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        促血小板生成素調控慢性肝病患者血小板的作用及其臨床應用

        2024-10-19 00:00:00皮賽男李亮楊默陳友鵬
        新醫(yī)學 2024年9期

        【摘要】 慢性肝病患者常有血小板減少,其發(fā)生機制復雜且尚未被闡明。隨著近年來對慢性肝病合并血小板減少的研究深入,研究者們意識到慢性肝病患者的血小板減少不僅與脾功能亢進有關,而且促血小板生成素在其中也起到一定程度的調控作用,文章提出“肝源性促血小板生成素中心的腸-肝調控網絡機制”的可能性,就促血小板生成素調控血小板的作用、慢性肝病患者血小板的生物學功能、促血小板生成素在慢性肝病和肝硬化的診斷,以及促血小板生成素與促血小板生成素受體激動劑在慢性肝病血小板減少的治療應用等方面的研究進展進行綜述,為基礎及臨床相關研究提供新的思路。

        【關鍵詞】 促血小板生成素;慢性肝病;肝硬化;血小板;促血小板生成素受體激動劑

        Recent advance of pathogenesis of TPO in thrombocytes and its clinical use in patients with chronic liver disease

        PI Sainan1, LI Liang2, YANG Mo2, CHEN Youpeng1

        (1.Department of Infectious Diseases, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;

        2. Scientific Research Center, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China)

        Corresponding author: CHEN Youpeng, E-mail: chenyoupeng@sysush.com

        【Abstract】 Patients with chronic liver disease frequently exhibit thrombocytopenia, the etiology of which is intricate and not yet fully understood. As research into the association between chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia has progressed in recent years, investigators have recognized that the thrombocytopenia in these patients is not solely attributed to splenic hyperfunction but is also modulated to a certain extent by thrombopoietin (TPO). The article posits the possibility of a “l(fā)iver-derived thrombopoietin-centered gut-liver regulatory network mechanism”, providing a comprehensive review of the role of TPO in platelet regulation, the biological functions of platelets in patients with chronic liver disease, the diagnostic implications of TPO in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, and the therapeutic applications of TPO and TPO receptor agonists in the treatment of thrombocytopenia in chronic liver disease. This review offers novel insights for both basic science and clinical research.

        【Key words】 Thrombopoietin; Chronic liver disease; Cirrhosis; Platelet; Thrombopoietin receptor agonists

        血小板減少是慢性肝病患者最常見的并發(fā)癥[1-2]。慢性肝病患者的血小板減少發(fā)生率尚未確定,進展期肝纖維化或肝硬化患者血小板減少發(fā)生率為15%~78%[3-4],其中14%的患者合并重度血小板減少[5]。脾功能亢進一直被認為是慢性肝病中血小板減少的主要決定因素[2, 6]。近年多項慢性肝病并發(fā)血小板減少的研究證實,促血小板生成素(thrombopoietin,TPO)在血小板代謝中起重要作用。本文就TPO在此方面的研究進展進行綜述,以加深臨床醫(yī)師對其認識。

        1 TPO調控血小板的作用

        TPO又稱巨核細胞生長發(fā)育因子(megakary-ocyte growth development factor,MGDF),是調節(jié)巨核細胞/血小板生長的特異性生長因子,由1958年Kelemen等[7]首次提出并將其命名為“thrombopoietin”,但直至1994年TPO才被純化及克隆出來,而后由于其對巨核細胞和血小板生成的重要作用為人們所熟知[8-9]。TPO是一種糖蛋白激素,由位于染色體3長臂q26.3-27的基因編碼,包含2個結構域:氨基末端和羧基末端[10]。氨基末端與EPO同源,并可與C-Mpl受體結合[11]。

        越來越多的證據(jù)顯示,機體TPO有著更為復雜的網絡調節(jié)作用。人TPO mRNA在成人肝臟、腎臟及骨髓均有表達;然而,外周血循環(huán)中60%以上的TPO是由肝臟產生[12-14]。肝臟生成與分泌TPO能力與血漿血小板數(shù)量存在交互作用,這就是傳統(tǒng)的“血小板調控學說”[15]。機體出現(xiàn)血小板減少時,骨髓基質細胞中特異性mRNA顯著增加[16]。而在炎癥狀態(tài)下,體內TPO水平升高,主要是由白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)介導調控引起[17]。IL-6可刺激體內肝細胞TPO mRNA的表達,并通過Janus激酶1/信號傳導和轉錄激活蛋白3(Janus kinase 1/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,JAK1/STAT3)信號通路識別去唾液酸化的血小板,介導血小板的代謝。近年來提出一種新的交互作用假說,衰老的去唾液酸化的血小板可通過肝臟Ashwell-Morell受體(Ashwell- Morell receptor,AMR)清除,也可通過JAK2/STAT3通路,調控體內肝臟TPO mRNA水平[18]。此外,血小板表面分子糖蛋白Ⅰbα(glycoprotein Ⅰbα,GPⅠbα)參與調控肝臟TPO生成[19]。如果GPIbα缺失,導致肝臟TPO mRNA轉錄和產生障礙。如果肝臟TPO的生成障礙,將影響血小板的數(shù)量與功能。由此,本文筆者提出“肝源性TPO中心的腸-肝調控網絡機制”的可能性,即慢性肝病患者可能由于腸道微生態(tài)改變或細菌移位作用,肝臟內1型輔助性T細胞與2型輔助性T細胞(T helper cell 1/T helper cell 2,Th1/Th2)出現(xiàn)免疫失衡,導致IL-1、IL-6等炎癥因子水平升高,介導肝源性TPO產生,而TPO可能通過JAK相關通路或作用于受體活化巨核細胞,來調控血小板的產生,同時去唾液酸化血小板又反過來調控TPO。因此,TPO很可能在調控肝臟炎癥的發(fā)生與發(fā)展中起著重要作用,但是其作用機制有待于深入研究。

        2 TPO對慢性肝病及肝硬化的診斷價值

        TPO主要由肝細胞分泌,肝臟可直接影響血清TPO水平,但目前關于外周血清TPO水平與慢性肝病輕重之間的關聯(lián)尚不明確。TPO水平與外周血小板計數(shù)變化相關,在急性肝病患者中TPO水平接近正常甚至升高,而在慢性肝病患者中血清TPO水平顯著降低[2, 5, 20]。終末期肝病致TPO生成減少,繼而導致血小板減少。移植健康的肝臟TPO生成增多,使得血小板數(shù)量恢復正常[21],但有學者對110例肝移植前肝病患者的血清TPO水平與血小板數(shù)量之間相關性進行評估,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)存在相關性[22]。

        此外,有研究顯示肝硬化并發(fā)血小板減少患者的血清TPO水平與脾臟的大小、凝血酶原時間(prothrombin time,PT)呈負相關,與肝功能指標如谷丙轉氨酶、膽紅素等無相關性[21, 23];但也有研究顯示,慢性肝病及肝硬化患者體內血清TPO水平與血漿白蛋白水平、PT呈正相關[24-25]。肝移植術后患者體內TPO水平升高,將顯著增加其術后肝功能不全的發(fā)生風險[20, 26]。慢性肝病患者血清TPO水平與肝功能和殘余肝功能的檢查(如氨基比林呼氣試驗和吲哚菁綠滯留試驗)結果呈負相關[24, 27-28]。

        肝病患者肝纖維化程度與體內TPO水平有關[29]。李琴等[30]對71例肝硬化患者進行研究,結果顯示血清TPO水平與Child-Pugh分級呈負相關。Wolber等[31]也發(fā)現(xiàn),在兒童慢性肝衰竭中,失代償性肝硬化患兒的肝臟組織中TPO mRNA表達水平明顯低于代償性肝硬化患兒。另有學者報道,肝硬化患者的肝組織TPO mRNA表達水平降低[32]。此外,慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染患者經過干擾素-α治療后,體內TPO水平隨之升高[33]。

        上述研究說明,慢性肝病患者體內TPO水平與肝功能和肝纖維化之間有一定的相關性,TOP在將來有可能成為肝功能和肝纖維化的檢測指標。

        3 TPO及其受體激動劑在慢性

        肝病方面的治療價值

        對慢性肝病血小板減少患者的治療一直是一個具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題。由于慢性肝病患者后期需要干預治療,而嚴重血小板減少癥引起患者出血風險增加,如延誤治療則影響患者預后,導致該類患者療效較差[27, 34]。目前對于慢性肝病伴重度血小板減少癥患者,血小板輸注是主要的治療方法[1]。但輸注血小板預防出血仍存在爭議,且血小板輸注受供應的限制,可能出現(xiàn)獲得性降低和不良反應,患者獲益也不明確,均使得其在臨床使用受限。脾臟切除術、脾動脈栓塞等因手術侵入性和并發(fā)癥風險高[35-36],僅在臨床特定患者中使用。盡管有研究表明,經頸靜脈肝內門體靜脈分流術可升高血小板水平[37],但該治療對血小板數(shù)量和慢性肝病并發(fā)癥也未顯示明顯獲益,對于控制食管靜脈曲張出血或治療難治性腹水有一定的療效[38]。

        TPO作為慢性肝病血小板減少的主要機制之一,可以驅動巨核細胞和血小板生成的細胞因子,在從干細胞到多能祖細胞、未成熟和成熟的巨核細胞,再到血小板的形成和釋放的所有階段均發(fā)揮作用[1]。隨著研究的深入,其在慢性肝病血小板減少患者中的可用性備受期待。

        有研究顯示,TPO可通過增加血小板來促進小鼠的肝臟再生[39]。對二甲基亞硝胺誘導的肝硬化大鼠行70%肝切除術后,單次靜脈注射TPO不僅能增加血小板計數(shù),同時肝星狀細胞的活化被抑制和肝纖維化面積減少。有研究者選用四氯化碳誘導肝纖維化小鼠模型,每周予腹腔內注射TPO,5~8周后小鼠肝纖維化得到改善[40]。此外,超生理質量濃度(>100 ng/mL)的TPO可直接啟動體外血小板聚集和分泌,說明TPO是血小板反應的獨立誘導劑[41]。近年來多項研究表明,TPO除了作用于造血系統(tǒng)外,對心肌細胞、內皮細胞和神經細胞也有保護作用[42-43],或許TPO也可能通過非血小板機制直接作用于肝臟,但需要更多的研究加以證明。

        重組人TPO(recombinant human TPO,rhTPO)氨基酸序列與內源性TPO完全一致,但糖基化位點稍有差異[29]。rhTPO可明顯增加血小板數(shù)量[44-45],

        在血液病患者的臨床試驗中顯示出臨床益處,且沒有安全性問題,但因可能產生交叉反應性抗體[46],目前未在臨床中廣泛使用。

        TPO受體激動劑是刺激血小板生成的藥物。它在結構上與內源性TPO不同,避免了自身抗體的產生[47]。這些藥物已在慢性血小板減少性紫癜患者和慢性肝病患者中進行了多項研究。艾曲波帕(eltrombopag)和羅普司亭(romiplostim)是首先被批準用于治療血液病血小板減少的二代TPO受體激動劑,兩者在肝病相關研究中均可有效提升血小板數(shù)量[48-49],但是由于增加門靜脈血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)的風險,且絕對獲益較小[50-51],并未在臨床廣泛應用。最新一代的TPO受體激動劑阿伐曲泊帕(avatrombopag)和蘆曲泊帕(lusutrombopag)已完成3期研究,在美國和歐洲被批準用于治療接受有創(chuàng)操作的慢性肝病血小板減少患者[52-53]。在全球Ⅲ期ADAPT-1和ADAPT-2研究結果中,TPO受體激動劑阿伐曲泊可明顯升高血小板水平,降低血小板輸注率,且與安慰劑組相比未明顯增加不良反應風險,其安全性和有效性在真實世界研究中也得到了證實[54-55]。

        有關蘆曲泊帕的有效性和安全性,也在日本進行的2項L-PLUS-1和L-PLUS-2Ⅲ期研究中得到類似的結果[53, 56]。其中納入了96例重度血小板減少(血小板計數(shù)< 50×109/L)患者的隨機雙盲試驗L-PLUS-1研究結果顯示,與安慰劑組相比,蘆曲泊帕組患者的血小板輸注率明顯下降(20.8% vs. 81.5%)。在L-PLUS-2研究中,蘆曲泊帕組患者的不良事件(包括PVT)發(fā)生率與安慰劑組相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,且不良反應多為輕度或中度,主要表現(xiàn)為頭痛、腹痛、疲勞和惡心等。一項薈萃分析表明,TPO受體激動劑明顯增加了術前血小板計數(shù)>50×109/L者的比例(72.1% vs. 15.6%),降低血小板輸注率(22.5% vs. 67.8%)和圍術期出血率(11.6% vs. 15.6%),且未增加血栓形成的風險(2.2% vs. 1.8%)[57]。在《2022年歐洲肝病學會臨床實踐指南:預防和管理肝硬化患者出血和血栓形成》中,專家建議將TPO受體激動劑作為有創(chuàng)操作的慢性肝病血小板減少患者的一線用藥[58]。上述研究表明,TPO受體激動劑用于慢性肝病血小板減少患者可快速、有效地升高血小板計數(shù),減少該類患者在手術或侵入性操作中的出血風險,并且具有可接受的安全性。

        4 結語與展望

        關于TPO在調控慢性肝病患者血小板作用的相關研究取得了一定的進展,筆者基于已有研究針對有關肝臟TPO調控作用,提出“肝源性TPO中心的腸-肝調控網絡機制”這一可能性,即TPO可能通過JAK相關通路或作用于受體活化巨核細胞,來調控血小板的產生,同時去唾液酸化血小板又反過來調控TPO,但是具體機制尚有待開展相關基礎及臨床研究進行驗證。而且,有關慢性肝病患者肝臟合成TPO能力、TPO與血小板之間的交互作用及具體機制,TPO用于評估肝纖維化程度方面的研究,還有待于進一步深入研究?;谀壳耙呀涀C實的TPO作用機制開發(fā)的TPO受體激動劑,不僅可增加血小板數(shù)量,還可能對肝纖維化、肝再生等具有一定的作用,TPO及其新的TPO受體激動劑臨床應用將為慢性肝病診斷與治療開辟廣闊的空間。

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        (責任編輯:林燕薇)

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