在高考英語寫作中,應(yīng)用文寫作與讀后續(xù)寫都對學(xué)生的語法使用熟練度做出了要求。因此,考生不僅需要使用從句增加語法復(fù)雜度和多樣性,也需要在寫作中靈活使用不同的主語,增加句型的多樣性。以人或動物為主語的句子被稱為有靈主語句,在這樣的句子中,主語能夠執(zhí)行動作、擁有感受,并且通常能夠作為行為的發(fā)起者,例如:
[例1] The boy smiled happily when he received the gift(男孩收到禮物時高興地笑了).
[例2] The dog wagged its tail when it saw its master (狗看到主人時搖起了尾巴).
除有靈主語句外,英語還常用無靈主語句。該句型以無生命的名詞作主語,通常包括物品、動作、情感、時間、地點等,而謂語動詞則是有靈動詞,例如:allow (允許), bring (帶來), lead (引導(dǎo)), seize (抓?。?, witness (目睹,見證)等。無靈主語句大致可以分為以下幾種:
1.抽象事物做主語:
[例1] Freedom plays an essential role in the growth of a society (自由對社會的發(fā)展扮演至關(guān)重要的角色).
[例2] Justice has prevailed in the courts decision (正義在法庭的判決中占了上風(fēng)).
2.心緒做主語:
[例1]Fear can prevent people from trying new things (恐懼會阻止人們嘗試新事物).
[例2]Curiosity can lead us to explore new horizons and discover knowledge previously unknown (好奇心可以引導(dǎo)我們探索新視野并發(fā)現(xiàn)以前未知的知識).
3.特定動作做主語,常見的有:① 動詞對應(yīng)的名詞變形或動名詞;② 兼具動詞詞性的名詞;③ 有動作意味的名詞。以下是一些例子:
[例1] The signing of the treaty marked the approach of a new era of peace (條約的簽署標(biāo)志著和平新時代的來臨).
[例2] The launch of the new space telescope allowed astronomers to observe distant galaxies like never before (新太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡的發(fā)射使天文學(xué)家能夠前所未有地觀察遙遠(yuǎn)的星系).
[例3] The arrival of the monsoon rains brought much-needed relief to the drought-stricken region (季風(fēng)雨的到來為飽受干旱之苦的地區(qū)帶來了急需的緩解).
4.自然現(xiàn)象作主語:
[例1] The sunrise painted the sky with hues of orange and gold (日出將天空染上了橙色和金色的色彩).
[例2] The thunderclap rattled the windows, followed by a flash of lightning (雷聲震撼著窗戶,隨后是一道閃電).
[例3] The gentle breeze rustled the leaves of the trees, creating a harmonious melody (輕柔的微風(fēng)吹動樹葉,營造出和諧的旋律).
5.日常事物作主語:
[例1] The ancient bridge has withstood the test of time, serving as a silent witness to centuries of history (這座古橋經(jīng)受住了時間的考驗,成為幾個世紀(jì)歷史的沉默見證).
[例2] The streetlights cast a warm glow over the deserted alley (街燈在空曠的小巷上投下了溫暖的光暈).
6.時間或地點作主語:
[例1] The departure of winter saw the first buds of spring appear on the trees (冬天離去,樹上出現(xiàn)了春天的第一個嫩芽).
[例2] The 20th century witnessed unprecedented technological advancements (20世紀(jì)見證了前所未有的技術(shù)進步).
[例3] The park offers a tranquil escape from the hustle and bustle of city life (這個公園提供了一個遠(yuǎn)離城市喧囂的寧靜之所).
從上述例子可以看出,無靈主語句常兼有擬人的修辭,若在英語寫作中恰當(dāng)使用,不僅可以豐富句式結(jié)構(gòu),也可以使文章表達更為生動,提升文章的水準(zhǔn)。以下本文將針對無靈主語句在高中英文讀后續(xù)寫寫作中的應(yīng)用開展論述。
讀后續(xù)寫屬于敘述性文本,要求考生根據(jù)所給文本補充情節(jié),而情節(jié)涉及人物情緒、動作、想法等,也涵蓋環(huán)境描寫。在描繪情緒、想法、環(huán)境時,我們可以適當(dāng)使用無靈主語句。
一、無靈主語句用于情感描寫
情緒描寫在讀后續(xù)寫中占有重要地位,恰當(dāng)?shù)那榫w描寫可以起到承上啟下的作用,有效推進情節(jié)的發(fā)展。情緒可分為積極情緒與消極情緒,其對應(yīng)的有靈動詞也有所不同,下表是續(xù)寫中常用的情緒詞(名詞)及常見的與之搭配的動詞:
表1" 情緒詞與之對應(yīng)的常用動詞
情緒
對應(yīng)英文單詞
常見搭配動詞
開心
bliss, happiness, delight, elation, joy, pleasure, ecstasy (狂喜), rapture (狂喜)
激動
thrill, excitement, exhilaration
放松/平靜
relief (如釋重負(fù)), relaxation, peacefulness (平和)
熱情
enthusiasm, eagerness, passion
滿意
satisfaction, contentment
驚訝
surprise, shock, amazement, astonishment (可以是驚喜、驚嘆以及驚愕,shock通常指令人不快的事導(dǎo)致的震驚)
自豪
pride
贊賞
admiration
同情
sympathy
自信
confidence
感激
appreciation, gratitude
好奇
curiosity
傷心/苦痛
anguish(苦痛), sorrow,sadness, grief, gloom, misery, distress (悲痛), bitterness
絕望
depression(沮喪,消沉),
desperation, despair, hopelessness
失望/失落
disappointment, dismay (失落), frustration (懊喪)
生氣
anger, rage, fury, irritation,annoyance
焦慮
worry, anxiety, concern,apprehension, restlessness
疲憊
tiredness, fatigue, exhaustion
困惑
confusion, puzzlement,bewilderment
害怕/驚恐
scare, fright, fear, horror, terror, dread, panic
嫉妒
envy, jealousy
后悔
regret
反感
disgust
羞愧
shame, guilt, remorse
尷尬
embarrassment, awkwardness
孤獨
loneliness, isolation
偏中性(可用于積極和消極情緒):
surge (涌動), swell (充滿), well up (涌上), seize/ grip/ take hold of (抓住), overwhelm (淹沒), flood over/ sweep over/ wash over (涌上心頭), creep on/ crawl on (向…襲來), desert (拋棄)
多用于消極情緒的詞:
consume(吞噬), choke/ suffocate (使人窒息), deprive (剝奪), haunt (不快的事情縈繞于腦際), tear (撕裂), possess (控制), paralyze (使…嚇得發(fā)呆), root sb to sth (使…呆住不動), tear into pieces (撕成碎片)
以下是相關(guān)表達在語句中使用的具體實例:
[例1] Her courage seemed to desert her for a moment (她一時間似乎失去了勇氣).
[例2] The anguish tore her heart apart (疼痛撕裂了她的心).
[例3] Anger surged within him, like a wild beast breaking its cage (憤怒在他心中涌動,就像一頭野獸沖破牢籠).
[例4] The sorrow of loss hovered over/ hung over/ lingered in the room, casting a shadow over the mourners' faces (失落的悲傷籠罩在房間里,給哀悼者的臉龐投下了陰影).
[例5] A sense of remorse and guilt seized/ gripped/ overwhelmed Paul when Mrs. Thompson presented him with the bat and the glove (當(dāng)Thompson太太把球棒和手套遞給Paul時,他感到自責(zé)和內(nèi)疚).
[例6] Panic and restlessness consuming/ seizing/ gripping him, Paul stood rooted to the ground, unable to utter a single word (Paul驚慌失措,惶惶不安,站在原地,一句話也說不出來| 無靈主語句轉(zhuǎn)化為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)).
[例7] A feeling of ecstasy mingled with exhilaration flooded over/ swept over/ washed over me when the news came that our team ranked the first in the competition (我們隊在比賽中排名第一的消息傳來時,我感到欣喜若狂).
[例8] Shock paralyzed her, rooting her to the spot as she tried to process what had just happened (她試圖理解剛剛發(fā)生的一切,但卻因為太震驚而呆住不動,無法思考) .
除了直接用情緒詞作為主語外,身體的部位或是音容笑貌也能充當(dāng)無靈主語句的主語,例如face (臉), hair (頭發(fā)), eyes (眼睛), cheeks (臉頰), lips (嘴唇), ears (耳朵), shoulders (肩膀), heart (心臟), finger (手指), hand (手), leg (腿), toe (腳趾), voice (聲音), tone (聲調(diào)), smile/ laughter/ grin (笑容), tears (淚水), frown (皺眉)等,常用的動詞包括flush (泛紅), twinkle (閃爍著), tremble/ shake/ shudder (顫抖), pound/ thud/ beat (跳動), touch (觸摸), brighten (點亮), spread/ flash across (浮現(xiàn)), stream down/ roll down (流下)等,以下是一些例句:
[例9] Her cheeks/ face flushed when she realized everyone was staring at her (當(dāng)她意識到所有人都在盯著她看時,她的臉漲紅了).
[例10] Her hair flew freely in the wind as she ran joyously through the fields (頭發(fā)在風(fēng)中飄揚,她自由自在地奔跑在田野上).
[例11] Her eyes twinkled with curiosity as she scanned her surroundings (當(dāng)她掃視周圍的環(huán)境時,她的眼睛閃爍著好奇的光芒).
[例12] Her hands trembled as she anxiously awaited the outcome of her interview (雙手顫抖著,她緊張地等待著面試的結(jié)果).
[例13] His shoulders sagged heavily (他的肩膀沉重地垂著).
[例14] Her heart pounded rapidly, and she was so excited that she could hardly breathe (心臟跳動得飛快,她激動得幾乎無法呼吸).
[例15] Her toes gently touched the ground as she cautiously took each step forward (腳趾輕輕觸碰著地面,她小心翼翼地向前邁進).
[例16] Her stomach growled with hunger, urging her to find something to eat (腹部傳來陣陣饑餓的咕嚕聲,她急忙尋找食物充饑).
[例17] A smile spread across/ brightened her face (她的臉上露出了燦爛的笑容).
二、無靈主語句用于心理活動描寫
內(nèi)心想法以及感悟在推進續(xù)寫劇情或是結(jié)尾點題時有著重要作用。直白的內(nèi)心感悟描寫通常使用I think/ believe that +從句或是使用直接引語,這種表達勝在直截了當(dāng),但缺少語言豐富性,我們可以適當(dāng)使用無靈主語句來潤色。常見的主語有idea, thought, memory, realization等,其搭配的動詞多是hit/ strike/ occur to/ come to/ flash into/ dawn on/ flood into等,以下是一些例句:
[例1] A sudden thought of Maxs death struck Ben, filling his heart with tremendous bitterness (Ben突然想到Max可能去世了,心里頓時充滿了巨大的痛苦).
[例2] A brilliant idea occurred to/ struck/ hit me/flashed into my mind that live-broadcasting platforms could be used to promote our products (一個絕妙的想法突然出現(xiàn)在我的腦海中,直播平臺可以用來推廣我們的產(chǎn)品).
[例3] When I finally finished it, the thought of winning had given way to the enjoyment of writing (當(dāng)我終于寫完的時候,獲勝的想法已經(jīng)讓位于寫作的樂趣).
[例4] The memory of his words echoed in her mind, leaving a lasting impression on her soul (他的話語在她腦海中回蕩,給她的靈魂留下了深刻的印記).
[例5] The realization of her mistake dawned on her, filling her with a sense of regret (她意識到自己的錯誤,心中充滿了悔意).
通常情況下,表達某種想法的無靈主語句,若其主語過長,可以改寫為以it為無靈主語句形式主語的句式,其形式常為It + hit/ strike/ occur to/ come to/ dawn on sb. +that從句,這類句子多帶有“突然意識到”的意思,常用于情節(jié)的小轉(zhuǎn)折或是結(jié)尾點題之用,以下為例子:
[例6] It occurred to/ dawned on/ hit/ struck me that live-broadcasting platforms could be used to promote our products (對例2的改寫| 推進情節(jié)).
[例7] It suddenly hit me that I had forgotten to bring my keys (我突然意識到我忘記帶鑰匙了| 推進情節(jié)).
[例8] It dawned on me that true happiness lay in the simple pleasures of life, not in material possessions (我漸漸意識到,真正的幸福在于生活的簡單樂趣,而非物質(zhì)財富| 點題).
[例9] It hit me that education was not just about acquiring knowledge, but also about shaping ones character (我突然意識到,教育不僅僅是獲取知識,更是塑造人的品格| 點題).
[例10] It came to me that the essence of friendship was mutual support and understanding through ups and downs (我漸漸明白,友誼的本質(zhì)在于無論順境還是逆境,都能相互支持和理解| 點題).
三、無靈主語句用于場景描寫
適當(dāng)?shù)沫h(huán)境描寫可以增添文章的氛圍感,使得內(nèi)容更為豐富,描寫更為生動。在讀寫中,常見的環(huán)境描寫包括日月星辰、風(fēng)霜雨雪等,我們可以使用這類自然事物或現(xiàn)象為主語,搭配與之對應(yīng)的動詞構(gòu)成無靈主語句,常見的動詞搭配如下:
表2" 常與自然事物搭配的動詞
自然事物/現(xiàn)象
搭配動詞
wind/ breeze(微風(fēng))/storm (風(fēng)暴)
whip (風(fēng)呼嘯而過), roar (風(fēng)聲咆哮), howl (咆哮), buffet (猛擊), whisper (低語)
rain/drizzle(細(xì)雨)/shower(陣雨)/downpour(暴雨)
strike (襲擊), rage (肆虐), beat (擊打), pour (傾瀉而下), veil the hills (籠罩群山)
cloud
float (漂?。?, mask (遮蔽), gather (聚攏), take over the sky (接管了整片天空)
thunder
crash/ rumble (轟隆作響)
lightning
flash (閃過), reveal its sharp teeth (露出尖牙), split the sky in half (撕裂天空)
fog/ mist
melt (霧消散)
frost
cover (霜覆蓋了地面), coat (霜為物體披上了一層外衣)
snow
blanket/ cover (雪為大地披上了一層白毯)
sun
rise (升起), sink/ set (落下), hide (躲藏), bathe (使…沐?。?, cast (灑下光芒)
moon
hang (高懸), shine (閃耀), climb (爬升), hide (躲藏), emerge (升上來)
star
blink (眨眼), twinkle (閃爍)
以下是一些例句:
[例1] The wind howled through the trees, shaking the branches violently (風(fēng)在樹叢中呼嘯而過,猛烈地?fù)u晃著樹枝).
[例2] The snowflakes gently fell, covering the ground in a blanket of white (雪花輕輕飄落,為大地披上了一層白色的毯子).
[例3] The mist hovered over the lake, creating a mysterious atmosphere (薄霧在湖面上繚繞,營造出一種神秘的氣氛).
[例4] The lightning flashed across the sky, followed by a rumble of thunder (閃電劃過天空,隨后是隆隆的雷聲).
[例5] The fog slowly melted, revealing the scenic landscape below (霧氣慢慢散去,展現(xiàn)出下方的美麗景色).
不過,值得注意的是,續(xù)寫的核心要求是故事的完整性,環(huán)境只是用于引發(fā)情緒、推動情節(jié)的輔助性工具,一般而言不占過多篇幅。因此,在用無靈主語句刻畫環(huán)境時,可以嘗試使用sight, smell, sound等為主語,簡寫環(huán)境,突出環(huán)境對于人物的情緒或是內(nèi)心想法的影響,用于鋪開情節(jié),以下是一些例句:
[例6] The smell of the sea, accompanied by the sound of waves lapping against the shore, carried her back to her childhood (大海的氣息,伴隨著海浪拍打海岸的聲音,勾起了她童年的回憶).
[例7] The spectacular sight of flamingos lifting into the air unfolded in front of us and left us totally in awe of nature (火烈鳥升空的壯觀景象展現(xiàn)在面前,讓我們滿是對自然的敬畏).
此外,there置于句首引起的完全倒裝句,也屬于無靈主語句范疇,可以用來描繪場景,其后的有靈動詞以appear, stand, lie, come, go居多,以下是一些例子:
[例8] There lay a hidden path through the forest, leading to a secret garden (森林里隱藏著一條小路,通向一個神秘的花園).
[例9] There came a sudden, loud knock at the door, which gave me a start (突然傳來一聲巨大的敲門聲,嚇了我一跳).
[例10] There in the mist, enormous and majestic, stood the Great Wall of China, solitarily creeping up the towering mountains and slipping down to the depth of the valleys (在薄霧中,巍峨雄偉的中國長城矗立著,孤獨地蜿蜒在高山深谷之間).
四、無靈主語句用于時間描寫
從時間跨度來看,續(xù)寫可以分為大跨度時間與小跨度時間。例如2017年11月浙江卷讀后續(xù)寫講述一家人自駕前往(外)祖父母家,第二段首句為“我們駕車穿行許多州,看了很多風(fēng)景”,可見該故事的時間相對較長。通常情況下,續(xù)寫的故事多是發(fā)生在幾日或者一日之內(nèi),時間跨度較小。對于時間的描寫是情節(jié)發(fā)展和過渡的重要支持,除使用常見的時間狀語when/ before/ after/ not until等之外,也可以用時間為主語運用無靈主語句,主要用于明確時刻、表達時間的流逝,其后動詞常跟arrive (來臨), approach (接近), descend (降臨), march on (匆匆流逝), drag on (緩緩而行)等,以下是一些例句:
[例1] The evening arrived/ Night descended with a cool breeze, bringing much-needed relief (夜晚伴隨著涼爽的微風(fēng)到來,帶來了急需的舒緩).
[例2] The long winter finally came to an end, bringing with it the promise of spring (漫長的冬天終于結(jié)束,帶來了春天的希望).
[例3] As the spring approached, the world awoke from its slumber, embracing a tapestry of lush green and fragrant blossoms (隨著春天的臨近,世界從沉睡中醒來,擁抱著郁郁蔥蔥的綠色和芳香的花朵).
[例4] The years passed quickly/ marched on, leaving behind only memories (歲月匆匆流逝,只留下了回憶).
[例5] Time dragged on with unbearable slowness (時間以令人難以忍受的緩慢在前進).
[例6] Time seemed to stand still (時間仿佛靜止了).
五、整合練習(xí)
上述討論了無靈主語句在讀寫續(xù)寫中分別用于描寫情緒、內(nèi)心活動、點題、環(huán)境和時間的應(yīng)用。但在實際寫作中,場景的描繪往往兼具時間、人物心理、人物想法等。在使用無靈主語句的同時,我們也可以應(yīng)用從句及分詞結(jié)構(gòu)將語句進行整合,例如:
[例1] The warm embrace of the sun's rays dispelled the morning chill, bringing a renewed sense of energy and vitality (陽光的溫暖擁抱驅(qū)散了清晨的寒意,帶來了一股新生的活力和精力| 用ing分詞合并環(huán)境與情緒).
[例2] When the toy came into my sight, memories of my happy past flooded into my mind (當(dāng)玩具出現(xiàn)在我的視線中時,快樂過去的回憶涌上了我的腦海 | 用時間狀語從句整合事物與想法).
[例3] Time marching on, the solution to the problem finally found its way to my mind before any undesirable outcome arose (時間過得飛快,幸而問題的解決方案在不好的結(jié)果出現(xiàn)前進入我的腦海|用獨立主格、時間狀語從句整合時間、事件、想法).
以下是針對無靈主語句在真實場景寫作中的語用練習(xí)。
1.落日余暉灑下的長長影子,提醒我時光易逝(分詞結(jié)構(gòu))。
2.夜幕降臨,寂靜籠罩了一切,恐懼感頓時淹沒了我(時間狀語從句/ with 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))。
3.十分鐘的步行路程將帶你進入郁郁蔥蔥的草地,在那里野花的香氣將迷住你,喚起你內(nèi)心的寧靜(where引導(dǎo)定語從句)。
4.薄霧慢慢散去,遠(yuǎn)處巍峨的群山漸漸展開,透露出威嚴(yán),讓我們對大自然肅然起敬(獨立主格+分詞結(jié)構(gòu))。
5.當(dāng)我的視線落在那條閃閃發(fā)光的鉆石項鏈時,時間似乎靜止了。它的美麗奪走了我的呼吸,讓我陷入一種驚異的狀態(tài)(時間狀語從句+獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu))。
參考譯文
1.The long shadows cast by the setting sun reminded me of the fleeting nature of time. | The setting sun cast long shadow, reminding me of how time marched on/ quickly flew.
2.As/ When night fell, silence enveloped everything, and a sense of fear immediately engulfed/ overwhelmed/ seized me. | With night descending, a deathly hush hovered over everything, leaving me gripped by a sense of fear.
3.Ten minutes walk would bring you into the lush grassland, where the fragrance of the wild flowers would enchant you and evoke a sense of tranquility inside you.
4.The mist slowly melting, the sight of distant towering mountains gradually unfolded and revealed the majesty, leaving us in awe of nature.
5.Time seemed to stand still when my eyesight fell upon the sparkling diamond necklace, its beauty capturing my breath and leaving me in a state of wonder.
責(zé)任編輯" 吳昊雷