[摘要] 目的:觀察調(diào)神法針刺對(duì)失眠患者丘腦功能連接(FC)的影響,探討針刺治療失眠的中樞效應(yīng)機(jī)制。方法:納入60例失眠患者(失眠組),按1∶1比例隨機(jī)分為調(diào)神法針刺組和非穴淺刺組各30例,同時(shí)納入30例健康受試者(健康組)。以丘腦為ROI,比較失眠組和健康組的FC差異,以及調(diào)神法針刺前后的FC變化。分別采用匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)(PSQI)、過(guò)度覺醒量表(HAS)及疲勞量表-14(FS-14)評(píng)估針刺對(duì)失眠患者睡眠、覺醒和疲勞狀態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)作用,并使用Pearson相關(guān)性分析評(píng)估針刺前后FC差值與臨床量表評(píng)分差值的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:與健康組相比,針刺前失眠組左丘腦與右楔葉、右中央后回、右顳中回的FC增強(qiáng)(均Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW校正);右丘腦與右顳上回、右額中回、右扣帶回、左枕中回、左額中回、左頂下回、左海馬旁回的FC增強(qiáng)(均Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW校正)。調(diào)神法針刺組針刺治療后,左丘腦與左頂上回,右丘腦與左頂下回、左旁中央小葉、左額中回、右頂上回、右中央后回及雙側(cè)中扣帶回的FC減弱(均Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW校正)。調(diào)神法針刺組右丘腦和左頂下回、右中扣帶回、右頂上回減弱的FC值均與針刺前后FS-14評(píng)分差值呈正相關(guān)(均Plt;0.05);右丘腦和左旁中央小葉減弱的FC值與HAS評(píng)分差值呈正相關(guān)(Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論:失眠患者丘腦與多個(gè)腦區(qū)FC增強(qiáng),調(diào)神法針刺能調(diào)節(jié)丘腦FC,改善過(guò)度覺醒,緩解疲勞,有效治療失眠,從fMRI角度證實(shí)丘腦在失眠病理生理學(xué)中的重要作用,揭示調(diào)神法針刺治療失眠的潛在中樞機(jī)制。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 調(diào)神法針刺;失眠;丘腦;功能連接;磁共振成像
An fMRI study of Tiaoshen acupuncture to modulate functional connectivity in thalamus in insomnia patients
YIN Xuejiao1,JIA Weilin1,ZHU Liying2,WANG Guiling1,GUO Jing1
1Acupuncture and Moxibustion Center,Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University,Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation,Beijing 100010,China;2Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China.
[Abstract] Objectives:To explore the central mechanisms of acupuncture on insomnia by analyzing the effect of Tiaoshen acupuncture for the functional connectivity in thalamus in insomnia patients. Methods:Sixty insomnia patients were randomly assigned into a Tiaoshen acupuncture group and a sham acupoint group in a ratio of 1∶1. Thirty healthy volunteers were included in the healthy group. The thalamus was defined as ROI,and the functional connectivity analysis was performed to compare differences between the insomnia group and the healthy group,as well as pre- and post-acupuncture differences in insomnia patients. The PSQI,HAS and FS-14 were used to assess sleep quality,cortical hyperarousal states,and fatigue states,respectively. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between functional connectivity difference value and score difference value before and after acupuncture. Results:Compared with the healthy group,the functional connectivities in the insomnia group before acupuncture were increased between the left thalamus and right cuneus lobe,the left thalamus and right postcentral gyrus,the left thalamus and right middle temporal gyrus (all Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW correction),and the functional connectivities between the right thalamus with the right superior temporal gyrus,right cingulate gyrus,bilateral middle frontal gyrus,left middle occipital gyrus,left inferior parietal gyrus,left parahippocampal gyrus were increased (all Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW corrected). After acupuncture,the functional connectivity between the left thalamus and left superior parietal gyrus and the functional connectivities between the right thalamus with the left inferior parietal gyrus,left paracentral lobule,left middle frontal gyrus,right superior parietal gyrus,right postcentral gyrus,bilateral medial cingulate gyrus were decreased in the Tiaoshen acupuncture group (all Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW correction). Moreover,the difference values of functional connectivities between the right thalamus with left inferior parietal gyrus,right medial cingulate gyrus,right superior parietal gyrus in the Tiaoshen acupuncture group were positively correlated with the FS-14 difference values both before and after acupuncture (all Plt;0.05),and the difference value of functional connectivity between the right thalamus and left paracentral lobule was positively correlated with the difference value of HAS score (Plt;0.05). Conclusions:Insomnia patients exhibit increased functional connectivities between thalamus and other brain regions. Tiaoshen acupuncture modulates thalamic functional connectivity,reduces hyperarousal,mitigates fatigue,and improves insomnia symptoms. The study confirms the important role of the thalamus in the pathophysiology of insomnia based on fMRI and provides evidence for supporting the central mechanisms of Tiaoshen acupuncture for insomnia.
[Key words] Tiaoshen acupuncture;Insomnia;Thalamus;Functional connectivity;Magnetic resonance imaging
失眠是指睡眠機(jī)會(huì)和睡眠環(huán)境適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件下,仍對(duì)睡眠時(shí)間和/或質(zhì)量不滿足,并產(chǎn)生疲勞、情緒障礙、記憶減退等日間功能受損的一種主觀體驗(yàn)[1]。其中,疲勞被視為失眠最常見和持久的日間癥狀[2],且其嚴(yán)重程度與失眠程度密切相關(guān),嚴(yán)重影響患者的社會(huì)功能[3]。fMRI可直觀顯示針刺對(duì)大腦功能活動(dòng)的影響,為揭示針刺治療的潛在中樞機(jī)制提供可能。調(diào)神法針刺可有效改善失眠患者的睡眠質(zhì)量并緩解日間疲勞[4]。丘腦與睡眠-覺醒、疲勞調(diào)節(jié)密切相關(guān)[2],但丘腦在針刺治療失眠中的作用機(jī)制尚待深入探討。本研究以丘腦為ROI,采用靜息態(tài)功能連接方法,從fMRI角度探討失眠患者與健康受試者丘腦FC差異,以及失眠患者調(diào)神法針刺前后FC的變化,以期為揭示針刺治療失眠的中樞機(jī)制提供影像學(xué)依據(jù)。
1" 資料與方法
1.1" 一般資料
招募2018年12月至2020年12月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京中醫(yī)醫(yī)院收治的失眠患者60例(失眠組),按1∶1比例隨機(jī)分為調(diào)神法針刺組和非穴淺刺組各30例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合《精神障礙診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第5版)》[5]中失眠的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);年齡18~60歲;匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)(Pittsburgh sleep qualify index,PSQI)評(píng)分>8分;過(guò)度覺醒量表(hyper arousal scale,HAS)評(píng)分>32分;漢密爾頓抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)評(píng)分lt;7分;漢密爾頓焦慮量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)評(píng)分lt;14分;近1個(gè)月未服用助眠藥物;可配合完成MRI掃描;右利手。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并抑郁癥、焦慮癥、精神分裂癥等嚴(yán)重精神疾病;患有心、肝、腎、血液、消化系統(tǒng)等嚴(yán)重原發(fā)性疾??;孕期及哺乳期婦女;MRI掃描中發(fā)現(xiàn)明確病變或頭部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)重不對(duì)稱者。
同期招募30例健康受試者(健康組)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):無(wú)對(duì)睡眠數(shù)量及質(zhì)量不滿的主訴;年齡18~60歲;PSQI評(píng)分lt;8分;HAS評(píng)分lt;32分;HAMD評(píng)分lt;7分;HAMA評(píng)分lt;14分;無(wú)心、肝、腎、血液、消化系統(tǒng)等疾病及精神疾??;可配合完成MRI掃描;右利手。
收集3組性別、年齡、學(xué)歷等人口學(xué)資料及PSQI、HAS、HAMA、HAMD、疲勞量表-14(fatigue scale-14,F(xiàn)S-14)評(píng)分。
本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審批(審批號(hào):2018BL-002-02),并于中國(guó)臨床試驗(yàn)注冊(cè)中心注冊(cè)(注冊(cè)號(hào):Chi CTR1800015282),所有受試者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2" 針刺方法
①調(diào)神法針刺組:予調(diào)神法針刺。取穴:百會(huì)、神庭、四神聰,雙側(cè)本神、神門、內(nèi)關(guān)、三陰交。百會(huì)、神庭、四神聰、本神平刺10~20 mm,余穴直刺10~30 mm,配合捻轉(zhuǎn)提插平補(bǔ)平瀉手法,以局部酸脹感為度,留針30 min。②非穴淺刺組:予非效穴淺刺。選取文獻(xiàn)檢索證實(shí)的7個(gè)對(duì)治療失眠無(wú)效的穴位旁開的非穴點(diǎn)(均取雙側(cè)):臂臑、手三里、曲池、外關(guān)、風(fēng)市、伏兔、梁丘旁開1寸。所有非穴點(diǎn)直刺1~2 mm,不行任何手法,留針30 min。
2組均隔日針刺1次,3次/周,連續(xù)4周。所有患者的針刺操作均由1位具有15年以上臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)的針灸醫(yī)師完成。
1.3" MRI檢查
采用Siemens 3.0 T Magnetom Trio MRI掃描儀。受試者仰臥,海綿塞固定頭部,保持睜眼狀態(tài),避免入睡。采用磁化預(yù)備梯度回波序列對(duì)腦結(jié)構(gòu)像T1WI-3D進(jìn)行掃描,掃描參數(shù):TR 2 300 ms,TE 2.32 ms,視野240 mm×240 mm,翻轉(zhuǎn)角8°,層厚0.9 mm,矩陣256×256,切片數(shù)量192層,體素大小0.9 mm×0.9 mm×0.9 mm;使用軸位EPI序列獲得fMRI圖像,掃描參數(shù):TR 3 000 ms,TE 30 ms,視野 220 mm×220 mm,翻轉(zhuǎn)角90°,層厚3.0 mm,體素大小3.5 mm×3.5 mm×3.5 mm,切片數(shù)量32層,帶寬1 774 Hz。共采集240個(gè)全腦圖像。
1.4" 數(shù)據(jù)處理
基于Matlab 2018b(The MathWorks,Inc.)平臺(tái)的DPABI(http://rfmri.org/dpabi)軟件包分析數(shù)據(jù)。
預(yù)處理步驟:①將DICOM圖像格式轉(zhuǎn)換為NIFTI格式;②剔除前10個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn);③頭動(dòng)校正和時(shí)間層校正;④空間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和高斯平滑,將fMRI圖像通過(guò)EPI模板配準(zhǔn)至蒙特利爾神經(jīng)病學(xué)研究所空間,采用6 mm的半峰全寬高斯平滑核行空間平滑;⑤去線性漂移和濾波;⑥回歸協(xié)變量,去除頭動(dòng)、腦白質(zhì)、腦脊液等信號(hào)的協(xié)變量。
以雙側(cè)丘腦為種子點(diǎn),根據(jù)自動(dòng)解剖標(biāo)記3(automated anatomical labelling 3,ALL3)圖譜[6]定義左側(cè)丘腦[-12,-18,8],右側(cè)丘腦[12,-18,8],取半徑為5 mm的球體區(qū)域?yàn)閂OI,將VOI的時(shí)間序列與全腦所有體素的時(shí)間序列行相關(guān)性分析,并將相關(guān)系數(shù)行Fisher z變換。
1.5" 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
使用SPSS 26.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較行χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布以x±s表示,不符合正態(tài)分布以M(QL,QU)表示。組內(nèi)比較符合正態(tài)分布行配對(duì)樣本t檢驗(yàn),非正態(tài)分布行Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn);組間比較符合正態(tài)分布行兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),非正態(tài)分布行Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析觀察調(diào)神法針刺前后FC差值與PSQI、HAS、FS-14評(píng)分差值的相關(guān)性,多重比較采用Bonferroni校正。以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1" 各組臨床資料比較
調(diào)神法針刺組因個(gè)人原因脫落4例,因影像學(xué)質(zhì)量控制剔除1例,非穴淺刺組因治療效果不佳脫落6例,最終完成臨床干預(yù)及fMRI掃描49例。
失眠組和健康組性別、年齡、學(xué)歷差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);2組針刺前PSQI、HAS、HAMA、HAMD、FS-14評(píng)分差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均Plt;0.001)(表1)。調(diào)神法針刺組和非穴淺刺組性別、年齡、學(xué)歷,以及針刺前HAMA、HAMD、PSQI、HAS、FS-14評(píng)分差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)(表2,3)。
針刺后2組間PSQI、HAS、FS-14評(píng)分差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均Plt;0.05);調(diào)神法針刺組針刺前后差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.001);非穴淺刺組針刺前后差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05)(表3)。
2.2" 各組FC比較
與健康組相比,失眠組針刺前左丘腦與右楔葉、右中央后回、右顳中回的FC均增強(qiáng)(均Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW校正);右丘腦與右顳上回、右額中回、右扣帶回、左枕中回、左額下回、左頂下回、左海馬旁回的FC均增強(qiáng)(均Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW校正)(圖1)。
組內(nèi)比較,調(diào)神法針刺組針刺前后左丘腦與左頂上回,右丘腦與左頂下回、左旁中央小葉、左額中回、右頂上回、右中央后回、雙側(cè)中扣帶回的FC均減弱(均Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW校正)(圖2)。針刺后調(diào)神法針刺組與非穴淺刺組比較,右丘腦與左額中回、左海馬、右后扣帶回的FC均減弱(均Plt;0.05,F(xiàn)EW校正)(圖3)。
2.3" 調(diào)神法針刺組針刺前后FC差值與臨床量表評(píng)分差值相關(guān)性分析
調(diào)神法針刺組右丘腦和左頂下回、右中扣帶回、右頂上回減弱的FC值與FS-14評(píng)分均呈正相關(guān)(均Plt;0.05);右丘腦和左旁中央小葉減弱的FC值與HAS評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)(Plt;0.05)(圖4)。
3" 討論
丘腦調(diào)控大腦皮質(zhì)興奮狀態(tài),維持警覺性,調(diào)控睡眠-覺醒周期[7-9]。研究顯示,失眠患者存在丘腦及其神經(jīng)回路的FC、結(jié)構(gòu)和代謝改變[2,10-13],并與疲勞、覺醒密切相關(guān)[13]。丘腦的功能障礙也被視為失眠的神經(jīng)機(jī)制之一[14]。
失眠患者由于睡眠結(jié)構(gòu)和節(jié)律紊亂,在顳葉和楔葉表現(xiàn)出較高的自發(fā)性神經(jīng)活動(dòng)[15-16]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)失眠患者存在額葉和頂葉異常激活[17-18],以及丘腦和額中回、頂上小葉[19-20],中央后回與扣帶回[21]的FC異常。此外,失眠嚴(yán)重程度還與海馬旁回的異常血流活動(dòng)有關(guān)[16],丘腦和海馬旁回的FC增強(qiáng)與情緒失調(diào)及過(guò)度覺醒密切相關(guān)[20,22]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),失眠患者左丘腦與右楔葉、右中央后回、右顳中回,右丘腦與右顳上回、右額中回、右扣帶回、左枕中回、左額中回、左頂下回、左海馬旁回的FC增強(qiáng)。
頂下回屬于中央執(zhí)行控制網(wǎng)絡(luò),有研究顯示失眠患者頂下回和前額葉的FC增強(qiáng)[23]。旁中央小葉屬于感覺運(yùn)動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)[24],失眠患者旁中央小葉和左中央后回、右中央前回的FC增強(qiáng),且與失眠嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)[25]。頂上回位于默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò),失眠患者丘腦和頂上回的FC降低與睡眠效率改善相關(guān)[26]??蹘Щ貙儆谕伙@網(wǎng)絡(luò),與覺醒水平有關(guān)[27]。針刺調(diào)神是治療失眠的第一要旨[28]。調(diào)神法針刺注重“腦神”與“心神”并調(diào)[28],選取百會(huì)、神庭、四神聰、本神調(diào)節(jié)腦神,聯(lián)合心經(jīng)、心包經(jīng)腧穴神門和內(nèi)關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)心神,三陰交調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)脈氣血,養(yǎng)血安神。諸穴合用,以調(diào)神安眠。本研究顯示,調(diào)神法針刺治療后,丘腦與多個(gè)腦區(qū)的FC減低,且降低的右丘腦與左頂下回、右頂上回、右中扣帶回的FC與FS-14評(píng)分差值呈正相關(guān),右丘腦和左旁中央小葉減弱的FC與HAS評(píng)分差值呈正相關(guān);這些腦區(qū)涉及多個(gè)腦網(wǎng)絡(luò),提示針刺治療失眠可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)丘腦的FC,整合大腦功能網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀態(tài),從而改善過(guò)度覺醒和疲勞感知。
本研究存在一定局限性:丘腦功能復(fù)雜,且分為不同亞區(qū),其調(diào)節(jié)睡眠-覺醒涉及多種神經(jīng)回路的相互作用,后續(xù)研究可劃分丘腦亞區(qū)進(jìn)一步探討;樣本量較小,后續(xù)將增加樣本量以提高研究的精確性;未采用多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)等客觀評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),影響了睡眠質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的準(zhǔn)確性。
綜上所述,丘腦在失眠發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用,失眠患者存在異常的丘腦FC,而調(diào)神法針刺能調(diào)節(jié)丘腦FC,改善大腦過(guò)度覺醒,緩解日間疲勞,有效治療失眠。fMRI可揭示調(diào)神法針刺治療失眠的中樞機(jī)制。
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(收稿日期" 2024-10-18)