【摘要】 意識(shí)障礙(DOC)的診斷及治療具有挑戰(zhàn)性,DOC的神經(jīng)機(jī)制之一是神經(jīng)振蕩同步性及連接性的破壞。本文從神經(jīng)振蕩應(yīng)用于DOC診療的理論基礎(chǔ)、應(yīng)用進(jìn)展以及存在不足3個(gè)方面評(píng)述了神經(jīng)振蕩在DOC診療中的研究進(jìn)展。神經(jīng)振蕩即神經(jīng)元群在特定條件下產(chǎn)生的周期性、同步性的放電活動(dòng),在不同程度DOC中神經(jīng)振蕩的頻譜特征、相位同步及對(duì)神經(jīng)調(diào)控反應(yīng)方面有明顯差異,基于腦電圖(EEG)的神經(jīng)振蕩分析揭示了不同意識(shí)水平下的信息傳遞及處理能力,從而有助于更準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分不同程度DOC以及通過調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)振蕩達(dá)到DOC促醒治療的目的。盡管目前仍存在機(jī)制研究不深入、應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)化較慢等問題,但神經(jīng)振蕩已在DOC的診療中顯示出了巨大的應(yīng)用潛力。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 意識(shí)障礙;神經(jīng)振蕩;腦電圖;綜述
【中圖分類號(hào)】 R 749.93 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】 A DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0742
Perspectives on the Application of Neural Oscillations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Consciousness Disorders
ZHANG Huimin1,SHAN Dawei1,ZHANG Yan1,2*
1.Department of Neurology,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100053,China
2.Institute of Sleep and Consciousness Disorders,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100053,China
*Corresponding author:ZHANG Yan,Associate professor;E-mail:zhangylq@sina.com
【Abstract】 The diagnosis and treatment of disorder of consciousness(DOC)is still challenging. One of the neural mechanisms of DOC is the destruction of synchronization and connectivity of neural oscillation. This article will review the progress of neural oscillation in the diagnosis and treatment of DOC from three aspects:theoretical basis,application progress,and existing deficiencies of neural oscillations applied to DOC. Neural oscillation is the periodic and synchronous activity of neurons under certain conditions. There are obvious differences in the spectrum characteristics,phase synchronization,and response to neural regulation of neural oscillations among different severities of DOC. The analysis of neural oscillation based on electroencephalography(EEG)reveals the information transmission and processing ability at different levels of consciousness,which is helpful to distinguish different degrees of DOC more accurately and achieve the purpose of DOC wakening treatment by regulating neuro oscillation. Despite there being some problems like insufficient mechanism studies and slow application transformation,neural oscillation has shown great application potential in the diagnosis and treatment of DOC.
【Key words】 Consciousness disorders;Neural oscillations;Electroencephalography;Review
意識(shí)障礙(disorder of consciousness,DOC)主要包括昏迷(coma)、無反應(yīng)覺醒狀態(tài)(unresponsive wakefulness syndrome,UWS)/植物狀態(tài)(vegetative state,VS)、最低意識(shí)狀態(tài)(minimally consciousness state,MCS),DOC患者急性期病情危重,遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后差異大,早期腦功能受損程度的評(píng)估、預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)及針對(duì)性治療極具挑戰(zhàn)性。近年來,在DOC的機(jī)制研究方面,雖然應(yīng)用神經(jīng)影像和電生理技術(shù)等手段對(duì)相關(guān)腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)及神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的作用機(jī)制有了更多發(fā)現(xiàn),但意識(shí)機(jī)制尚未完全闡明。在DOC評(píng)估方面,臨床評(píng)估作為首要評(píng)估手段,其中較常用的評(píng)估量表是昏迷恢復(fù)量表修訂版(Coma Recovery Scale-revised,CRS-R),但其準(zhǔn)確度和可靠性受限。功能磁共振(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)和正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描(positron emission tomography,PET)等神經(jīng)影像技術(shù)可以通過檢測(cè)大腦區(qū)域的血流、氧合和糖代謝的變化來幫助評(píng)估DOC患者的腦功能狀態(tài),但需要依賴昂貴的設(shè)備,其反映腦功能變化與臨床表型存在一定時(shí)間延遲[1],檢測(cè)意識(shí)狀態(tài)變化的靈敏度較差。神經(jīng)生化標(biāo)志物評(píng)估可以通過檢測(cè)特異性生物標(biāo)志物反映腦功能損傷情況,但目前尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)評(píng)估特異性較強(qiáng)的理想標(biāo)志物。與以上評(píng)估手段相比,神經(jīng)電生理技術(shù)成本低、操作簡(jiǎn)便,可以床旁實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)意識(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,對(duì)檢測(cè)意識(shí)狀態(tài)變化的靈敏度和時(shí)間分辨率非常高,被廣泛地應(yīng)用于DOC的評(píng)估中。大量研究表明,神經(jīng)振蕩異常模式與意識(shí)狀態(tài)變化和腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接改變密切相關(guān),分析這些異常模式可以動(dòng)態(tài)、靈敏地評(píng)估意識(shí)狀態(tài)。神經(jīng)振蕩[2]是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的一種活動(dòng)模式,指神經(jīng)元或神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的神經(jīng)元群在一定條件下產(chǎn)生的周期性、同步性的放電活動(dòng),具有動(dòng)態(tài)性、自發(fā)性、可塑性。近年來,隨著電生理信號(hào)分析技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,基于腦電圖(electroencephalography,EEG)的神經(jīng)振蕩分析憑借其獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì),在DOC評(píng)估研究中取得了重要進(jìn)展。
本文文獻(xiàn)檢索策略:以“neural oscillation”
“Electroencephalography”“consciousness disorder”
“diagnosis”“treatment”“therapeutic”“perspective”為英文關(guān)鍵詞檢索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science;以“神經(jīng)振蕩”“腦電圖”“意識(shí)障礙”“診斷”“治療”“展望”為中文關(guān)鍵詞檢索中國知網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái)及中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)服務(wù)系統(tǒng)。檢索時(shí)間為建庫至2023-06-20。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),優(yōu)先選擇高質(zhì)量期刊文獻(xiàn);排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):數(shù)據(jù)信息少、重復(fù)發(fā)表或無法獲得全文的文獻(xiàn)。
1 DOC的神經(jīng)振蕩機(jī)制
意識(shí)的產(chǎn)生依賴于復(fù)雜的腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接和信息處理,當(dāng)前兩個(gè)主要的相關(guān)神經(jīng)機(jī)制假說是斷連理論和信息整合理論。斷連理論認(rèn)為意識(shí)需要不同腦區(qū),尤其是關(guān)鍵系統(tǒng)如前后扣帶和默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的功能互動(dòng)。信息整合理論則強(qiáng)調(diào)意識(shí)形成需要快速有效的腦區(qū)信息整合。兩個(gè)假說均存在局限,意識(shí)清醒既需要確保關(guān)鍵系統(tǒng)功能連接,也需要優(yōu)化信息在各系統(tǒng)之間快速流動(dòng)和整合,神經(jīng)振蕩通過其頻率、相位和振幅的參數(shù)反映并影響大腦信息傳遞與整合。而神經(jīng)振蕩同步性及連接性被破壞則會(huì)導(dǎo)致DOC。意識(shí)依賴于深層神經(jīng)元對(duì)淺層神經(jīng)元的反饋,動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),位于丘腦和皮質(zhì)深層的神經(jīng)元對(duì)意識(shí)狀態(tài)變化高度敏感[3],其可以驅(qū)動(dòng)和調(diào)控皮質(zhì)淺層神經(jīng)元的神經(jīng)振蕩模式,形成關(guān)鍵的意識(shí)環(huán)路,這為通過技術(shù)手段檢測(cè)分析表層神經(jīng)振蕩來反映意識(shí)環(huán)路的損傷提供了理論基礎(chǔ)[4]。不同程度的腦損傷,皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)振蕩的模式不同,且在意識(shí)恢復(fù)過程中觀察到EEG峰值頻率從θ頻段向α頻段偏移[4],這可能是神經(jīng)振蕩特定(中皮質(zhì))神經(jīng)回路中抑制性GABA能信號(hào)恢復(fù)的結(jié)果[3],反映了從非意識(shí)狀態(tài)向清醒狀態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)變[5]。因此,在理論上,通過檢測(cè)神經(jīng)振蕩的模式及其變化可探究意識(shí)相關(guān)腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能,檢測(cè)殘存意識(shí)以及評(píng)估意識(shí)恢復(fù)的潛力,并通過技術(shù)手段調(diào)控高頻神經(jīng)振蕩的重新出現(xiàn)促進(jìn)意識(shí)恢復(fù)。
2 神經(jīng)振蕩在DOC中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
2.1 神經(jīng)振蕩特征在DOC腦功能評(píng)估中的作用
2.1.1 頻譜特征:研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EEG特定頻段(如δ、θ、α等)功率變化與DOC的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),例如與MCS患者相比,VS患者顯示出δ功率增加、α功率降低[6]。但最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),意識(shí)清醒的患者EEG中也存在顯著的δ活動(dòng),與之前研究認(rèn)為高幅δ振蕩是意識(shí)喪失的標(biāo)志形成悖論[7]。因此,單純依靠某個(gè)頻段功率判斷DOC程度的作用有一定局限性。有研究者開發(fā)了一些EEG分析方法,綜合不同頻段的特征利用頻段功率譜的組合提高了DOC評(píng)估的準(zhǔn)確性,例如基于δ、θ、α、β多頻段組合的ABCD神經(jīng)元恢復(fù)模型(簡(jiǎn)稱ABCD模型),通過功率譜峰值顯示不同頻段振蕩的貢獻(xiàn)度[8],在DOC評(píng)估中發(fā)揮作用。ABCD模型通過檢測(cè)特定皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)振蕩的模式來反映丘腦皮質(zhì)[9]的完整性[10-14],判斷意識(shí)水平,彌補(bǔ)了臨床行為學(xué)評(píng)估可能忽視隱蔽意識(shí)[15]的不足之處?!癆”型:功率譜峰值僅出現(xiàn)在δ(0~4 Hz)范圍;“B”型:功率譜峰值在θ(4~8 Hz)范圍;“C”型:功率譜峰值在θ和β(13~24 Hz)范圍;“D”型:功率譜峰值在α(8~13 Hz)和β范圍。理論上講,從“A”型到“D”型,分別對(duì)應(yīng)于完全斷開、嚴(yán)重?cái)嚅_、中度斷開、完整的1833d953d3e0690f1c28e8ba9545be8a丘腦皮質(zhì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),大腦皮質(zhì)逐漸產(chǎn)生更高頻率的振蕩,意味著大腦皮質(zhì)可以更好地整合和處理信息,意識(shí)水平也逐漸提高。近年來,ABCD模型的應(yīng)用價(jià)值已在心搏驟停后昏迷[16]、急性創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷[9]、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血[12]等腦損傷患者中得到驗(yàn)證??傮w而言,頻譜特征已顯示出在DOC初期快速篩查的應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì),但頻譜特征無法可靠地反映同步介導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間信息流變化,且當(dāng)前研究主要停留在小樣本探索階段,評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚未統(tǒng)一建立,缺乏對(duì)治療的指導(dǎo)。從臨床轉(zhuǎn)化角度看,需要多中心大樣本驗(yàn)證,并與其他評(píng)估指標(biāo)相結(jié)合建立統(tǒng)一評(píng)估體系,才能發(fā)揮最大的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
2.1.2 相位同步:神經(jīng)振蕩反映區(qū)域腦電活動(dòng)的節(jié)律模式,相位同步從動(dòng)力學(xué)角度描繪了不同區(qū)域振蕩之間的精確時(shí)間關(guān)系,其既反映了解剖連接的傳導(dǎo)效應(yīng),也揭示了功能協(xié)作的機(jī)制基礎(chǔ)。神經(jīng)振蕩的同步性在意識(shí)狀態(tài)維持和轉(zhuǎn)換中起著關(guān)鍵作用[17]。相位同步分析相對(duì)頻譜分析,可以更直接反映腦區(qū)連接性變化,從而反映DOC患者的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)受損程度。與正常人相比,VS患者表現(xiàn)出前額葉與后頂葉之間的相位同步減弱;而MCS患者則保留了一定程度的同步活動(dòng)[18]。此外有研究專注于急性DOC的預(yù)后評(píng)估,發(fā)現(xiàn)EEG信號(hào)同步性可以預(yù)測(cè)患者的預(yù)后,幸存者的EEG信號(hào)同步性強(qiáng)于非幸存者[19]。相位同步分析的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于可以直接反映腦區(qū)功能協(xié)調(diào)狀態(tài)來判斷患者的意識(shí)水平和預(yù)后,但相位同步計(jì)算復(fù)雜,對(duì)信號(hào)質(zhì)量和穩(wěn)定性要求高,同步模式的解釋還不清楚。當(dāng)前研究樣本較小,同步類型選擇和參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)尚未統(tǒng)一。
2.2 誘導(dǎo)高頻神經(jīng)振蕩對(duì)DOC的治療作用
采用無創(chuàng)神經(jīng)調(diào)控技術(shù)如經(jīng)顱直流電刺激(transcranial direct current stimulation,tDCS)及重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)等通過興奮性刺激參數(shù)誘導(dǎo)較高頻的神經(jīng)振蕩重新出現(xiàn)以提高DOC患者意識(shí)水平的方法備受關(guān)注。這些方法主要是基于神經(jīng)振蕩具有可塑性以及“神經(jīng)振蕩夾帶”原理,即大腦內(nèi)部的神經(jīng)振蕩活動(dòng)在外界節(jié)律性刺激的驅(qū)動(dòng)下,逐步與外界刺激節(jié)律相位同步化[20]。同時(shí),臨床研究結(jié)果證實(shí)tDCS[21]及rTMS[22-23]可以提高DOC患者的意識(shí)水平,使部分患者恢復(fù)意識(shí)。例如,XIA等[24]采用10 Hz頻率的高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)前額葉背外側(cè)皮質(zhì)(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DLPFC),觀察到患者的EEG活動(dòng)中高頻神經(jīng)振蕩如α波和β波明顯增多,而低頻神經(jīng)振蕩如δ波和θ波減少。FAN等[22]應(yīng)用20 Hz頻率的高頻rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC治療DOC患者,同樣觀察到高頻神經(jīng)振蕩增多,低頻神經(jīng)振蕩減少,部分患者出現(xiàn)不同程度的意識(shí)提高。其機(jī)制可能是rTMS刺激左側(cè)DLPFC使其功能激活增強(qiáng),并通過皮質(zhì)-皮質(zhì)和皮質(zhì)-皮下網(wǎng)絡(luò)使整個(gè)大腦皮質(zhì)活性增高,修復(fù)意識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò),恢復(fù)神經(jīng)振蕩。THIBAUT等[25]應(yīng)用tDCS治療DOC后,患者皮質(zhì)γ波顯著增多,可能是通過tDCS陽極直接提高皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元的高頻神經(jīng)振蕩活動(dòng),從而提高患者的意識(shí)水平及增強(qiáng)信息處理與整合的能力。相較于UWS患者,MCS患者顯示出更顯著的治療效果[26],這可能有助于臨床醫(yī)生更好區(qū)分不同意識(shí)狀態(tài),作為區(qū)分MCS和UWS的重要生物標(biāo)志物之一。近年出現(xiàn)了多手段聯(lián)合促醒[27]、不同參數(shù)比較[23]的探索研究,這為精準(zhǔn)促醒、個(gè)體化促醒治療提供了啟發(fā)。目前各種神經(jīng)調(diào)控技術(shù)的研究范式差異較大,沒有統(tǒng)一固定的刺激參數(shù)、刺激時(shí)間、刺激部位,缺乏大樣本的多中心研究結(jié)果,而如何設(shè)置合適的參數(shù)誘導(dǎo)調(diào)控高頻神經(jīng)振蕩重新出現(xiàn)來實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體化治療是目前DOC促醒的重要研究方向。但這一領(lǐng)域的研究還處于起步階段,需要更多高質(zhì)量研究來驗(yàn)證相關(guān)方法的有效性與可靠性。
3 神經(jīng)振蕩在DOC應(yīng)用中的不足
目前,神經(jīng)振蕩技術(shù)在DOC的評(píng)估與治療方面已顯示出巨大潛力。但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中尚存在一些不足之處:在評(píng)估方面,神經(jīng)振蕩的EEG評(píng)估時(shí)空分辨率仍然有限[1],主要局限于對(duì)皮質(zhì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的評(píng)估,缺乏對(duì)皮質(zhì)下網(wǎng)絡(luò)的檢測(cè)。單純依靠頻譜特征或相位同步的分析手段評(píng)估神經(jīng)振蕩對(duì)腦功能的評(píng)估作用有限,新的分析技術(shù)手段如微狀態(tài)分析[28]、人工智能[29]建模分析等逐漸顯示出在腦功能評(píng)估中的優(yōu)勢(shì),神經(jīng)振蕩相關(guān)技術(shù)與其他技術(shù)聯(lián)合的腦功能評(píng)估模型尚未建立[1]。目前無創(chuàng)神經(jīng)調(diào)控技術(shù)機(jī)制尚未完全闡明;促醒治療主要集中在DOC慢性期,對(duì)急性DOC促醒研究證據(jù)有限;促醒療效存在個(gè)體差異,大多通過行為學(xué)評(píng)估確定,對(duì)治療后神經(jīng)振蕩模式變化及其與預(yù)后的關(guān)系隨訪研究還不足。
4 小結(jié)與展望
神經(jīng)振蕩從產(chǎn)生到引起遠(yuǎn)隔區(qū)域同步化活動(dòng)的過程,在意識(shí)的產(chǎn)生及維持中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。DOC的神經(jīng)機(jī)制之一是神經(jīng)振蕩同步性及連接性的破壞,不同程度DOC神經(jīng)振蕩模式不同,可以通過一些頻譜特征、相位同步指標(biāo)以及對(duì)無創(chuàng)神經(jīng)調(diào)控治療的反應(yīng)評(píng)估DOC腦功能受損情況,有助于更準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分不同程度的DOC,更好地做出臨床決策?;谏窠?jīng)振蕩夾帶原理及神經(jīng)振蕩的可塑性原理誘導(dǎo)高頻神經(jīng)振蕩的產(chǎn)生,從而達(dá)到DOC神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的恢復(fù)及意識(shí)的恢復(fù),是未來DOC促醒的重要研究方向之一。
作者貢獻(xiàn):張慧敏負(fù)責(zé)文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì)、研究資料的收集與整理及論文撰寫;單大衛(wèi)負(fù)責(zé)研究資料的收集與整理;張艷負(fù)責(zé)論文修訂、文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校,對(duì)文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。
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(收稿日期:2023-10-01;修回日期:2024-01-06)
(本文編輯:毛亞敏)
引用本文:張慧敏,單大衛(wèi),張艷. 神經(jīng)振蕩在意識(shí)障礙診療中的應(yīng)用展望[J]. 中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2024,27(32):4093-4096. DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0742. [www.chinagp.net]
ZHANG H M,SHAN D W,ZHANG Y. Perspectives on the application of neural oscillations in the diagnosis and treatment of consciousness disorders[J]. Chinese General Practice,2024,27(32):4093-4096.
? Editorial Office of Chinese General Practice. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.