【摘要】 目的 探討80 kV深度學(xué)習(xí)圖像重建(DLIR)算法在冠狀動(dòng)脈CT血管造影(CCTA)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法 將接受心臟CCTA檢查的60例患者按掃描方案分為100 kV組(A組,n = 30)和80 kV組(B組,n = 30)。A組采用60% 權(quán)重自適應(yīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)迭代重建-Veo(ASIR-V)算法(A-AV60)、DLIR算法(A-DLIR);B組采用DLIR算法(B-DLIR)。記錄2組的CT容積劑量指數(shù)(CTDIvol)、劑量長(zhǎng)度乘積(DLP),計(jì)算有效輻射劑量(ED)。將感興趣區(qū)(ROI)分別置于主動(dòng)脈根(AR)、左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)、右冠狀動(dòng)脈(RCA)及同層胸前脂肪區(qū)域,記錄各ROI的CT值、噪聲值,計(jì)算信噪比(SNR)和對(duì)比噪聲比(CNR)。主觀評(píng)價(jià)2組經(jīng)2代凍結(jié)技術(shù)后的原始軸位、曲面重建(CPR)、容積再現(xiàn)(VR)重建和最大強(qiáng)度投影(MIP)重建,并且對(duì)2組圖像進(jìn)行主觀質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果 B組較A組ED降低45.14%。B-DLIR中AR、LAD、LCX、RCA的CT值均高于A-AV60及A-DLIR,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.001)。A-DLIR與B-DLIR相比,AR、LAD、LCX的噪聲值相近,僅在RCA中比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);A-DLIR與B-DLIR的噪聲值均小于A-AV60,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.001)。A-DLIR與B-DLIR中AR、LAD、LCX、RCA的SNR、CNR相近,均高于A-AV60(P均< 0.05)。B-DLIR主觀圖像質(zhì)量平均分高于A-AV60(P < 0.05),但低于A-DLIR(P < 0.05)。A-DLIR與B-DLIR的清晰度、偽影、小分支可見度比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05)。結(jié)論 在CCTA檢查中,采用80 kV DLIR算法有助于獲得質(zhì)量更優(yōu)的圖像,進(jìn)一步提高診斷效能,且可減少有效輻射劑量。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 深度學(xué)習(xí)圖像重建;自適應(yīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)迭代重建;冠狀動(dòng)脈CT血管造影;信噪比;對(duì)比噪聲比
Application of CCTA under 80 kV tube voltage based on deep learning image reconstruction algorithm
XIANG Qing, CAO Jian, LUO Tao, ZHU Xuan, QIN Jie, GUO Yahao , LI Chao
(Department of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China)
Corresponding author: GUO Yahao, E-mail: guoyh65@mail.sysu.edu.cn
【Abstract】 Objective To explore the application value of 80 kV deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) algorithm in coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Methods Sixty patients who underwent CCTA were divided into two groups based on the scanning protocols: 100 kV group (Group A, n = 30) and 80 kV group (Group B, n = 30). In Group A, 60% ASIR-V (A-AV60) and DLIR high-level reconstruction (A-DLIR) was adopted. In Group B, DLIR high-level reconstruction (B-DLIR) was employed. The CT volumetric dose index (CTDIvol) and the dose length product (DLP) were recorded in both groups, and the effective dose (ED) was calculated. Regions of interest (ROI) were placed in the aortic root (AR), left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), left circumflex coronary artery (LCX), right coronary artery (RCA), and the same-layer pectoral fat area. The CT values and noise values of each ROI were recorded. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. Subjective evaluation was performed on the original axis, curved planar reconstruction (CPR), volume rendering (VR), and maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstructions after the second-generation freeze technology (Snapshot Freeze 2, SSF-2), and the images in two groups were subject to subjective image quality evaluation. Results The ED in Group B was reduced by 45.14% compared to that in Group A. The CT values for AR, LAD, LCX, and RCA in the B-DLIR were higher than those in the A-AV60 and A-DLIR groups, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.001). The noise values for AR, LAD and LCX were similar, whereas statistical significance was observed in RCA between the A-DLIR and B-DLIR groups (P < 0.05). The noise values in the A-DLIR and B-DLIR groups were smaller than that in the A-AV60 group, and the differences were statistically significant (both P < 0.001). The SNR and CNR for AR, LAD, LCX and RCA were similar between the A-DLIR and B-DLIR groups, which were higher than those in the A-AV60 group (all P < 0.05). The average subjective evaluation score of image quality in the B-DLIR group was higher than that in the A-AV60 group (P < 0.05), whereas lower than that in the A-DLIR group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in clarity, artifact and small branch visibility between the A-DLIR and B-DLIR groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusions During CCTA, the 80 kV DLIR algorithm contributes to yielding high-quality images, further improves the diagnostic efficiency and reduces the irradiation dose.
【Key words】 Deep learning image reconstruction; Adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction ; Coronary CT angiography; Signal-to-noise ratio; Contrast-to-noise ratio
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是一種發(fā)病率和病死率均非常高的全身性疾病,最常見表現(xiàn)為冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病 (coronary artery disease,CAD)[1]。數(shù)字減影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)是診斷動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但具有一定的創(chuàng)傷性,患者需要長(zhǎng)時(shí)間暴露于射線,且操作方法復(fù)雜,費(fèi)用較高[2]。冠狀動(dòng)脈計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描血管造影(coronary computed tomographic angiogram,CCTA)具有侵入性小、檢查時(shí)間短以及可用性、準(zhǔn)確性高的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3],已經(jīng)成為診斷心血管疾病的主要手段[4-6]。目前已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了幾種迭代重建(iterative reconstruction,IR)算法可以有效降低圖像噪聲,提高圖像質(zhì)量?,F(xiàn)階段最常用的自適應(yīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)迭代重建-Veo(adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-Veo,ASIR-V)算法在較低輻射劑量下可提供比傳統(tǒng)迭代重建更好的圖像質(zhì)量[7-8]。但仍存在與 ASIR算法相同的不足,包括高權(quán)重下改變?cè)肼暭y理,圖像具有蠟狀、塑料外觀或點(diǎn)狀不自然的外觀[9]。
近年來,一種基于深度學(xué)習(xí)圖像重建(deep learning image reconstruction,DLIR)的算法出現(xiàn),深度學(xué)習(xí)是機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)子集,兩者均為人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)的子集。機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)可以從數(shù)據(jù)、模式和特征中學(xué)習(xí),以便在最少的人工干預(yù)下做出決策;深度學(xué)習(xí)利用了深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(deep neural network,DNN)來完成機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)所做的相同任務(wù)。DNN由多層數(shù)學(xué)方程組成,無論是線性關(guān)系還是非線性關(guān)系,它都可以找到正確的數(shù)學(xué)操作步驟將輸入轉(zhuǎn)化為輸出。深度學(xué)習(xí)的強(qiáng)大之處在于其處理復(fù)雜模型和大量參數(shù)的能力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了人類工程師和科學(xué)家[10]。深度學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用于CCTA可獲得良好的圖像質(zhì)量[11]。目前已出現(xiàn)不少關(guān)于DLIR結(jié)合低輻射劑量的研究,其中采用100 kV管電壓的CCTA的研究結(jié)論也被廣泛認(rèn)可[12]??紤]到圖像對(duì)密度分辨率的要求,100 kV
被認(rèn)為是CCTA所用電壓的極限,本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)了低管電壓80 kV結(jié)合DLIR算法的更低劑量的掃描方案,探討其應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
研究對(duì)象為2023年2月至7月在我科接受心臟CCTA檢查的60例患者,其中男35例、女25例,年齡55(31~88)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡>18歲;有臨床疾病需要行CCTA增強(qiáng)檢查。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):碘對(duì)比劑過敏;孕婦;有腎功能不全、心力衰竭、肝功能不全、甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)、影響數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量的其他情況。根據(jù)掃描方案將60例患者分為100 kV方案組(A組)和80 kV 方案組(B組)各30例(保證體脂均衡)。本研究通過我院倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):中大附三醫(yī)倫Ⅱ2024-048-01),患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 CT掃描方案
采用512層CT掃描儀(Revolution Apex)進(jìn)行CCTA檢查,患者在CCTA檢查前舌下含服
0.5 mg 硝酸甘油以適當(dāng)擴(kuò)張血管。患者取仰臥位,檢查前對(duì)其盆腔進(jìn)行常規(guī)防護(hù)。
1.2.1 掃描方案
1)A組掃描方案。采用心臟容積模式(Cardiac)。電壓模式:Manual、100 kV,電流模式:Manual、750 mA,平均電流:488 mA,轉(zhuǎn)速:0.28 s/r、前置50% ASIR-V,重建算法:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)算法,探測(cè)器寬度:160 mm,螺距:0.992,掃描層厚:2.5 mm,掃描時(shí)長(zhǎng):0.42 s,無需憋氣(one beat)。
2)B組掃描方案。采用心臟容積模式(Cardiac)。電壓模式:Manual、80 kV,電流模式:Manual、750 mA,平均電流:488 mA,轉(zhuǎn)速:
0.28 s/r、前置50% ASIR-V,重建算法:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)算法,探測(cè)器寬度:160 mm,螺距:0.992,掃描層厚:2.5 mm,掃描時(shí)長(zhǎng):0.42 s,無需憋氣(one beat)。
2組均使用閾值觸發(fā)技術(shù),將感興趣區(qū)(region
of interest,ROI)置于降主動(dòng)脈,觸發(fā)閾值設(shè)置為65 HU,掃描范圍自氣管分叉下1 cm至橫隔,以智能心電門控自動(dòng)選擇曝光時(shí)相。采用2代凍結(jié)技術(shù)(snapshot freezing,SSF-2)對(duì)圖像進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)校正。
1.2.2 注射方案
采用雙筒高壓注射器經(jīng)肘正中靜脈以5 mL/s
流率注射碘佛醇(Iversol 350)造影劑,總量為60 mL,2組均在注入對(duì)比劑后再注入生理鹽水
30 mL。
1.3 圖像重建
將60例患者原始數(shù)據(jù)傳輸至AW4.7后處理工作站進(jìn)行重建,層厚、層間距0.625 mm。A組采用60% 權(quán)重ASIR-V算法及A-DLIR算法,B組采用B-DLIR算法。最后對(duì)2組圖像進(jìn)行冠狀動(dòng)脈的容積再現(xiàn)(volume rendering,VR)、最大強(qiáng)度投影(maximum intensity projection,MIP)重建以及曲面重建(curved planar reformation,CPR)。對(duì)A組60%權(quán)重ASIR-V算法(A-AV60)、A組DLIR算法(A-DLIR)和B組DLIR算法(B-DLIR)共3種方案的圖像重建質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。
1.4 圖像重建質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
1.4.1 客觀圖像質(zhì)量分析
由2名具有4年工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)學(xué)影像技師采用輪流監(jiān)督的方法確保客觀圖像勾畫準(zhǔn)確,勾畫原則:放大后軸面勾畫、避開血管壁,取3次的平均,見圖1。出現(xiàn)分歧時(shí)由具有17年工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)學(xué)影像副主任技師實(shí)施最終勾畫方案,讀取數(shù)據(jù)。將ROI分別置于主動(dòng)脈根(aortic root,AR)、左前降支(left anterior descending coronary artery,LAD)、左回旋支(left circumflex coronary artery,LCX)、右冠狀動(dòng)脈(right coronary artery,RCA)及同層胸前脂肪密度較均勻的區(qū)域內(nèi),記錄各ROI的CT值及噪聲值。參照測(cè)量層上下滾動(dòng)測(cè)量3次,取3次平均值作為最終結(jié)果,計(jì)算各血管的信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)和對(duì)比噪聲比(contrast-to-noise ratio,CNR)。
1.4.2 主觀圖像質(zhì)量分析
由2名分別具有16年和18年工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的放射科醫(yī)師通過對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈3個(gè)主要分支:RCA、LAD、LCX的原始軸位圖像、VR圖、MIP圖及CPR圖進(jìn)行5個(gè)因素的評(píng)分,包括清晰度、偽影、噪聲、小分支可見度、診斷可信度。對(duì)每個(gè)因素采用 5 分評(píng)分法,見表1。5個(gè)因素平均得分2~5分被視為滿足診斷需求,分析2名放射科醫(yī)師的評(píng)價(jià)一致性[13]。2名放射科醫(yī)師均不知道患者信息和重建方法。
1.5 有效輻射劑量
記錄2組的容積CT劑量指數(shù)(volume CT dose index,CTDIvol)、劑量長(zhǎng)度乘積(dose length product,DLP),并計(jì)算有效輻射劑量(effective dose,ED),冠狀動(dòng)脈的ED轉(zhuǎn)換因子為0.014 mSv/(mGy·cm)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 27.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 ,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料用表示,2組比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用n(%)表示,比較采用χ 2檢驗(yàn)。具體為A組與B組患者年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、CTDIvol、DLP和ED的比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),性別比較采用χ 2檢驗(yàn);客觀圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)中A-AV60和A-DLIR 2種算法之間的比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),A-DLIR和B-DLIR 2種算法之間以及A-AV60和B-DLIR 2種算法之間的比較均采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)。采用Kappa檢驗(yàn)分析2位放射科醫(yī)師主觀評(píng)分的一致性,Kappa值≤0.2為一致性程度很差,0.2 < Kappa值≤0.4為一致性程度一般,0.4 <Kappa值≤0.6為一致性程度中等,0.6 < Kappa值≤0.8為一致性程度較強(qiáng),Kappa > 0.8為一致性程度很強(qiáng)。雙側(cè)P < 0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 一般資料
2組的年齡、BMI具可比性(P均> 0.05),但CTDIvol、DLP、ED等比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.05),見表2。B組較A組ED降低45.14%。
2.2 客觀圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
B-DLIR中AR、LAD、LCX、RCA的CT值均高于A-AV60及A-DLIR,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.001)。A-DLIR與B-DLIR相比,AR、LAD、LCX的噪聲值相近,僅在RCA中比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);A-DLIR與B-DLIR的SD均小于A-AV60,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.001)。A-DLIR與B-DLIR中AR、LAD、LCX、RCA的SNR、CNR相近,均高于A-AV60(P均< 0.05)。B-DLIR在客觀圖像評(píng)價(jià)中更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。
2.3 主觀圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
2名放射科醫(yī)師主觀圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)有較強(qiáng)的一致性(Kappa=0.926,P < 0.001)。B-DLIR主觀圖像質(zhì)量平均分高于A-AV60(P < 0.05),但低于A-DLIR(P < 0.05)。A-DLIR與B-DLIR的清晰度、偽影、小分支可見度比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)
3 討 論
隨著我國(guó)人口老齡化的加劇,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)病率逐漸上升,及早診斷對(duì)于控制病程進(jìn)展成為重要。CCTA是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心?。┑某R?guī)檢查方法之一,有助于正確診斷[13-14]。
盡管CCTA在解剖描述方面表現(xiàn)出色,也在功能預(yù)測(cè)方面具有巨大潛力,但輻射隱患仍然存在[15-20]。
目前常用低電壓、自動(dòng)管電流調(diào)制、大螺距、ASIR-V、縮小Z軸長(zhǎng)度(減少無效掃描層面)等方法來降低CCTA輻射劑量[21-23]。然而,降低有效輻射劑量會(huì)直接影響CCTA的圖像質(zhì)量,因此,如何在低電壓下保持甚至提高診斷圖像質(zhì)量是一個(gè)重大的技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)。
在 CCTA 掃描期間,鈣化斑塊會(huì)導(dǎo)致圖像出現(xiàn)2種類型的偽影,一種是光暈偽影,另一種是射線束偽影。有研究者比較了IR算法與濾波反投影(filtered back projection,F(xiàn)BP)重建算法對(duì)嚴(yán)重鈣化血管的評(píng)估,結(jié)果表明,與FBP重建算法相比,IR算法的診斷準(zhǔn)確性更高,這與其降低了圖像的噪聲和偽影有關(guān)[24]。但目前常用的ASIR-V算法仍存在圖像具有蠟狀、塑料外觀或點(diǎn)狀不自然的偽影等缺點(diǎn)[25-26]。DLIR算法隨人工智能的發(fā)展而出現(xiàn),其被應(yīng)用于低劑量CT中,能有效降低圖像噪聲[27],在不改變圖像紋理的同時(shí)提高空間分辨率[28],從而提高圖像質(zhì)量。DLIR算法在診斷準(zhǔn)確性、敏感性和特異性方面與IR算法相當(dāng)[10]。
基于既往研究在CCTA中使用60%權(quán)重的ASIR-V算法的圖像質(zhì)量最佳的結(jié)論[29],本研究將使用60%權(quán)重的ASIR-V算法與DLIR算法進(jìn)行比較。此外,本研究進(jìn)一步探討了DLIR算法更低輻射的可行性,進(jìn)一步降低電壓至80 kV[12]。結(jié)果顯示與100 kV方案相比,80 kV DLIR算法的表現(xiàn)更出色,在主觀圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)分中,盡管B-DLIR平均得分低于A-DLIR,但其中3個(gè)因素兩者比較差異沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。既往研究顯示,在腹部CT和CT尿路造影中使用DLIR算法能減少有效輻射劑量,提高圖像質(zhì)量[30-31],這與本研究的結(jié)論一致,使用DLIR算法可以彌補(bǔ)低輻射劑量所致的噪聲增加的缺點(diǎn),并且可在低噪聲下避免ASIR-V算法高權(quán)重出現(xiàn)的塑料、玻璃樣偽影。
本研究有以下突破點(diǎn):第一,DLIR算法可以降低CCTA檢查的有效輻射劑量,減少輻射暴露,此外采用了更低的電壓80 kV。第二,DLIR算法可以有效地降低圖像噪聲,提高整體圖像質(zhì)量,且在臨床可診斷的低劑量輻射水平下保持FBP樣噪聲紋理,不影響解剖和病理結(jié)構(gòu)[32],更低劑量并沒有降低圖像質(zhì)量。第三,在提高末端血管的顯示及清晰度方面,低劑量高權(quán)重的ASIR-V算法降噪后會(huì)出現(xiàn)蠟狀或點(diǎn)狀紋理,降低了低對(duì)比度物體的分辨率,使得小血管末端顯示不佳,而DLIR算法可以在不改變圖像紋理的情況下提高空間分辨率,因此對(duì)血管細(xì)小分支顯示良好[26]。本研究初步證實(shí)了對(duì)于高空間分辨率的血管疾病,DLIR算法的診斷優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯,這與同樣屬于高空間分辨率的結(jié)石的診斷效果相同[31]。
本研究存在一定局限性:第一,樣本量較少,需要在后續(xù)臨床工作中擴(kuò)大樣本量,進(jìn)一步探討DLIR算法在提高CCTA診斷性能方面的作用。第二,基于前人的結(jié)論,未開展其他權(quán)重ASIR-V算法和DLIR算法低、中、高級(jí)別的交叉比較,在以后的工作中將會(huì)嘗試比較多重權(quán)重的效果。第三,未討論不同BMI對(duì)輻射劑量、圖像質(zhì)量的影響。第四,未獨(dú)立評(píng)價(jià)病變血管的評(píng)分差異,例如未將斑塊、狹窄的評(píng)級(jí)歸納到清晰度、噪聲的評(píng)價(jià)中,這需要在未來的研究中針對(duì)病變血管進(jìn)行Gensini評(píng)分。
綜上所述,在CCTA檢查中,采用80 kV的DLIR算法方案有助于獲得質(zhì)量更優(yōu)的圖像,從而進(jìn)一步提高診斷效能,且可減少輻射量。
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