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        甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶樣3調(diào)節(jié)食管鱗癌細(xì)胞功能的研究

        2024-11-29 00:00:00熊佳時季鵬翔王俊婕何剛
        關(guān)鍵詞:數(shù)據(jù)庫分析

        [摘" "要]" "目的:探究甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶樣3(methyltransferase-like 3, METTL3)在食管鱗癌中的表達(dá)水平和作用機(jī)制。方法:體外構(gòu)建食管鱗癌細(xì)胞Eca-109的METTL3敲低模型,利用實(shí)時熒光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)、Western Blot驗(yàn)證敲低水平,檢測腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移能力。利用差異分析、富集分析以及生存分析等尋找METTL3的靶基因。結(jié)果:敲低METTL3可以顯著抑制食管癌細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移能力;利用生物信息學(xué)分析尋找到受METTL3調(diào)控的9個可能的靶基因(精脒/精胺N1-乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶1(spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1, SAT1)、低密度脂蛋白受體(low density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR)、整合素β1(integrin subunit beta 1, ITGB1)、細(xì)胞間黏附分子5(intercellular adhesion molecule 5, ICAM5)、富含谷氨酸的WD重復(fù)序列蛋白1(glutamate-rich WD40 repeat containing 1, GRWD1)、含纖維連接蛋白Ⅲ型結(jié)構(gòu)域3A 蛋白(fibronectintype-Ⅲ domain-containing protein 3A, FNDC3A)、DnaJ熱休克蛋白家族成員C2[DnaJ heat shock protein family(Hsp40) member C2, DNAJC2]、卷曲螺旋域蛋白88C(coiled-coil domain containing 88C, CCDC88C)、Rho GTP酶激活蛋白12(Rho GTPase activating protein 12, ARHGAP12),其中SAT1高表達(dá)與食管鱗癌患者預(yù)后不良密切相關(guān),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:METTL3在食管鱗癌中發(fā)揮促癌作用,可能通過調(diào)控SAT1等靶基因的m6A甲基化影響食管鱗癌患者的預(yù)后。

        [關(guān)鍵字]" "食管鱗癌;甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶樣3;細(xì)胞增殖;生存分析

        [中圖分類號]" "R735.1" " " " " " " "[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]" "A" " " " " " " "[文章編號]" "1674-7887(2024)02-0101-06

        Study on the function of methyltransferase-like 3 in regulating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells*

        XIONG Jiashi1**, JI Pengxiang2, WANG Junjie2, HE Gang3***" " " " (1Department of Oncology, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai 201499; 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Soochow University; 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital)

        [Abstract]" "Objective: To explore the expression levels and mechanisms of methyltransferase-like 3(METTL3) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: In vitro construction of METTL3 knockdown model in Eca-109, validated by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) and Western Blot to confirm knockdown levels, and assessment of tumor cell proliferation and migration abilities. Exploring METTL3 target genes through differential analysis, enrichment analysis, and survival analysis. Results: Knocking down METTL3 significantly inhibits the proliferation and migration abilities of esophageal cancer cells. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified 9 potential target genes regulated by METTL3 spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1(SAT1), low density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR), integrin subunit beta 1(ITGB1), intercellular adhesion molecule 5(ICAM5), glutamate-rich WD40 repeat containing 1(GRWD1), fibronectintype-Ⅲ domain-containing protein 3A(FNDC3A), DnaJ heat shock protein family(Hsp40) member C2(DNAJC2), coiled-coil domain containing 88C(CCDC88C), Rho GTPase activating protein 12(ARHGAP12). High expression of SAT1 is closely associated with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Conclusions: METTL3 exerts a pro-cancer role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, potentially impacting the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients by regulating m6A methylation of target genes such as SAT1.

        [Key words]" "esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; methyltransferase like-3; cell proliferation; survival analysis

        食管癌是全球范圍內(nèi)高發(fā)病、高轉(zhuǎn)移的消化道惡性腫瘤。由于食管癌侵襲性強(qiáng),發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜[1],患者發(fā)現(xiàn)時往往已達(dá)晚期,且診斷方式、治療技術(shù)的局限性導(dǎo)致患者生存率較低[2-4]。因此深入探究食管癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制對其臨床治療及診斷具有重要意義。

        甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶樣3(methyltransferase like-3, METTL3)是甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶樣基因家族成員之一,可與甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶樣14(methyltransferase like-14, METTL14)以及腎母細(xì)胞瘤1關(guān)聯(lián)蛋白(recombinant Wilms tumor 1 associated protein, WTAP)等形成多組分甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶復(fù)合物,它可在mRNA和ncRNA的腺嘌呤堿基的第6位氮原子上添加1個甲基形成N6-甲基腺嘌呤[5]。目前已有多項(xiàng)研究[6-7]表明METTL3在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中扮演著重要的角色,在肝癌、乳腺癌等中METTL3可促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。在食管癌中,有研究[8]表明METTL3與多種免疫細(xì)胞相關(guān),可作為潛在的免疫治療生物標(biāo)志物,但其研究不多,涉及的信號通路復(fù)雜,因此探究METTL3在食管鱗癌中發(fā)揮的生物學(xué)作用,尋找其調(diào)控靶基因的分子機(jī)制,可以對食管鱗癌的臨床治療提供新的思路和理論依據(jù)。

        1" "材料和方法

        1.1" "Eca-109細(xì)胞株培養(yǎng)和shRNA轉(zhuǎn)染" "人食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株Eca-109,購自中國科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)研究院——細(xì)胞資源中心,使用RPMI 1640完全培養(yǎng)基(含10%胎牛血清、10 U/mL 青霉素-鏈霉素雙抗)進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)環(huán)境設(shè)置為37 ℃,5%CO2。利用https://www.sigmaaldrich.com設(shè)計METTL3的shRNA序列(shMETTL3-1-F:CCGGGCCAAGGA-ACAATCCATTGTTCTCGAGAACAATGGATTGTTCC-TTGGCTTTTTG;shMETTL3-1-R:AATTCAAAAAG-CCAAGGAACAATCCATTGTTCTCGAGAACAATGG-ATTGTTCCTTGGC;shMETTL3-2-F:CCGGCGTCA-GTATCTTGGGCAAGTTCTCGAGAACTTGCCCAAG-ATACTGACGTTTTTG;shMETTL3-2-R:AATTCAA-AAACGTCAGTATCTTGGGCAAGTTCTCGAGAACT-TGCCCAAGATACTGACG;shNC-F:CCGGCAACAAGATGAAGAGCACCAACTCGAGTTGGTGCTCTTCA-TCTTGTTGTTTTTG;shNC-R:AATTCAAAAACAAC-AAGATGAAGAGCACCAACTCGAGTTGGTGCTCTT-CATCTTGTTG)。使用PEI(翌圣生物)轉(zhuǎn)染試劑在Eca-109細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)染shNC與shMETTL3。

        1.2" "RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄與實(shí)時熒光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)" "使用TRIZOL(諾唯贊)法抽提RNA并測定RNA濃度。根據(jù)Vazyme公司的HiScriptⅡQ Select RT SuperMix for qPCR(+gDNA wiper)試劑盒說明書,配置RNA終質(zhì)量濃度為15 ng/μL,總體積為20 μL的反轉(zhuǎn)錄體系進(jìn)行RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)。利用NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/)設(shè)計定量引物(METTL3-F:CCAGGGTCTGGATTGTGATGT; METTL3-R:AGGGTGATCCAGTTGGGTTG;ACTB-F:GAAAATCTGGCACCACACCT;ACTB-R:ATAGCA-CAGCCTGGATAGCAA),以ACTB為內(nèi)參。采用Vazyme公司的AceQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix試劑盒進(jìn)行實(shí)時熒光定量PCR檢測METTL3基因在對照組和shRNA敲低組的食管癌細(xì)胞中的mRNA水平,采用相對定量分析方法,通過2-ΔΔCT計算目的基因相對于內(nèi)參基因ACTB的表達(dá)量。

        1.3" "蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡" "使用Western及IP裂解液(碧云天)裂解細(xì)胞,并通過BCA檢測試劑盒(弗德生物)對蛋白定量。將蛋白樣品與5×loading buffer混勻后100 ℃下變性10 min,然后經(jīng)過SDS-PAGE電泳分離蛋白質(zhì)樣品,并轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜上,使用含有5%脫脂奶粉的1×TBST進(jìn)行封閉。使用anti-METTL3與anti-β-actin一抗4 ℃孵育16 h后,再使用同源二抗室溫孵育2 h。均勻滴加適量超敏ECL發(fā)光液于膜上,使用gensens 2000成像系統(tǒng)(Clinx)進(jìn)行成像。

        1.4" "細(xì)胞增殖" "在96孔板中接種細(xì)胞,使每孔細(xì)胞密度為1 000個/100 μL,細(xì)胞貼壁后在每孔中加入10 μL CCK-8溶液,于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中孵育2 h。孵育2 h后使用酶標(biāo)儀測定每孔450 nm吸光度作為第0天的數(shù)據(jù),隨后每隔24 h進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)測量。使用Graphpad Prism軟件,以細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)時間為橫軸、OD450 nm值為縱軸繪制細(xì)胞生長曲線。

        1.5" "細(xì)胞克隆" "在12孔板中接種細(xì)胞,每孔細(xì)胞密度為500個/mL,細(xì)胞分散均勻,于培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),每隔3 d更換1次新鮮培養(yǎng)基,根據(jù)生長情況連續(xù)培養(yǎng)1~2周。待細(xì)胞克隆生長至一定大小后,使用結(jié)晶紫染色細(xì)胞,拍照計數(shù),結(jié)果分析。

        1.6" "細(xì)胞遷移" "在Transwell上室中加入200 μL混合均勻的細(xì)胞懸液,每個小室內(nèi)細(xì)胞個數(shù)為5×104個,細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h。甲醇固定、結(jié)晶紫染色,用棉簽輕輕擦掉上室中殘留的液體。顯微鏡下拍照、計數(shù)。

        1.7" "生信分析" "從GEO數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/)下載與METTL3敲低相關(guān)的基因表達(dá)譜數(shù)據(jù)集GSE 179267。將樣本分成正常對照組和METTL3敲低組,通過R軟件中“Limma”程序包,設(shè)定條件|log2FC|gt;1且Plt;0.05獲取差異表達(dá)基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),以用于后續(xù)火山圖的繪制,以及進(jìn)一步的分析鑒定表達(dá)差異顯著的基因。M6A2Target(http://m6a2target.canceromics.org/)是一個m6A調(diào)節(jié)因子的靶基因數(shù)據(jù)庫,通過下載其提供的m6A調(diào)節(jié)因子靶標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù),分析尋找受METTL3調(diào)控的靶基因。利用整合基因本體(Gene Ontology, GO)、京都基因和基因組大百科全書數(shù)據(jù)庫(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)、UniProt以及DrugBank等多個權(quán)威數(shù)據(jù)庫資源的metascape數(shù)據(jù)庫(https://metascape.org/)進(jìn)行基因功能富集分析。下載TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫中食管鱗癌RNA-seq數(shù)據(jù)和相應(yīng)臨床信息數(shù)據(jù),使用“survival”、“survminer”等R包對相關(guān)基因進(jìn)行生存分析及繪制生存曲線。

        2" "結(jié)" " " 果

        2.1" "METTL3對細(xì)胞增殖、遷移等生物學(xué)功能的影響" "為檢測METTL3基因在食管鱗癌細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮的作用,構(gòu)建了METTL3敲降的載體,瞬時轉(zhuǎn)染Eca-109細(xì)胞并對其敲降效率進(jìn)行檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)染shRNA后METTL3的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著下降(圖1A~B)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,通過CCK-8實(shí)驗(yàn)分析了METTL3基因?qū)κ彻荀[癌細(xì)胞增殖能力的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):敲降METTL3基因能顯著抑制食管鱗癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力(Plt;0.01)。Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察了食管鱗癌細(xì)胞在敲低METTL3前后體外遷移能力,結(jié)果表明METTL3敲降后,食管鱗癌細(xì)胞體外遷移能力受到顯著抑制(圖2)。

        2.2" "DEGs的鑒定及METTL3靶基因的尋找" "對數(shù)據(jù)集GSE 179267進(jìn)行差異分析,得到180個DEGs,其中包括58個上調(diào)基因和122個下調(diào)基因(|log2FC|gt;1,Plt;0.05)。利用DEGs的分析結(jié)果繪制火山圖,其中紅色代表上調(diào)基因,綠色代表下調(diào)基因(圖3A)。通過m6A2Target數(shù)據(jù)庫篩選受METTL3調(diào)控的靶基因,并與上述差異基因取交集,共得96個候選基因(圖3B)。

        2.3" "富集分析" "通過Metascape數(shù)據(jù)庫對上述96個候選靶基因進(jìn)行功能及通路富集分析(圖4)。結(jié)果顯示主要與對Ⅰ型干擾素的反應(yīng)、血管發(fā)育、免疫系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞因子信號、白細(xì)胞聚集以及調(diào)控蛋白復(fù)合物的組裝等相關(guān)。這些功能和通路在癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。

        2.4" "生存分析" "利用 “survminer”以及“survival”包的Survfit函數(shù)對候選靶基因進(jìn)行生存分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)9個基因與食管鱗癌患者生存顯著相關(guān)(圖5):精脒/精胺N1-乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶1(spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1, SAT1)、低密度脂蛋白受體(low density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR)、整合素β1(integrin subunit beta 1, ITGB1)、細(xì)胞間黏附分5(intercellular adhesion molecule 5, ICAM5)、富含谷氨酸的WD重復(fù)序列蛋白1(glutamate-rich WD40 repeat containing 1, GRWD1)、含纖維連接蛋白Ⅲ型結(jié)構(gòu)域3A 蛋白(fibronectintype-Ⅲ domain-containing protein 3A, FNDC3A)、DnaJ熱休克蛋白家族成員C2[DnaJ heat shock protein family(Hsp40) member C2, DNAJC2]、卷曲螺旋域蛋白88C(coiled-coil domain containing 88C, CCDC88C)、Rho GTP酶激活蛋白12(Rho GTPase activating protein12, ARHGAP12)。其中LDLR、ITGB1、ICAM5、GRWD1、FNDC3A、DNAJC2、CCDC88C、ARHGAP12的低表達(dá)提示食管鱗癌預(yù)后不良;而SAT1的高表達(dá)與食管鱗癌患者的預(yù)后不良顯著相關(guān)。

        3" "討" " " 論

        食管鱗癌是全球范圍內(nèi)高發(fā)病、高轉(zhuǎn)移的消化道惡性腫瘤,惡性程度高,發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,嚴(yán)重危害國民健康水平[9]。因此,探索食管鱗癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制顯得尤為重要。近年來,越來越多的研究[10-13]表明,m6A甲基化修飾相關(guān)的酶在肝癌、結(jié)直腸癌、肺癌、胃癌等多種癌癥中均發(fā)揮著重要作用,它們可通過調(diào)控靶基因的mRNA的可變剪接、穩(wěn)定性以及出入核等方式影響靶基因的翻譯效率,從而影響腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。METTL3是m6A甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶復(fù)合物的關(guān)鍵組成部分,可以通過在特定RNA轉(zhuǎn)錄本的m6A甲基化影響RNA的穩(wěn)定性和翻譯效率。多項(xiàng)研究[14-16]表明METTL3在乳腺癌、肝癌、膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤等多種癌癥中均起到關(guān)鍵作用。然而,目前在食管鱗癌中受METTL3 m6A修飾的靶基因以及涉及的信號通路尚不明確。因此,尋找食管鱗癌中受METTL3調(diào)控的靶基因及相關(guān)信號通路,可能為食管鱗癌的診斷及治療提供新的思路。

        本研究采用體外細(xì)胞生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)對METTL3在食管鱗癌細(xì)胞中的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,證實(shí)METTL3在食管鱗癌中發(fā)揮促癌活性。在食管鱗癌細(xì)胞Eca-109中敲降METTL3基因可顯著抑制其增殖和遷移能力。利用差異分析、富集分析以及生存分析等方法找到9個可能的靶基因(SAT1、ARHGAP12、CCDC88C、DNAJC2、LDLR、ITGB1、ICAM5、GRWD1、FNDC3A),其中SAT1高表達(dá)提示食管鱗癌患者預(yù)后不良,RHGAP、CCDC88C、DNAJC2、LDLR、ITGB1、ICAM5、GRWD1和FNDC3A基因低表達(dá)提示預(yù)后不良。富集分析結(jié)果顯示,ARHGAP12、CCDC88C、ICAM5以及FNDC3A在影響白細(xì)胞聚集方面發(fā)揮作用,而白細(xì)胞的異常聚集則對腫瘤細(xì)胞的發(fā)生發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要影響。目前已有多篇研究[17-20]報道ITGB1與食管癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切關(guān)聯(lián),而SAT1、ARHGAP12、LDLR以及FNDC3A等基因則在結(jié)直腸癌、膀胱癌、乳腺癌等多種癌癥中發(fā)揮重要作用。由此可見,上述基因在食管鱗癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中可能扮演著重要的角色。

        然而,本研究也有一些局限性,對m6A靶基因的生物學(xué)功能也有待進(jìn)一步探究。未來將進(jìn)一步挖掘相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),并結(jié)合本研究的結(jié)論,對篩選到的相關(guān)靶基因進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,以確定其是否可以作為新的METTL3靶點(diǎn),為食管鱗癌的臨床診治提供理論依據(jù)。

        [參考文獻(xiàn)]

        [1]" "AKASHI T, OKUMURA T, TERABAYASHI K, et al. The use of an artificial intelligence algorithm for circulating tumor cell detection in patients with esophageal cancer[J]. Oncol Lett, 2023, 26(1):320.

        [2]" "DARBANI TORSHIZI M, YOUNESIAN O, ABOOMARDANI M, et al. Serum selenium, vitamin A, and vitamin E levels of healthy individuals in high- and low-risk areas of esophageal cancer[J]. Middle East J Dig Dis, 2022, 14(4):396-403.

        [3]" "DEVADAS K, GEORGE B, VARGHESE J, et al. Barrett′s esophagus: a comparison study between two cohorts of gastroesophageal reflux disease[J]. J Assoc Physicians India, 2022, 70(10):11-12.

        [4]" "WEN Q, MAO X L, SHI X L, et al. Impacts of heavy smoking on non-coding RNA expression for patients with esophageal carcinoma[J]. BMC Med Genomics, 2023, 16(1):157.

        [5]" "XU M L, YU J K, LIU X X, et al. METTL3 regulatory TROAP can regulate the progression of non-small cell lung cancer through PI3K/AKT and EMT signaling pathway[J]. Med Oncol, 2023, 40(9):274.

        [6]" "LIU J, JIANG K. METTL3-mediated maturation of miR-589-5p promotes the malignant development of liver cancer[J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2022, 26(9):2505-2519.

        [7]" "PAN X P, HONG X L, LI S M, et al. METTL3 promotes adriamycin resistance in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by accelerating pri-microRNA-221-3p maturation in a m6A-dependent manner[J]. Exp Mol Med, 2021, 53(1):91-102.

        [8]" "ZHOU Y B, GUO S H, LI Y Q, et al. METTL3 is associated with the malignancy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and serves as a potential immunotherapy biomarker[J]. Front Oncol, 2022, 12:824190.

        [9]" "CHI C L, GAO X, HSIEH H Y, et al. Survival outcomes of patients with esophageal cancer who did not proceed to surgery after neoadjuvant treatment[J]. Cancers, 2023, 15(16):4049.

        [10]" "CHEN J M. Regulatory mechanism of RNA binding motif protein 15-mediated N6 methyladenosine modification in proliferation, invasion, and migration of colorectal cancer cells[J]. Environ Toxicol, 2023, 38(11):2545-2559.

        [11]" "ZENG W, ZHU J F, GUO J, et al. m6A-modified circFNDC3B inhibits colorectal cancer stemness and metastasis via RNF41-dependent ASB6 degradation[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2022, 13(11):1008.

        [12]" "WU L G, CHENG D A, YANG X, et al. M2-TAMs promote immunoresistance in lung adenocarcinoma by enhancing METTL3-mediated m6A methylation[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2022, 10(24):1380.

        [13]" "ZHANG H Y, HUANG T B, REN X Q, et al. Integrated pan-cancer analysis of CSMD2 as a potential prognostic, diagnostic, and immune biomarker[J]. Front Genet, 2022, 13:918486.

        [14]" "TASSINARI V, CESARINI V, TOMASELLI S, et al. ADAR1 is a new target of METTL3 and plays a pro-oncogenic role in glioblastoma by an editing-independent mechanism[J]. Genome Biol, 2021, 22(1):51.

        [15]" "XIANG S, WANG Y H, LEI D L, et al. Donor graft METTL3 gene transfer ameliorates rat liver transplantation ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing HO-1 expression in an m6A-dependent manner[J]. Clin Immunol, 2023, 251:109325.

        [16]" "SU R, DONG L, LI Y C, et al. METTL16 exerts an m6A-independent function to facilitate translation and tumorigenesis[J]. Nat Cell Biol, 2022, 24(2):205-216.

        [17]" "DAMANAKIS A I, WAHLER I, FUCHS H, et al. Integrin beta1(ITGB1) as a prognostic marker in esophageal adenocarcinoma[J]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1):20745.

        [18]" "LIANG Z J, CHEN Y B, WANG L P, et al. CYP27A1 inhibits bladder cancer cells proliferation by regulating cholesterol homeostasis[J]. Cell Cycle, 2019, 18(1):34-45.

        [19]" "YANG C, WU S Q, MOU Z Z, et al. Transcriptomic analysis identified ARHGAP family as a novel biomarker associated with tumor-promoting immune infiltration and nanomechanical characteristics in bladder cancer[J]. Front Cell Dev Biol, 2021, 9:657219.

        [20]" "JIANG H, CHU B L, HE J, et al. Expression and prognosis analyses of the fibronectin type-III domain-containing (FNDC) protein family in human cancers: a Review[J]. Medicine, 2022, 101(49):e31854.

        [收稿日期] 2023-12-01

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