摘要: 采用基于移動(dòng)Kriging插值的無網(wǎng)格法研究了多層納米板的動(dòng)力學(xué)行為。建立了考慮層內(nèi)拉伸、層間剪切和單層彎曲的多層二硫化鉬動(dòng)力學(xué)模型。通過與分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬的結(jié)果比較表明,建立的多層納米板模型能夠很好地預(yù)測(cè)多層二硫化鉬的振動(dòng)行為。多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)層間剪切和滑移導(dǎo)致其違背了經(jīng)典板理論的預(yù)測(cè),主要?dú)w因于二維結(jié)構(gòu)之間的層間剪切影響了其整體動(dòng)力學(xué)行為。分析了層數(shù)和尺寸對(duì)振動(dòng)頻率的影響,研究了層內(nèi)拉伸剛度、層間剪切模量和單層彎曲剛度對(duì)振動(dòng)頻率的影響。
關(guān)鍵詞: 多層納米板; 層間剪切; 移動(dòng)Kriging插值; 無網(wǎng)格法; 多層二硫化鉬
中圖分類號(hào): TB383; O326 " "文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A " "文章編號(hào): 1004-4523(2025)03-0623-08
DOI:10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.03.019
Vibration characteristics of multilayer nanoplates via meshfree moving Kriging interpolation method
HOU Dongchang1, ZHANG Jicheng2, WANG Lifeng2
(1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016 China)
Abstract: A meshless method based on moving Kriging interpolation is used to study the dynamic behavior of multilayer nanoplates. A dynamical model of multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is established considering intra - layer stretching, interlayer shear and single layer bending. Compared with the results of molecular dynamics simulation, it is shown that the present model can predict the vibration behavior of multilayer MoS2. The interlayer shear and slip of multilayer two-dimensional structures violate the prediction of classical plate theory, mainly due to the effect of interlayer shear and slip on the overall dynamic behavior of two-dimensional structures. The influence of different layer number and size on the frequency is investigated, and the influence of the three factors on the frequency is studied by changing the intralayer tensile stiffness, interlayer shear modulus and single layer bending stiffness.
Keywords: multilayer nanoplate; interlayer shear; moving Kriging interpolation; meshfree method; multilayer MoS2
多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)的層間相互作用可以顯著影響層內(nèi)鍵合,能帶結(jié)構(gòu)和晶格振動(dòng),表現(xiàn)出與層相關(guān)的電子、光學(xué)、熱、機(jī)械和振動(dòng)特性[1]。多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)的拉伸荷載通過層間剪切傳遞,因此,充分掌握二維結(jié)構(gòu)層間剪切規(guī)律,對(duì)于需精準(zhǔn)操縱和控制的二維結(jié)構(gòu)柔性電子器件[2]和應(yīng)變半導(dǎo)體[3]等技術(shù)的應(yīng)用至關(guān)重要。多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)的彎曲剛度與經(jīng)典板理論的預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果不符,主要?dú)w因于層間剪切和滑移,二維結(jié)構(gòu)之間的層間剪切和滑移與層內(nèi)拉伸和彎曲變形存在競(jìng)爭(zhēng),并影響整體力學(xué)響應(yīng)。早期的研究通常將多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)等效為單層板[4?6],顯然上述效應(yīng)在經(jīng)典板理論中是不存在的,經(jīng)典板理論的基本假設(shè)不包含層間滑動(dòng)[7]。已有基于摩擦顯微鏡[8?9]和原子力顯微鏡[10?11]的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究揭示了二維結(jié)構(gòu)層間剪切行為。然而這些研究對(duì)多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)的層間變形和破壞機(jī)制的解釋有限,且并未給出層間剪切的定量表征。即使是已獲得廣泛關(guān)注的石墨烯,對(duì)其層間剪切剛度的測(cè)量研究也是相對(duì)匱乏的。YAMASHITA等[12]對(duì)高度各向異性的天然石墨進(jìn)行靜態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn),測(cè)得層間剪切剛度τ在0.25~0.75 MPa之間。BLACKSLEE等[13]測(cè)量得到壓縮退火熱解石墨層間的剪切剛度τ為0.9~2.5 MPa。LIU等[14]通過對(duì)石墨臺(tái)面上微米石墨薄片的自縮回運(yùn)動(dòng)[15]和微米超潤滑現(xiàn)象[16]的觀察得到τ大約為0.14 GPa。使用傳統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量層間抗剪強(qiáng)度的主要挑戰(zhàn)是無法獲得足夠大的單晶石墨[17]。分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬的準(zhǔn)確性取決于勢(shì)函數(shù)的選?。?8?19]。LEBEDEVA等[20]指出,使用Lennard?Jones(L?J)勢(shì)計(jì)算多層石墨烯層間相互作用能時(shí),其大小被低估了一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)。SHEN等[18]對(duì)雙層石墨烯進(jìn)行了滑動(dòng)模擬,并計(jì)算了層間剪切模量,通過修改AI?REBO電位中的L?J參數(shù)以擬合實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。基于以上分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn)建立合理的考慮層間剪切的連續(xù)介質(zhì)模型對(duì)研究多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)行為至關(guān)重要[21]。LIU等[22]提出了一個(gè)忽略層內(nèi)拉伸而考慮層間剪切的多層梁模型,該模型將層間剪切角簡化為撓度的一階導(dǎo)數(shù)。HUANG等[23]建立了考慮層內(nèi)拉伸、層間剪切和單層彎曲的多層板模型,構(gòu)建的通用分析框架可直觀地展示層內(nèi)拉伸、層間剪切和單層彎曲三者主導(dǎo)變形的轉(zhuǎn)變和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制。LIU等[24]采用分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬并結(jié)合建立的考慮層間剪切的非線性夾層板模型研究了雙層二硫化鉬的非線性振動(dòng)行為。ZHANG等[25]研究了層間剪切對(duì)雙層二維結(jié)構(gòu)振動(dòng)的影響。通過扭轉(zhuǎn)雙層二硫化鉬的角度,使結(jié)構(gòu)的固有頻率出現(xiàn)了異乎尋常的結(jié)果,由此提出了層間負(fù)剪切的概念來解釋這一現(xiàn)象。隨后ZHANG等[26]采用分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬研究了不同堆垛的雙層黑磷的振動(dòng)行為,并建立了正交各向異性層合板模型。通過層合板模型得到了層間剪切方向和高階模態(tài)形狀與對(duì)應(yīng)頻率之間的關(guān)系。LIU等[27]通過分子動(dòng)力學(xué)和考慮非均勻?qū)娱g剪切的夾層板模型研究了扭轉(zhuǎn)雙層二硫化鉬的動(dòng)力學(xué)行為。結(jié)果表明,在很小的扭轉(zhuǎn)角下,莫爾條紋會(huì)導(dǎo)致層間范德華能在幾十納米尺度上的對(duì)稱性被破壞,并導(dǎo)致扭曲的雙層二硫化鉬的動(dòng)態(tài)行為表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的位置依賴性。
從以上分析不難看出,建立可描述層間剪切的多層納米板模型對(duì)研究多層二維納米結(jié)構(gòu)的力學(xué)行為至關(guān)重要。同時(shí)此類模型的求解通常較為復(fù)雜,很難獲得其解析解,因此往往需要借助數(shù)值方法求解。無網(wǎng)格法構(gòu)造高階形函數(shù)時(shí)所展現(xiàn)出來的優(yōu)勢(shì)深受學(xué)者們的青睞[28?29]。文獻(xiàn)[30?31]采用基于移動(dòng)最小二乘近似的無網(wǎng)格法,結(jié)合高階Cauchy?Born準(zhǔn)則研究了碳納米管的屈曲。YAN等[32?33]采用移動(dòng)Kriging插值研究了碳納米管的屈曲。隨后YAN等[34]采用移動(dòng)Kriging插值研究了圓形石墨烯扭轉(zhuǎn)中波紋幅度、波數(shù)和起皺角度的可控性。ROQUE等[35]采用徑向點(diǎn)插值的無網(wǎng)格法獲得了基于修正的偶應(yīng)力理論的各向同性納米板彎曲的數(shù)值解。THAI等[36]采用移動(dòng)Kriging插值研究了基于應(yīng)變梯度理論的磁電耦合功能梯度納米板的自由振動(dòng)。隨后THAI等[37]又將非局部應(yīng)變梯度理論,高階剪切理論以及移動(dòng)Kriging插值的無網(wǎng)格法相結(jié)合,建立了一種非局部應(yīng)變梯度無網(wǎng)格法用于研究夾層納米板的彎曲和自由振動(dòng)。WANG等[38?39]基于移動(dòng)最小二乘發(fā)展了一種高階一致性的節(jié)點(diǎn)積分方案求解一系列應(yīng)變梯度薄梁/板問題,數(shù)值結(jié)果表明,一致性積分在收斂性、精度以及計(jì)算效率方面都優(yōu)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高斯積分。ALSHENAWY等[40]采用移動(dòng)Kriging插值研究了在軸向機(jī)械荷載、外電驅(qū)動(dòng)和溫度共同作用下,功能梯度壓電納米圓柱殼的屈曲模態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變現(xiàn)象。YANG等[41]采用移動(dòng)Kriging插值研究了基于偶應(yīng)力理論的復(fù)合材料納米圓柱殼的后屈曲行為。LIU等[42]采用移動(dòng)Kriging插值的無網(wǎng)格法研究了隨機(jī)增強(qiáng)納米復(fù)合材料制成的微圓柱殼在軸向和側(cè)向壓縮組合作用下的非線性屈曲和后屈曲。
本文采用基于移動(dòng)Kriging插值的無網(wǎng)格法研究多層納米板的動(dòng)力學(xué)行為。首先建立考慮層內(nèi)拉伸、層間剪切和單層彎曲的多層二硫化鉬動(dòng)力學(xué)模型。隨后將所建立的模型與分子動(dòng)力學(xué),等效單層Kirchhoff板模型和Mindlin板模型的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。分析不同層數(shù)和尺寸對(duì)振動(dòng)頻率的影響,并通過改變層內(nèi)拉伸剛度、層間剪切模量和單層彎曲剛度的大小,研究三者對(duì)振動(dòng)頻率的影響。
1 考慮層間剪切的多層板模型
多層二維納米結(jié)構(gòu)之間既沒有超潤滑,也沒有完全貼合,每一層厚度方向的尺度僅一個(gè)或幾個(gè)原子,而長、寬方向的尺度遠(yuǎn)大于厚度方向,因此將其等效為多層薄板堆疊模型,如圖1所示。當(dāng)其發(fā)生橫向振動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)伴隨著層間剪切和滑移,因此傳統(tǒng)板模型中平截面假定不再適用。多層板模型厚度方向依舊遠(yuǎn)小于長、寬方向的尺寸,即假設(shè)每層板具有相同的撓度,因此該模型中每層板z方向的變形可等效為一個(gè)w,而每一層板的面內(nèi)位移包括u和v兩部分。
考慮層內(nèi)拉伸、層間剪切和彎曲變形的多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)自由振動(dòng)的總勢(shì)能包括以下三部分:
3 考慮層間剪切的多層板模型振動(dòng)
本節(jié)的納米板以二硫化鉬為研究對(duì)象,其物理參數(shù)見表1。為驗(yàn)證所建立模型的準(zhǔn)確性,將分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬的結(jié)果與所建立多層板模型的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比對(duì)。本節(jié)分子動(dòng)力學(xué)采用Lammps程序包進(jìn)行模擬,通過第二代Brenner經(jīng)驗(yàn)勢(shì)來描述二硫化鉬原子間的相互作用。
對(duì)于多層二硫化鉬結(jié)構(gòu)可近似為各向同性材料,其xz和yz面內(nèi)的剪切模量分別為Gx=Gy=7.54 GPa,層間厚度為h1=0.64 nm[24]。模型的長為a=6 nm ,寬為b=8 nm,邊界條件為四邊固支。
圖2分別為采用分子動(dòng)力學(xué)(MD),多層納米板模型(MPSM)以及多層納米板等效單層Kirchhoff板模型(KPM)和Mindlin板模型(MPM)計(jì)算得到的1~6層二硫化鉬的前4階振動(dòng)頻率ω。
圖3為分子動(dòng)力學(xué)和多層納米板模型的前4階振型。可以看出分子動(dòng)力學(xué)的振動(dòng)頻率與振型和本文所建立的多層納米板模型的結(jié)果吻合得非常好,而等效的單層Kirchhoff板模型和Mindlin板模型的振動(dòng)頻率都高于分子動(dòng)力學(xué)結(jié)果。這表明多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)層間剪切和滑移導(dǎo)致經(jīng)典板理論不再適用。主要?dú)w因于二維結(jié)構(gòu)之間的層間剪切和滑移與層內(nèi)變形(拉伸和彎曲)存在競(jìng)爭(zhēng),并影響其整體動(dòng)力學(xué)行為。
圖4為不同長度多層納米板的振動(dòng)頻率,可以看出,隨著長度的增加,多層納米板的振動(dòng)頻率逐漸減小。隨著層數(shù)的增加,同一長度對(duì)應(yīng)的同一階振動(dòng)頻率逐漸增加,與此同時(shí)振動(dòng)頻率增加的絕對(duì)值逐漸減小。該結(jié)論與非局部硬化模型的結(jié)論是一致的,因?yàn)殡S著長度的增加,無量綱非局部效應(yīng)因子減小,此時(shí)振動(dòng)頻率也隨之減小,即頻率隨著非局部因子的增大而提高[43?44]。
圖5給出了不同層間剪切模量對(duì)振動(dòng)頻率的影響,圖中橫坐標(biāo)φ1代表剪切模量增加的倍數(shù)。結(jié)果表明,隨著剪切模量的增加,頻率逐漸增大。
圖6為層內(nèi)拉伸剛度與頻率的關(guān)系,圖中橫坐標(biāo)φ2代表層內(nèi)拉伸剛度增加的倍數(shù)。可以看出隨著層內(nèi)拉伸剛度的增加,頻率幾乎不發(fā)生改變。
圖7為單層板彎曲剛度與頻率的關(guān)系,圖中橫坐標(biāo)φ3代表層內(nèi)彎曲剛度增加的倍數(shù)。可以看出隨著單層彎曲剛度的增加,頻率逐漸增大。綜上,層間剪切模量和單層彎曲剛度對(duì)橫向振動(dòng)頻率的影響較大,而層內(nèi)拉伸剛度的增加對(duì)橫向振動(dòng)頻率幾乎沒有影響。
4 結(jié) "論
本文首先建立了考慮層內(nèi)拉伸、層間剪切和單層彎曲的多層納米板動(dòng)力學(xué)模型。以二硫化鉬為研究對(duì)象,并基于移動(dòng)Kriging插值的無網(wǎng)格法計(jì)算了多層納米板模型的振動(dòng)頻率,以及多層二硫化鉬等效為單層Kirchhoff板和Mindlin板的振動(dòng)頻率。通過與分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模擬的結(jié)果比較表明,建立的多層納米板模型能夠很好地預(yù)測(cè)多層二硫化鉬的振動(dòng)行為。這也說明多層二維結(jié)構(gòu)層間剪切和滑移導(dǎo)致其違背了經(jīng)典板理論的預(yù)測(cè),主要?dú)w因于,二維結(jié)構(gòu)之間的層間剪切影響了其整體動(dòng)力學(xué)行為。隨后分析了不同層數(shù)和尺寸對(duì)振動(dòng)頻率的影響,并通過改變層內(nèi)拉伸剛度、層間剪切模量和單層彎曲剛度的大小來研究三者對(duì)振動(dòng)頻率的影響。研究表明,改變層內(nèi)拉伸剛度幾乎不改變多層納米板的振動(dòng)頻率,而改變層間剪切模量和單層彎曲剛度對(duì)振動(dòng)頻率的影響較大。
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第一作者: 侯東昌(1991―)中文作者簡介:男,博士研究生。E-mail: houdongchang@nuaa.edu.cn
通信作者: 王立峰(1977―),男,博士,教授。
E-mail: walfe@nuaa.edu.cn