周浩然 劉倩 涂洪濤
摘? ? 要:【目的】明確北方桃園內(nèi)梨小食心蟲(chóng)、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾、桃蛀螟和桃潛葉蛾等4種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯之間的互作效應(yīng)。【方法】通過(guò)田間誘芯混合誘捕試驗(yàn),比較4種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯之間的相互作用?!窘Y(jié)果】2022年和2023年調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),單個(gè)梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯與各梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯組合在梨小食心蟲(chóng)誘捕數(shù)量上均無(wú)顯著差異。單個(gè)桃潛葉蛾性誘芯與各桃潛葉蛾性誘芯組合在桃潛葉蛾誘捕數(shù)量上也均無(wú)顯著差異。蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯+梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯組合對(duì)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾的誘捕數(shù)量均顯著低于各年單獨(dú)使用蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯時(shí)的誘捕數(shù)量(p<0.05)?!窘Y(jié)論】在誘捕梨小食心蟲(chóng)時(shí),梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯可以與桃潛葉蛾、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾、桃蛀螟等3種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用;在誘捕桃潛葉蛾時(shí),桃潛葉蛾性誘芯可以與梨小食心蟲(chóng)、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾、桃蛀螟等3種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用;在誘捕蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾時(shí),蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯可以與桃潛葉蛾和桃蛀螟這兩種害蟲(chóng)的性誘芯混用,不能與梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用。
關(guān)鍵詞:桃園;鱗翅目害蟲(chóng);性信息素;混用效果
中圖分類號(hào):S662.1;S436.621 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)06-1181-07
Synergistic trapping effect of mixed lure traps for the main Lepidopteran pests in peach orchards
ZHOU Haoran1, LIU Qian1, TU Hongtao1, 2*
(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China; 2Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453004, Henan, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 The experiment was carried out to clarify the interactive effect of different lures on trapping main Lepidopteran pests, including Grapholitha molesta, Adoxophyes orana, Conogethes punctiferalis and Lyonetia clerkella, in northern peach orchards, and to provide a scientific basis for the rational mixed use of these pest lures. 【Methods】 Utilizing four types of sex pheromone lures, a two-year consecutive investigation (2022—2023) was conducted in peach orchards in the Zhengzhou area to compare the trapping efficiency of different combinations of pest sex pheromone lures and individual pest pheromone lures. There were four treatments per group in the experiment (T1: a single target pest sex pheromone lure in each trap, totaling 4 traps; T2: any combination of two types of target pest sex pheromone lures in each trap, totaling 6 traps; T3: any combination of three types of target pest sex pheromone lures in each trap, totaling 4 traps; T4: a combination of four types of target pest sex pheromone lures in each trap, totaling 1 trap), with a total of 15 traps and 3 sets of replicates. The traps were uniformly distributed in the orchard according to the principle of equidistant placement, and were hung at a height of 1.5 meters above the ground. 【Results】 In 2022 and 2023, the number of captured G. molesta using G. molesta sex pheromone lures alone were 40.0±10.6 and 57.9±7.6 per trap, respectively. There was no significant effect on the capture of G. molesta when G. molesta sex pheromone lures were mixed with the other three target pest lures. In 2022 and 2023, the combination of A. orana sex pheromone lures with G. molesta sex pheromone lures captured 50.7±12.4 and 16.3±6.8 A. orana per trap, respectively, which was significantly lower than the capture when A. orana sex pheromone lures were used alone, showing 175.6±32.4 and 85.1±13.8 per trap, respectively (p<0.05). The use of the other two pest lures in combination with A. orana sex pheromone lures had no significant effect on the capture of A. orana. The number of L. clerkella captured in 2022 and 2023 was 28.8±12.5 and 26.1±5.0 per trap when L. clerkella sex pheromone lures were used alone, respectively, and there was no significant effect on the capture of L. clerkella when it was mixed with the other three target pest lures. In 2022, the use of C. punctiferalis sex pheromone lures alone captured the most C. punctiferalis, with a capture rate of 4.0±0.58 per trap, however the capture was significantly reduced when combined with any other three pest lures (p<0.05). In 2023, the capture of C. punctiferalis was 2.1±0.3 per trap when it was used alone, and there was no significant difference in the capture when it was combined with other pest lures. 【Conclusion】 When trapping G. molesta, the sex lure of L. clerkella can be mixed with the sex lures of A. orana, C. punctiferalis and L. clerkella; when trapping L. clerkella, the sex lure of L. clerkella can be mixed with the sex lures of G. molesta, A. orana and C. punctiferalis; when trapping A. orana, the sex lure of A. orana can be mixed with the sex lures of L. clerkella and C. punctiferalis, but not with the sex lure of G. molesta.
Key words: Peach orchard; Lepidopteran pests; Sex pheromone; Mixture effect
北方桃園內(nèi)主要的鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)有梨小食心蟲(chóng)(Grapholitha molesta)、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾(Adoxophyes orana)、桃蛀螟(Conogethes punctiferalis)和桃潛葉蛾(Lyonetia clerkella)等,這幾種蟲(chóng)害常在桃園內(nèi)混合發(fā)生,危害日益嚴(yán)重。噴施化學(xué)農(nóng)藥是當(dāng)前防治桃園鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)常見(jiàn)且高效的手段,但過(guò)量或盲目使用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥會(huì)帶來(lái)害蟲(chóng)抗藥性上升、農(nóng)藥殘留等問(wèn)題。通過(guò)對(duì)桃園主要害蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測(cè)并開(kāi)展科學(xué)防控是解決化學(xué)農(nóng)藥盲目使用的重要措施之一。
昆蟲(chóng)性信息素是由昆蟲(chóng)某個(gè)體分泌,能被同種的異性個(gè)體感受器接受,并引起異性個(gè)體產(chǎn)生一定生殖行為反應(yīng)的微量化學(xué)物質(zhì)[1]。它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于生物活性高、專一性強(qiáng)、不產(chǎn)生耐藥性、對(duì)天敵無(wú)害、無(wú)污染、有利于食品安全、使用簡(jiǎn)便等[2]。自1959年首個(gè)昆蟲(chóng)性信息素家蠶醇的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)被鑒定后,各國(guó)科研工作者便迅速展開(kāi)了對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)性信息素的研究,目前全世界已經(jīng)研究了9個(gè)目3000多種昆蟲(chóng)的性信息素[3],其中600多種鱗翅目昆蟲(chóng)的性信息素被分離和鑒定[4]。
目前,害蟲(chóng)性信息素主要用于大量誘捕雄蟲(chóng)、干擾雌雄間交配、蟲(chóng)情監(jiān)測(cè)及害蟲(chóng)檢疫等方面[5]。例如Benvenga等[6]通過(guò)利用性信息素誘捕器誘捕成蟲(chóng),將田間種群密度控制在經(jīng)濟(jì)損失允許水平之下;趙彤等[7]在甘肅省種植蘋(píng)果的12個(gè)縣區(qū)選擇相對(duì)獨(dú)立連片的果園進(jìn)行性迷向試驗(yàn),由于性信息素干擾正常交配未能建立起種群,在后期蘋(píng)果蠹蛾成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量急劇下降。昆蟲(chóng)性信息素最常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用方式是監(jiān)測(cè)害蟲(chóng)發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài),在關(guān)鍵期精準(zhǔn)防治,提高防治效果,減少農(nóng)藥使用。利用害蟲(chóng)性信息素的特異性,我國(guó)制定了主要害蟲(chóng)性誘捕監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)規(guī)范,結(jié)合電子通信技術(shù)、自動(dòng)計(jì)數(shù)以及無(wú)線傳輸技術(shù),成功研發(fā)了主要害蟲(chóng)性誘捕智能監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)(裝備),并建立了農(nóng)作物重大害蟲(chóng)性誘捕智能監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)平臺(tái)[8]。
在多種靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)同期混合發(fā)生的果園中,不同害蟲(chóng)種類的性信息素混用可以減少誘捕器數(shù)量,降低人工成本,但可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生誘捕干擾作用,使監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果不能反映田間發(fā)生的實(shí)際情況。有報(bào)道表明,梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯與桃小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用時(shí),對(duì)桃小食心蟲(chóng)的誘捕有一定干擾作用[9];單一性誘芯對(duì)金紋細(xì)蛾的誘捕效果明顯,復(fù)合性誘芯易產(chǎn)生拮抗作用等[10]。為此,筆者在本研究中采用性誘芯混用的方式對(duì)桃園內(nèi)主要的4種鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行誘捕效果評(píng)價(jià),研究混用效果影響因素,期望能配置復(fù)合性誘芯,達(dá)到減少誘捕器數(shù)量、降低勞動(dòng)力成本、提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益等目的。
1 材料和方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)位于河南省鄭州市,果園面積13.3 hm2,海拔213.0 m,株行距1.5 m×4 m,樹(shù)齡6 a(年)。桃樹(shù)品種為中桃8號(hào)、中桃11號(hào)等,樹(shù)勢(shì)強(qiáng)壯,土壤肥力均勻,試驗(yàn)果園實(shí)行商業(yè)化管理。
供試誘芯包括梨小食心蟲(chóng)、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾、桃蛀螟和桃潛葉蛾性誘芯,購(gòu)自中捷四方生物科技股份有限公司。
誘捕器為三角形誘捕器,長(zhǎng)26 cm×寬20 cm×高11 cm,內(nèi)置同等長(zhǎng)寬粘蟲(chóng)板,購(gòu)自中捷四方生物科技股份有限公司。
1.2 試驗(yàn)方法
每組4個(gè)處理(處理1:誘捕器中單個(gè)靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)性誘芯,共4個(gè)誘捕器;處理2:誘捕器中任意兩種靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)性誘芯組合,共6個(gè)誘捕器;處理3:誘捕器中任意三種靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)性誘芯組合,共4個(gè)誘捕器;處理4:誘捕器中四種靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)性誘芯組合,1個(gè)誘捕器),共計(jì)15個(gè)誘捕器,試驗(yàn)設(shè)置3組重復(fù)。各誘捕器采用等距離布置原則在園中隨機(jī)均勻分布,誘捕器懸掛距地面高度1.5 m處。
調(diào)查時(shí)間為2022年6—8月和2023年3—10月,每7 d調(diào)查1次,分別記錄粘蟲(chóng)板上梨小食心蟲(chóng)、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾、桃潛葉蛾、桃蛀螟數(shù)量,每次調(diào)查完更換粘蟲(chóng)板,每30 d更換1次性信息素誘芯并隨機(jī)調(diào)換誘捕器位置,減少田間誤差。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)分析
為保證數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性,將選取原始數(shù)據(jù)中靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)多個(gè)發(fā)生高峰的調(diào)查結(jié)果折算為相同性信息素的誘捕器平均誘捕量繪制圖表,所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行Duncans多重比較判斷不同處理誘捕數(shù)量之間的差異顯著性(p<0.05)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 2023年4種鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)查
結(jié)果表明,梨小食心蟲(chóng)、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾、桃蛀螟、桃潛葉蛾4種害蟲(chóng)在園內(nèi)混合發(fā)生。2023年的3—10月,在鄭州地區(qū),梨小食心蟲(chóng)一年發(fā)生5代,成蟲(chóng)高峰期分別在3月底、5月底、7月上旬、8月底和9月上旬;蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾一年發(fā)生4代,成蟲(chóng)高峰期分別在5月中旬、6月中旬、8月中旬和9月上旬;桃蛀螟一年發(fā)生3代,5月中旬到7月中旬為成蟲(chóng)小高峰期,在8月底和9月底為成蟲(chóng)高峰期;桃潛葉蛾在3月中旬時(shí)已經(jīng)存在,后續(xù)有2代發(fā)生,分別在6月中旬和7月上旬(圖1)。
2.2 性誘芯組合對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的誘捕效果
2022年和2023年單用梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯誘捕到的梨小食心蟲(chóng)數(shù)量分別為(40.0 ± 10.6)頭·誘捕器-1和(57.9 ± 7.6)頭·誘捕器-1,與單用梨小食心蟲(chóng)誘芯誘捕相比,與其他3種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用后對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的誘捕量均無(wú)顯著差異(p>0.05)。但2023年梨小食心蟲(chóng)+桃蛀螟+桃潛葉蛾性誘芯組合所誘捕到的梨小食心蟲(chóng)數(shù)目為(71.0 ± 11.5)頭·誘捕器-1,顯著高于梨小食心蟲(chóng)+蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯組合誘捕到的梨小食心蟲(chóng)數(shù)目(26.6 ± 8.1)頭·誘捕器-1(p<0.05)(圖2)。
2.3 性誘芯組合對(duì)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾的誘捕效果
2022年調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯+梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯組合對(duì)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾的誘捕數(shù)量為(50.7 ± 12.4)頭·誘捕器-1,顯著低于單獨(dú)使用蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯時(shí)的誘捕數(shù)量(175.6± 32.4)頭·誘捕器-1(p<0.05)。桃蛀螟性誘芯與桃潛葉蛾性誘芯分別與蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯混用時(shí)對(duì)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾的誘捕數(shù)量為(114.8 ± 21.8)頭·誘捕器-1和(157.4 ± 27.4)頭·誘捕器-1,與單個(gè)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯的誘捕數(shù)量相比,三者之間差異均不顯著(p>0.05)。
2023年調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯+梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯組合對(duì)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾的誘捕數(shù)量為(16.3 ± 6.8)頭·誘捕器-1,同樣顯著低于單獨(dú)使用蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯時(shí)的誘捕數(shù)量(85.1 ± 13.8)頭·誘捕器-1(p<0.05)。桃蛀螟性誘芯與桃潛葉蛾性誘芯分別與蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯混用時(shí)對(duì)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾的誘捕數(shù)量為(67.3 ± 24.6)頭·誘捕器-1和(65.7 ± 21.8)頭·誘捕器-1,與單個(gè)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯的誘捕數(shù)量相比,三者之間差異也均不顯著(p>0.05)(圖3)。
2.4 性誘芯組合對(duì)桃潛葉蛾的誘捕效果
2022年和2023年桃潛葉蛾性誘芯單獨(dú)使用時(shí)對(duì)桃潛葉蛾的誘捕量分別為(28.8±12.5)頭·誘捕器-1和(26.1 ± 5.0)頭·誘捕器-1,桃潛葉蛾性誘芯與其他3種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用,對(duì)桃潛葉蛾的誘捕量均無(wú)顯著差異(p>0.05)(圖4)。
2.5 性誘芯組合對(duì)桃蛀螟的誘捕效果
2022年調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,桃蛀螟性誘芯單獨(dú)使用時(shí)誘捕到的桃蛀螟數(shù)量最多,誘捕量為(4.0 ± 0.58)頭·誘捕器-1,桃蛀螟性誘芯與其他3種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用,對(duì)桃蛀螟的誘捕量均顯著減少(p<0.05)。
與2022年不同,2023年調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),單獨(dú)使用桃蛀螟性誘芯時(shí)誘捕到的桃蛀螟數(shù)量為(2.1±0.3)頭·誘捕器-1,桃蛀螟性誘芯與其他3種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用,對(duì)桃蛀螟的誘捕量均無(wú)顯著差異(p>0.05)(圖5)。
3 討 論
前人研究表明,多種鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)性信息素可混合使用,混合使用時(shí)能增加靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)防控種類,提高防治效率[11],因此,多種果樹(shù)害蟲(chóng)同時(shí)發(fā)生危害時(shí),可配制復(fù)合性誘芯同時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)多種害蟲(chóng),減少誘捕器數(shù)量,降低勞動(dòng)成本。本研究在現(xiàn)有性信息素監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)研究的基礎(chǔ)上,開(kāi)展桃園不同鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用效果評(píng)價(jià),明確科學(xué)合理高效的桃園性誘芯混用組合,初步探明影響梨小食心蟲(chóng)信息素影響蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾誘捕的成分,為科學(xué)混用誘芯監(jiān)測(cè)桃園害蟲(chóng)提供理論支撐。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同性誘芯混用時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)各自的靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)生不同的效果[12-16]。筆者在本研究中表明,當(dāng)桃潛葉蛾性誘芯與梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用時(shí),對(duì)兩種害蟲(chóng)的誘捕效率均無(wú)顯著影響,這與姜瑞德等[17]和孫媛等[18]的報(bào)道研究結(jié)果一致。但徐劭等[13]試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示桃潛葉蛾與梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯聯(lián)合使用后,兩種害蟲(chóng)誘蛾量均大幅上升,互相增效作用明顯。筆者課題組推測(cè)與性誘芯中信息素的成分種類和含量等有關(guān)。本試驗(yàn)在利用混合誘芯誘捕桃蛀螟時(shí),果園內(nèi)桃蛀螟發(fā)生量較少,因此對(duì)桃蛀螟的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生了一定的影響,導(dǎo)致兩年的調(diào)查結(jié)果有差異,未能得出混用后的準(zhǔn)確效果,后續(xù)應(yīng)選取桃蛀螟發(fā)生數(shù)目較多或不同品種桃樹(shù)的桃園進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證混合誘芯對(duì)桃蛀螟的誘捕效果的影響。
許多昆蟲(chóng)物種的性信息素由多種成分組成,空氣中性誘劑單一成分的揮發(fā)通常會(huì)破壞雄性成蟲(chóng)和雌性成蟲(chóng)之間的交配[19]。筆者在本研究中表明,梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯與蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯混用時(shí),會(huì)顯著減少蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾的誘捕數(shù)量,而對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)的誘捕數(shù)量則無(wú)顯著影響。后續(xù)還應(yīng)當(dāng)在室內(nèi)研究梨小食心蟲(chóng)性信息素單一成分對(duì)蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾誘捕效果的影響,確定影響誘捕的主要成分,研究去除驅(qū)避物質(zhì)后誘芯對(duì)梨小食心蟲(chóng)誘捕的影響,開(kāi)發(fā)梨小食心蟲(chóng)和蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾混用性誘芯,或者發(fā)現(xiàn)防治蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾危害的新物質(zhì)等。除誘芯種類以外,不同類型的誘捕裝置也會(huì)對(duì)性信息素的誘蟲(chóng)效果產(chǎn)生影響[20],在已有混用規(guī)律基礎(chǔ)上探究不同誘捕器類型對(duì)誘芯混用的影響也可作為未來(lái)的研究方向之一。
筆者在本研究中通過(guò)對(duì)不同靶標(biāo)害蟲(chóng)性誘芯組合的誘捕效率進(jìn)行了探究,確定了桃園內(nèi)幾種主要鱗翅目害蟲(chóng)性誘芯的最佳混用方法,懸掛誘捕器時(shí)可以減少誘捕器的使用數(shù)目,節(jié)省經(jīng)濟(jì)和時(shí)間成本,同時(shí)能準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測(cè)蟲(chóng)害的發(fā)生規(guī)律與發(fā)生量,對(duì)生產(chǎn)中指導(dǎo)科學(xué)防治有著實(shí)用的參考意義。
4 結(jié) 論
筆者在本研究中表明,誘捕梨小食心蟲(chóng)時(shí),梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯可以與桃潛葉蛾、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾、桃蛀螟這3種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用;在誘捕桃潛葉蛾時(shí),桃潛葉蛾性誘芯可以與梨小食心蟲(chóng)、蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾、桃蛀螟這3種害蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用;在誘捕蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾時(shí),蘋(píng)小卷葉蛾性誘芯可以與桃潛葉蛾和桃蛀螟這2種害蟲(chóng)的性誘芯混用,不能與梨小食心蟲(chóng)性誘芯混用。
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收稿日期:2024-01-19 接受日期:2024-03-14
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2023YFD1000800);中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2016-RIP)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:周浩然,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)檗r(nóng)業(yè)有害生物綜合防控。E-mail:1002789587@qq.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:tuhongtao@caas.cn