別看it拼寫簡單,讀音規(guī)則,可是,在現(xiàn)行初中英語教材中,與它相關(guān)的句型還真不少呢!
一、it用作形式主語的句型
英語中常常見到某個(gè)句子以it開頭,it與其后面的動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、名詞性從句等相呼應(yīng),以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。這是一種習(xí)慣表達(dá)法,這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。it用作形式主語的句型主要有以下幾種:
1. “It is / was + adj. + (for / of sb.) + to do sth.” 這一句型中,究竟用for還是用of,一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則:如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的,如difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous等,用for;如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的,如kind, good, nice, clever等,則用of。例如:
It is interesting to play with snow in winter. 冬季時(shí)玩雪是很有趣的。
It’s important for us to keep the water clean. 保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。
It’s very kind of you to help me. 你幫助我真是太好了。
溫馨提示:這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞;連系動(dòng)詞be也可換用其它連系動(dòng)詞,如feel等。例如:
It’s a good habit to get up early and go to bed early. 早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。
It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship. 乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。
It feels strange to have a twin sister. 有個(gè)孿生姐妹,感覺很奇怪。
2. “It is / was / will be + adj. / n. + V-ing短語” ,其中it是形式主語,V-ing短語是真正的主語。例如:
It’s bad playing in the street. 在街上玩是沒好處的。
Is it any good trying again? 再試一次有用嗎?
It was no use believing him. 相信他是沒用的。
3. “It + is / was + adj. / n. + that從句”,其中that從句是真正的主語。例如:
It is certain that he will come. 他一定會(huì)來。
It’s clear that you are right. 很清楚你是對的。
It is a pity that you haven’t passed the examination. 你沒有通過考試是個(gè)遺憾。
4. “It + is / was + one’s turn (duty, pleasure)+to do sth.” 意為“該輪到某人做某事(做某事是某人的責(zé)任、愉悅的事)”。例如:
It’s your turn to be on duty tomorrow. 明天輪到你值日了。
It’s your turn to read now. 現(xiàn)在輪到你讀了。
5. “It takes / took + (sb.) + some time to do sth.” 意為“干某事花了(某人)多少時(shí)間”。例如:
It’ll take only five minutes to walk there. 步行到那里只需要五分鐘時(shí)間。
It took me a week to finish reading the book. 我花了一周時(shí)間看完這本書。
6. “It + cost / costs + sb. + some money + to do sth.” 意為“某人花多少錢做某事”。例如:
It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch. 我買這塊新手表花了260元。
It cost me 5,000 yuan to buy the new computer. 我買這臺新電腦花了5000元。
7. “It + 系動(dòng)詞(look, seem, appear等) + 從句”,意為“似乎/看起來……”。如:
It looks that he has been there before. 看起來他好像以前到過那兒。
It seems that he is happier now than yesterday. 看起來他好像比昨天高興些了。
8. “It is / was said(reported, learned…)+ that從句” 意為“據(jù)說(據(jù)報(bào)道,據(jù)悉……)”。例如:
It is said that he has come to Beijing. 據(jù)說他已經(jīng)到北京了。
It is reported that the bridge was washed away. 據(jù)報(bào)道這座橋被沖走了。
二、it用作形式賓語的句型
當(dāng)句子的真正賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句時(shí),為避免句子頭重腳輕,須將其放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來的位置。it用作形式賓語的句型主要有以下幾種:
1. “Sb. thinks / finds / believes /… + it + adj. + (for sb.) + to do sth.” 意為“某人認(rèn)為(發(fā)現(xiàn)、相信……)干某事是……”。例如:
He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語是不容易的。
I feel it necessary to hold a meeting to discuss the problem. 我感到有必要召開一次會(huì)議來討論這個(gè)問題。
2. “Sb. thinks / finds / believes / …+ it + adj. + that從句” 意為“某人認(rèn)為(發(fā)現(xiàn)、相信……)……”。例如:
I think it important that we should master English. 我認(rèn)為我們掌握英語是很重要的。
I find it unnecessary that you should reply to this letter. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)你沒有必要回這封信。
3. “Sb. thinks / finds / believes / … + it + n. + to do sth.” 意為“某人認(rèn)為(發(fā)現(xiàn)、相信……)……”。例如:
I feel it my duty to help her. 我覺得自己有責(zé)任幫助她。
We make it a ruler to listen to BBC for 15 minutes every day. 我們把每天聽15分鐘BBC電臺廣播作為一個(gè)規(guī)定來執(zhí)行。
三、與it相關(guān)的其它句型
1. “It is / was time for sth.” 或 “It is / was time (for sb.) to do sth.” 意為“是該(某人)干某事的時(shí)候了”。例如:
It is time for lunch. 該吃午飯了。
It is time to go home. 該回家的時(shí)候了。
It is time for you to play games. 現(xiàn)在你們該做游戲了。
2. “It is / was / has been + 時(shí)間段 + since + 一般過去時(shí)” 意為“自從……以來已過了……(時(shí)間)”。該句型主要用來處理非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí),又要和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用的問題。主句中時(shí)間作表語,其時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或完成時(shí),since引導(dǎo)的從句通常是一般過去時(shí)態(tài),而且是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果主句是一般過去時(shí),從句則用過去完成時(shí)。例如:
It’s ten years since I came here. 我來這兒已經(jīng)有10年了。
It’s been four days since I caught a cold. 我感冒已四天了。
It was only three days since he had left here. 他離開這兒僅三天。
溫馨提示:如果這一句型中since從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的,則意為“自從不……有多長時(shí)間了”,即應(yīng)將從句謂語譯為否定。試比較:
It is five years since he married. 自從他結(jié)婚有五年了。(marry是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)
It is five years since he was married. 他離婚有五年了。(be married是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)