army suit, he said goodbye to his adjutants, saying he would be back within three days. Lu Zhengcao replied that he would go back to his regiment in Hebei if Zhang did not return.
Zhang did not return. He was jailed by Chiang for decades.
That year, Zhang Xueliang was 35 and Lu Zhengcao 31. It was not until 54 years later that they met again.
On March 10, 1991, Zhang Xueliang and his wife were approved by the Taiwan Authorities to visit their relatives in USA. At the airport in Taiwan, the general said to the news media that he wished to visit relatives on the mainland in the future. When Deng Xiaoping learned about the general’s wish, he called the top leaders of that time to see if it would be possible to make arrangements for the general to revisit the mainland. The best envoy for delivering a welcome message to Zhang was Lu Zhengcao.
Lu Zhengcao met Deng Yingchao, wife of the late premier Zhou Enlai, who headed the communist delegation to attend the negotiations in Xi’an in 1936, in Zhongnanhai before he set out to USA. He carried a letter from Deng to Zhang. Lu Zhengcao flew to New York for attending Zhang Xueliang’s 90th birthday party on June 3. On May 29, the two friends met at another friend’s home. It was during this meeting that Zhang said that he would like to maintain his status quo and would be willing to go between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait for communications, as he had done decades before. He wished there would be a peaceful reunification of the two sides, which was a cause for the country as well as for the Chinese people. He also stated that the solidarity of the Chinese people could make the country strengthened.
The two met again in an office of a Swiss bank in Manhattan and at the official residence of Ambassador Li Daoyu, head of the permanent mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN. Lu handed over Deng Yingchao’s letter and delivered the best regards from the Chinese state leaders to the retired general. Zhang said frankly, “I sure want to come back to China, but the chance is not at hand yet. My action would involve the mainland and Taiwan. It is not desirable to let my personal concerns create any political complication.”He said he missed the northeast. “I haven’t been to my hometown since the September 18 Incident in 1931,”sighed the general.
Zhang Xueliang did not live to visit his hometown. He passed away in a hospital in Hawaii on October 15, 2001. Lu Zhengcao says that Zhang Xueliang had a strong sense of patriotism, that Zhang devoted all his life to the nation’s interests and welfare, and that he endeavored to see China prosper and wished to see the day of national reunification.
(Translated by David)