中圖分類號:S663.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)05-1119-0
Abstract: Puyuan Qinxiang is a new mid-ripening table grape variety with excelent appearance derivedfromacrossbetweenMuscatHamburg( G )and09-05-3( σ )in2024at the experimental field.A total of 866 hybrid seeds were harvested through artificial pollination hybridization in 2014.The seeds were sown in nutrition cups to obtain 298 hybrid seedlings and then they were transplanted in the grape breeding resource nursery in spring 2O15.The original plant numbered 191 was selected as the superior line in 20l7 due to the high yield,bright red skincolor,large berry,crispy meat and strong complex aroma.After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Xiaoshan, Haining and Yinzhou) over three years from 2O21 to 2023,it was finally named Puyuan Qinxiang.Itis a diploid cultivar with bisexual flowers.The tender tips are half-open with dense creeping vili and weak anthocyanins.The upper surface of the young leaves is light reddish brown,and the density of creeping vili between the main veins on the back is moderate.The new canes are semierect and the color of dorsal and ventral sides of internodes is green and red,respectively. The mature leaves are green and pentagonal shaped with 5 lobes.The shape of the serrations is convex on both sides,and the aspect ratio of the serrations is small. Both the upper and lower lateral sinus on mature leaves overlap.The petiole sinus is slightly open. The color intensity of anthocyanin in leaf veins is moderate.The creeping villi between the dorsal main veins and the upright vili on the dorsal main veins are both absent or extremely sparse.The grape clusters are conical in shape with uncompact density and without shoulders.The fruit clusters are large and relatively uniform with the average weight of 651.47g .The berries are elliptical in shape and bright red in color with consistent sizes and maturity. The average weight of single berry is 9.45g. ,and the maximum weight is 12.00g .The peel is slightly thin covered by thin fruit powder.The flesh is crispy,without any flesh sacs,and has a rich and complex aroma.The number of seeds in a berryis 3-4 ,thefruit brush is longer,and it is difficult to separate the berries from the stem.The soluble solid content of berriesis 22.0% ,the titratable acid content is 0.15% and the vitamin C content is 32.2mg?kg-1 . In the Haining area of Zhejiang province,under facility cultivation conditions,it begins to sprout in mid-March, bloom in late April,and mature in mid-August.Normally, it takes 151-157 days from bud sprouting to berry ripening, making it a medium ripening variety. The growth potential of canes is moderate and not excessive, with a germination rate of 89.50% and a fruiting cane rate of 94.55% .The first inflorescence usually emerges onthe fourth or fifth node and average number of inflorescences per fruiting cane is 1.56.The variety shows excellent abilities offlowerbud differentiation,fruit setting and secondary fruiting. The yield is suggested to be controlled within 1250-1500kg per 666.7m2 to ensure berries to set color well.The middle or long cane pruning and T-shape should be used for Puyuan Qinxiang. It is suitable for greenhouse cultivation in Zhejiang and similar areas.
Key Words: Table grape; New cultivar; Puyuan Qinxiang; Mid-ripening
鮮食葡萄是經(jīng)濟價值最高的果樹之一,在中國大多數(shù)地區(qū)均有規(guī)?;N植,近年來已經(jīng)成為鞏固拓展脫貧攻堅成果和鄉(xiāng)村振興的重要載體[2]。浙江作為南方葡萄產(chǎn)區(qū)代表,在經(jīng)歷40a(年)的發(fā)展之后,已經(jīng)形成了杭州灣南北岸、浙東南沿海和浙中丘陵三大產(chǎn)區(qū)的全省葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)布局,栽培模式也由最開始的露天栽培逐漸發(fā)展為多樣化的設(shè)施栽培[3]。設(shè)施栽培的應(yīng)用使得抗病性較差的歐亞種葡萄在南方地區(qū)推廣種植成為現(xiàn)實,為豐富和調(diào)整葡萄品種結(jié)構(gòu)奠定了品種基礎(chǔ)。浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院葡萄團隊已培育出了天工系列葡萄新品種,但歐亞種葡萄品種稀缺,僅有一個早中熟天工玉柱。因此,為豐富浙江自主選育歐亞種品種,培育適宜浙江種植及滿足市場需求的紅色、大粒、香型、優(yōu)質(zhì)的歐亞種葡萄新品種成為新的育種目標。
1選育過程
2009年,以紅地球為母本、皇家秋天為父本進行雜交育種,2010年播種移栽雜交后代。2012—2013年連續(xù)2a考種篩選出優(yōu)良株系09-05-3。2014年以09-05-3為父本、玫瑰香為母本進行雜交,獲得雜交種子866粒,2015年播種獲得雜交苗298株并定植。2017年進入結(jié)果期進行考種,發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)量高、艷紅色、大粒、風(fēng)味甜、肉質(zhì)脆、不掉粒、復(fù)合香味濃的單株,編號191。2018—2020年進行單株擴繁并開展植物生物學(xué)、生長結(jié)果習(xí)性、果實經(jīng)濟性狀、抗病性表現(xiàn)記錄,以及主要栽培關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)各株間性狀表現(xiàn)一致,外觀美、品質(zhì)優(yōu),暫定名天工沁香。2021一2023年開展該品系與果形相似品種新雅比較試驗和配套技術(shù)研究及生產(chǎn)性試驗,經(jīng)多年和多點的觀察記錄,該品系表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定,綜合性狀優(yōu)良。2024年獲得農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部植物新品種權(quán)證書,品種權(quán)號[CNA20221011067],定名為葡緣沁香(圖1)。
2主要性狀
2.1植物學(xué)特征
葡緣沁香屬二倍體歐亞種葡萄。嫩梢梢尖半開張,匍匐茸毛密,花色苷顯色弱。幼葉上表面淺紅棕色,背面主脈間匍匐茸毛密度中。新梢生長半直立,節(jié)間背側(cè)為綠色,節(jié)間腹側(cè)為紅色。成熟葉片5裂,五角形,綠色,鋸齒形狀兩側(cè)凸,鋸齒長寬比小,上裂刻和下裂刻均重疊。葉柄洼輕度開張,正面主脈上花青苷顯色強度中,背面主脈間葡匐茸毛和背面主脈上直立茸毛均為無或極疏。兩性花,第一花序位置4~5節(jié)。
2.2 果實經(jīng)濟性狀
果穗圓錐形,緊密度疏,無岐肩,穗形較整齊,平均單穗質(zhì)量 651.47g 。果粒橢圓形,大小一致,平均單粒質(zhì)量 9.45g ,最大果質(zhì)量 12.00g 。果粒艷紅色,成熟度一致,果粉薄,果皮薄不易剝離。果肉脆,無肉囊,復(fù)合香味濃郁。種子數(shù)3\~4粒,果刷較長,果梗與果粒分離較難。風(fēng)味甘甜,品質(zhì)上乘,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為 22.0% ,可滴定酸含量為0.15% ,維生素C含量為 32.2mg?kg-1 (表1)。
2.3 生長結(jié)果習(xí)性
該品種生長勢中庸不徒長,萌芽率 89.50% ,結(jié)果枝率 94.55% ,每結(jié)果枝平均花序數(shù)1.56個。自然坐果優(yōu)良,不易落果,二次結(jié)果能力強。豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性強,定植后第2年開始結(jié)果,第3年豐產(chǎn)。為了保證果實均勻上色,生產(chǎn)上宜將每 666.7m2 產(chǎn)量控制在1500kg 左右。
2.4 物候期
近幾年物候期調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,在浙江海寧地區(qū),設(shè)施栽培條件下的葡緣沁香在3月中旬萌芽,4月下旬開花,8月中旬漿果成熟。從萌芽到漿果成熟需151~157d,屬中熟品種。
2.5 適應(yīng)性與抗逆性
葡緣沁香的貝達砧嫁接苗在浙江省內(nèi)3個區(qū)試點(蕭山、海寧、鄞州)表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良,適應(yīng)性強,樹體成形快,果實品質(zhì)好,性狀穩(wěn)定。在避雨設(shè)施條件下栽培,病害發(fā)生較少。花期若遭遇連續(xù)陰雨天,抗霜霉病和灰霉病能力較弱。果實轉(zhuǎn)色期對水分比較敏感,注意均衡供水。另外,紅蜘蛛、葉蟬、吸果夜蛾、綠盲蝽和薊馬等蟲害也時有發(fā)生,需及時進行防治。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點
3.1架式、整形與栽植密度
建園時搭建避雨設(shè)施,可采用“飛鳥\"形架或平棚架等進行“一\"字形整形。結(jié)果樹冬季修剪時結(jié)果母枝宜中長梢修剪,更新枝2~3芽短梢修剪。根據(jù)避雨棚或者大棚實際大小,株行距設(shè)置為 (1.0~2.0)m× (20號 (2.5~3.0)m 。結(jié)合生產(chǎn)需求,2a后可隔株間伐,將葡萄樹減少一半。
3.2花果梢管理
當(dāng)花序上方能分辨出2小葉時花序上留1葉摘心,抑制營養(yǎng)生長促進基部冬芽花芽分化同時拉長花序,留一個頂副梢生長。信使花開時花穗整形:一般留中間15~18個支穗;統(tǒng)一打掉梢尖,其余的側(cè)副梢留一葉絕后。硬核期全園放梢,轉(zhuǎn)熟期再次統(tǒng)一打梢,摘除基部黃葉、老葉改善光照促進著色。
由于該品種結(jié)果枝率高,成花容易,每結(jié)果枝僅留1個花序,為了確保果穗著色均勻,提早上市與果實品質(zhì)優(yōu)良,控制穗質(zhì)量 600~750g ,葉穗比30:1,666.7m2 產(chǎn)量 1500kg 左右為宜。
3.3 肥水管理
施肥:10—11月初,每 666.7m2 施禽肥 1500kg 或商品生物有機肥 500kg ,加鈣鎂磷肥 50~75kg 和硫酸鋅、硼砂各 2kg ;謝花 75% 后追施高氮三元水溶肥 15~20kg ,分2\~3次微噴或滴管施入,中間施1次鈣肥,每 666.7m23~5kg ,間隔1周再施1次;果實開始轉(zhuǎn)色膨大時,追施高鉀三元水溶肥 15~20kg ,分2\~3次施入,中間施1次鈣鎂復(fù)合肥 3~5kg ,隔1周再施1次;當(dāng)果粒達到目標大小時,施硫酸鉀或磷酸二氫鉀 10~15kg ,每次肥水同灌。灌排水:扣棚后灌水1次,齊芽時灌水1次,開花前1周灌小水1次,坐果后到著色前期一直保持土壤潮濕。該品種皮薄,轉(zhuǎn)色開始供水均勻,陣雨天、臺風(fēng)季溝內(nèi)鋪膜以防雨水滲入畦中造成裂果。
3.4 病蟲害防治
葡緣沁香為歐亞種,抗病性較差,根據(jù)其物候期進行病蟲害防治:冬剪后樹體枝芽干、地面、架、鋼絲全部用 石硫合劑或類似產(chǎn)品消毒;在絨球期(開始萌動至少部分變綠),用
石硫合劑全園消毒;2葉1心期防綠盲蝽、蚜蟲、溝頂葉甲等蟲害;8~10葉期防治穗軸褐枯病和灰霉??;始花期和謝花后防治透翅蛾、粉蝓、白腐病、炭疽病、霜霉病等病蟲害;套袋前再防治一次,然后套袋;其間樹體懸掛斜紋夜蛾性誘劑誘殺成蟲,拆袋前懸掛橘小食蠅性誘劑誘殺成蟲。采果后至落葉前,用波爾多液或硫制劑、高效氯氰菊酯等防治天蛾、葉蟬、霜霉病等。二次果、三次果重點防治薊馬。
4綜合評價
葡緣沁香是一個復(fù)合香味濃郁的中熟歐亞種葡萄新品種,穗型整齊、果實艷紅色、大小均勻、成熟度一致。花芽分化好,二次結(jié)果能力強。自然坐果好,花果管理易,果實品質(zhì)優(yōu),豐產(chǎn)性能穩(wěn),適合在浙江省及相似的生態(tài)地區(qū)采用設(shè)施栽培,在廣東東莞設(shè)施栽培一、二次果外觀及內(nèi)在品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)均好。
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