[摘" "要]" "目的:探討胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors, GIST)中黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原基因A12(melanoma-associated antigen gene A12, MAGEA12)的表達(dá)水平及其與GIST危險(xiǎn)度分級的關(guān)系。方法:收集5例GIST患者的腫瘤組織及癌旁組織,采用轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序的方法,通過主成分分析(principal components analysis, PCA)、基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA)及差異表達(dá)基因分析法,明確GIST組織異常信號通路及異常表達(dá)基因;采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)法驗(yàn)證90對GIST組織中異常表達(dá)基因MAGEA12的表達(dá)水平,并通過χ2檢驗(yàn)分析MAGEA12的表達(dá)水平與GIST患者臨床病理特征的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:PCA顯示GIST組織基因表達(dá)譜與癌旁組織比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;GSEA發(fā)現(xiàn),GIST組織中多種腫瘤相關(guān)信號通路異常高表達(dá);差異表達(dá)基因分析發(fā)現(xiàn),MAGEA12是GIST組織中表達(dá)上調(diào)最高的基因(表達(dá)升高25倍);qRT-PCR驗(yàn)證了MAGEA12在GIST樣本中顯著高表達(dá),且與GIST危險(xiǎn)度分級呈正相關(guān)。結(jié)論:MAGEA12在GIST中高表達(dá),其表達(dá)水平與GIST危險(xiǎn)度相關(guān),可能成為治療的新靶點(diǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]" "胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤;黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原基因A12;危險(xiǎn)度分級
[中圖分類號]" "R735.2" " " " " " " "[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]" "A" " " " " " " "[文章編號]" "1674-7887(2024)02-0107-05
MAGEA12 expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and its relationship to risk classification*
ZHONG Mingyang**, YU Zhuoqun, LAN Dongxu, CHENG Zhouyang, WU Han, ZHI Xiaofei***" " " " (Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001)
[Abstract]" "Objective: To investigate the expression level of melanoma-associated antigen gene A12(MAGEA12) in gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GIST) and its relationship with GIST risk classification. Methods: The tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues of 5 patients with GIST were collected. Principal components analysis(PCA), gene set enrichment analysis(GSEA) and differential expression gene analysis were used to identify the abnormal signaling pathways and abnormal expressed genes in GIST tissues by transcriptome sequencing. Quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) was used to verify the expression level of MAGEA12 in 90 pairs of GIST tissues. Chi-square test was used to analyze the correlation between the expression level of MAGEA12 and the clinicopathological characteristics of GIST patients. Results: PCA analysis showed that the gene expression profile of GIST tissue was significantly different from that of adjacent cancer control tissue. GSEA analysis found that a variety of tumor-related signaling pathways in GIST tissues were abnormally highly expressed. Differential expression gene analysis showed that MAGEA12 was the gene with the highest upregulation in GIST tissues(25-fold increase in expression). QRT-PCR verified that MAGEA12 was significantly higher expressed in GIST samples and was positively correlated with GIST risk classification. Conclusion: MAGEA12 is highly expressed in GIST, its expression level is correlated with GIST risk, and may become a new target for GIST therapy.
[Key words]" "gastrointestinal stromal tumor; melanoma-associated antigen gene A12; risk classification
胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors, GIST)是起源于胃腸道任何位置的間充質(zhì)腫瘤亞組[1],通常由獲得功能性的原癌受體酪氨酸激酶(proto-oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, KIT)或血小板衍生生長因子受體α(platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, PDGFRA)突變導(dǎo)致[2-3]。GIST通常被認(rèn)為對細(xì)胞毒性化療具有耐藥性,在2002年伊馬替尼等酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs)成功治療KIT陽性晚期GIST后,GIST被認(rèn)為是精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志。盡管如此,仍有一部分GIST的治療存在挑戰(zhàn)[4]。因此,準(zhǔn)確評估腫瘤病理,包括細(xì)胞形態(tài)以及分子譜,提高對腫瘤生物學(xué)行為的預(yù)測,確定預(yù)后及治療反應(yīng)是必要的。
黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原基因A12(melanoma-associated antigen gene A12, MAGEA12),屬于在睪丸腫瘤中被首次鑒定的抗原MAGEA家族,包括314種氨基酸。目前發(fā)現(xiàn),MAGEA12在口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[5]、胃癌[6]、乳腺癌[7]和肝癌[8]等多種腫瘤中過表達(dá),促進(jìn)腫瘤的進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移。然而,MAGEA12在GIST中的表達(dá)水平和作用尚不清楚,本研究通過轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序的方法分析GIST組織中異常表達(dá)的通路及基因,并分析MAGEA12在GIST中的表達(dá)及其與臨床特征的關(guān)系,為臨床對GIST分類及治療提供理論參考依據(jù)。
1" "材料與方法
1.1" "臨床標(biāo)本" "選取南通大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院普外科在2018—2022年期間實(shí)施的90例外科手術(shù)切除的臨床病例,符合中國GIST診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中男31例,女59例,年齡22~78歲,平均(55±10)歲。所有選取的樣本均來自胃部,且術(shù)后免疫組化檢測呈現(xiàn)CD117陽性。根據(jù)GIST的危險(xiǎn)度分級:極低度危險(xiǎn)性5例,低度危險(xiǎn)性37例,中度危險(xiǎn)性29例,高度危險(xiǎn)性19例。手術(shù)切除的標(biāo)本包括保存完整的腫瘤組織和癌旁組織。這些組織在離體后經(jīng)過液氮凍存,并在使用前經(jīng)臨床病理科專家認(rèn)證。
1.2" "轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序" "取5例GIST患者的標(biāo)本,離體后迅速存入液氮速凍,隨后送至蘇州方科生物科技有限公司進(jìn)行檢測。先用TRIzol法提取各標(biāo)本組織總RNA,利用帶有Oligo d(T)25 Capture的磁珠與ployA進(jìn)行A-T堿基配對,從總RNA中選擇性地分離出mRNA,加入片段化緩沖液將RNA洗脫和打斷,隨后反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA第1鏈并進(jìn)行第2鏈合成。然后,對cDNA進(jìn)行純化和黏性末端修復(fù),以提高其質(zhì)量。進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,最后上機(jī)(MGISEQ-2000Dx測序儀)測序。為得到后續(xù)準(zhǔn)確的生物信息學(xué)分析結(jié)果,本研究對原始測序數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行過濾,最終得到高質(zhì)量的測序數(shù)據(jù)。
1.3" "生物信息學(xué)分析" "利用ggplot2軟件包進(jìn)行基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA),確定GIST組織異常的信號通路。同時(shí),將測序所得數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入R語言軟件中進(jìn)行京都基因和基因組大百科全書數(shù)據(jù)庫(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)通路分析。兩者均以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。使用DESeq2軟件包進(jìn)行歸一化并分析正常樣本與GIST樣本之間的差異表達(dá)基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)。DEGs的篩選條件分別為:|logFc|=2,adj.P value=0.05。以上分析均使用R software 4.2.1進(jìn)行處理。
1.4 " RNA提取及實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)" "使用RNA-easy分離試劑盒(Vazyme, R701-01)按照生產(chǎn)商說明提取GIST和癌旁組織RNA。RNA提取后保存在-80 ℃冰箱。使用HiScript■Ⅲ RT SuperMix for qPCR(+gDNA wiper)(Vazyme, R323-01)將RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,4 ℃保存?zhèn)溆?。采用IQX系統(tǒng)和AceQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix(Vazyme, Q511-02),在10 μL反應(yīng)混合物中進(jìn)行qRT-PCR。使用GAPDH作為內(nèi)參,使用2-△△Ct分析目標(biāo)基因的相對表達(dá)水平。QRT-PCR反應(yīng)條件為95 ℃預(yù)變性30 s,95 ℃變性10 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,40次循環(huán)。引物序列為MAGEA12 F:5′-CCAGCAACGAAGAACAGGA-AGG-3′,R:5′-CTGCCTTTGTGAATGGCTCCCT-3′;GAPDH F:5′-GTCTCCTCTGACTTCAACAGCG-3′,R:5′-ACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAA-3′。
1.5 " 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法" "采用SPSS 26.0、Graphpad Prism 8等軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)、分析、繪圖。數(shù)據(jù)以■±s形式表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間數(shù)據(jù)采用單因素方差分析(ANOVA)。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,adj.P value為矯正后的P值,使差異更有意義。
2" "結(jié)" " " 果
2.1" "測序結(jié)果分析及基因篩選" "主成分分析(principal components analysis, PCA)結(jié)果表明癌旁組織和GIST組織樣品都被很好地區(qū)分開來,且5個(gè)對照組樣本的內(nèi)部都十分接近(圖1A)。隨后,GSEA富集分析顯示,與GIST相關(guān)基因富集上調(diào)主要見于:細(xì)胞周期檢查點(diǎn)、有絲分裂紡錘體檢查點(diǎn)、激活共濟(jì)失調(diào)毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張突變基因Rad3相關(guān)激酶(ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related, ATR)以應(yīng)對復(fù)制壓力、同源DNA配對和鏈交換、DNA雙鏈斷裂末端的處理、G1~S期的特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄等(圖1B)。KEGG富集分析顯示,相關(guān)基因主要與有絲分裂紡錘體檢查點(diǎn)、同源定向修復(fù)、染色體維持、細(xì)胞周期檢查點(diǎn)、DNA修復(fù)、G2~M期檢查點(diǎn)、DNA復(fù)制前啟動(dòng)等生物功能呈正相關(guān),與清道夫受體對配體的結(jié)合和攝取、橫紋肌收縮通路等功能及通路呈負(fù)相關(guān)(圖1C)。隨后,對單細(xì)胞測序數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行DEGs的篩選,并對前20個(gè)上調(diào)基因進(jìn)行可視化。其中MAGEA12是GIST組織中表達(dá)上調(diào)最高的基因,其表達(dá)量升高25倍(圖1D)。
2.2" nbsp;MAGEA12的表達(dá)檢測" "90對樣本的qRT-PCR檢測結(jié)果顯示,與癌旁組織比較,GIST組織中MAGEA12的mRNA含量明顯增高(P<0.001)(圖2A)。根據(jù)GIST危險(xiǎn)度分級后,MAGEA12的表達(dá)量在中/高?;颊咧酗@著增高(P<0.001)(圖2B)。
2.3" "MAGEA12表達(dá)與GIST患者臨床病理特征的關(guān)聯(lián)性" " 根據(jù)MAGEA12 mRNA表達(dá)的中位數(shù),將患者分為高表達(dá)組45例及低表達(dá)組45例。MAGEA12表達(dá)與GIST患者年齡、性別等無關(guān)(均Pgt;0.05),而與腫瘤的危險(xiǎn)度分級明顯相關(guān)(P=0.001)(表1)。
3" "討" " " 論
MAGEA是P.VAN DER BRUGGEN等[9]于1991年在研究黑色素瘤細(xì)胞中的腫瘤抗原時(shí)首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的腫瘤相關(guān)抗原亞家族,MAGEA基因聚集在染色體Xq28位置上。這些基因參與如精原細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移、去分化[10]以及p53通路的調(diào)節(jié)[11]等一系列生物學(xué)功能。研究[12-14]表明,MAGEA家族基因在多種癌癥中高度表達(dá),包括乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌和膀胱癌,并與腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移、耐藥密切相關(guān)。MAGEA12是黑色素瘤相關(guān)抗原-A家族的成員之一,與其他MAGEA家族蛋白(尤其是驅(qū)動(dòng)癌基因,如MAGEA3和MAGEA6)的氨基酸序列同源[15],具有致癌活性。G.ZHAO等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)MAGEA12敲低可顯著減少人皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲,且其介導(dǎo)的p21下調(diào)可能是人皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)病機(jī)制中MAGEA12致癌活性的分子機(jī)制之一。此外,MAGEA12被認(rèn)為是一種對早期檢測口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌及區(qū)分腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)化的一種有效的診斷標(biāo)志物[15]。C.OH等[7]觀察到MAGEA12的調(diào)控參與乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲并且MAGEA12表達(dá)的調(diào)控在決定侵襲性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的性狀方面發(fā)揮重要作用。本研究使用轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序及qRT-PCR檢測了GIST及癌旁組織中MAGEA12的表達(dá)情況,均發(fā)現(xiàn)MAGEA12在GIST組織的表達(dá)量顯著高于癌旁組織,提示MAGEA12與GIST的發(fā)生有關(guān)。相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,MAGEA12表達(dá)與患者性別、年齡等無關(guān),而與腫瘤的危險(xiǎn)度分級顯著相關(guān),說明MAGEA12有可能參與GIST的侵襲與進(jìn)展。
GIST占胃腸道惡性腫瘤的0.1%~3%,是胃腸道最常見的間充質(zhì)惡性腫瘤[17]。研究[18-19]表明,95%的GIST細(xì)胞CD117(+)且85%~90%的GIST是由KIT或PDGFRA基因突變所致。伊馬替尼作為一種有效的特異性KIT抑制劑,在治療GIST中具有顯著的活性和耐受性,可誘導(dǎo)大部分患者腫瘤縮小50%或更多[20]。但部分GIST患者在伊馬替尼治療2~3年后出現(xiàn)疾病進(jìn)展,且經(jīng)常發(fā)生伊馬替尼耐藥[21]。因此,如何綜合治療GIST或提高其對伊馬替尼的敏感性具有重要的臨床意義。在免疫療法中,伊馬替尼敏感的KIT突變腫瘤含有更高頻率的CD3+和CD8+T細(xì)胞,但CD4+T細(xì)胞和Tregs的百分比較低。伊馬替尼的抗腫瘤作用在CD8+耗盡但CD4+T細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞或髓系細(xì)胞不減少的情況下降低[22]。W.H.J.KRUIT等[23]在一項(xiàng)黑色素瘤患者的Ⅰ/Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),MAGEA3疫苗與AS15佐劑聯(lián)合應(yīng)用時(shí),CD8+T細(xì)胞參與應(yīng)答。Y.SHIRAKURA等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)表達(dá)MAGEA4特異性T細(xì)胞受體的基因工程T細(xì)胞可以防止免疫缺陷NOG小鼠食管癌的生長。上述研究的發(fā)現(xiàn),預(yù)示MAGEA家族抗原可能是靶向治療GIST的有效藥物。
綜上所述,MAGEA12在GIST中高表達(dá),且表達(dá)水平與GIST危險(xiǎn)度相關(guān),可能成為GIST的免疫治療新靶點(diǎn),為MEGEA12用于臨床及個(gè)體化治療提供了新的研究方向。但本研究所得結(jié)論只是基于信息學(xué)分析及回顧性研究實(shí)驗(yàn)得出,臨床中是否具有相同實(shí)際應(yīng)用還需要進(jìn)一步探索與研究。
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[收稿日期] 2023-11-22