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        中晚熟蟠桃新品種中蟠104的選育

        2024-04-30 09:34:20潘磊牛良孫世航段文宜崔國(guó)朝王志強(qiáng)曾文芳
        果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2024年4期
        關(guān)鍵詞:黃肉蟠桃新品種

        潘磊 牛良 孫世航 段文宜 崔國(guó)朝 王志強(qiáng) 曾文芳

        摘? ? 要:中蟠104是通過(guò)多代人工雜交聚合選育的中晚熟黃肉蟠桃新品種,其母本為晚熟黃肉桃優(yōu)系‘06-3-137,父本為早熟黃肉蟠桃優(yōu)株‘07北5-60?;樗N薇型,粉紅色花瓣,花瓣數(shù)5片,花粉多,自花結(jié)實(shí),豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。在鄭州地區(qū)果實(shí)8月上旬成熟,果實(shí)生育期137 d左右。單果質(zhì)量241 g,果實(shí)扁平,果頂閉合性好;果皮茸毛短,底色黃色,果面全紅;套袋后果面全黃;果肉黃色,硬溶質(zhì),黏核;肉質(zhì)細(xì)膩,可溶性固形物含量(w)15.2%,風(fēng)味甜香。

        關(guān)鍵詞:蟠桃;新品種;中蟠104;黃肉;硬溶質(zhì);中晚熟

        中圖分類號(hào):S662.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)04-0777-04

        Breeding report of a mid-late ripening yellow flat peach cultivar Zhongpan 104

        PAN Lei, NIU Liang, SUN Shihang, DUAN Wenyi, CUI Guochao, WANG Zhiqiang, ZENG Wenfang*

        (Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China)

        Abstract: Zhongpan 104 is a mid-late ripening yellow flesh peach released from the Peach Breeding Research Group of Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute (ZFRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). It was derived from a cross of 06-3-137 × 07 North 5-60 made in 2012. The female parent, 06-3-137, is a yellow-fleshed peach plant, which is late maturing and has a bright red skin, and the pollen parent, 07 North 5-60, is a yellow-fleshed flat peach, which is early-maturing and has a bright red skin. The progeny consisted of 148 seedlings. It was named Zhongpan 104 in 2021. The flowers of Zhongpan 104 were pink, showy and self-pollinating with a lot of pollen. The average full bloom date in Zhengzhou was late March, and the flowering period duration was 7 to 10 days. There was no significant difference in bloom date between Zhongpan 104 and Zhongtao Huangjinmi 5. The average harvest date was 8 Aug at Zhengzhou in the observational plots. Zhongpan 104 usually ripened 10 d earlier than Zhongtao Huangjinmi 5. Its fruit development period was 137 d. The fruit of Zhongpan 104 was flat round, and the sutures were symmetrical on both sides. Zhongpan 104 was a low-acid clingstone peach with yellow, hard-melting flesh that was crispy at early ripening and became soft when fully ripe. The average fruit weight was 241 grams, and the maximum weight was 389 grams. The pericarp had short hairs with bright red color. The fruit was sweet and juicy, and the soluble solid content was 15.2%. The flesh of the fruit is fine and clingstone. The leaves are yellowish green. The field trials were conducted in Xinzheng, Xinxiang and Jiaozuo in Henan Province. The fruit yield of each experimental station was relatively stable, ranging from 1898 to 2073 kg per 666.7 m2. flower and fruit thinning was necessary for ensuring the quality of the fruits. Generally, 2-3 fruits should be retained on the long fruit branch, 1 fruit should be retained on the short fruit branch. Cultivation with bagging should be suggested after spraying insecticides and fungicides at the young fruit stage to ensure high commercial rate of the fruits.

        Key words: Flat peach; New cultivar; Zhongpan 104; Yellow flesh; Hard-melting; Middle to late ripening

        桃是中國(guó)主要的落葉果樹(shù)之一,中國(guó)桃栽培面積和總產(chǎn)量均居世界首位[1]。桃是典型的呼吸躍變型果實(shí),果實(shí)的貨架期較短,不耐貯藏,市場(chǎng)連續(xù)供應(yīng)主要依靠不同成熟期品種的熟期配套進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)[2]。近幾年國(guó)內(nèi)的主要桃育種單位也先后釋放出了一些中晚熟的黃肉蟠桃新品種,如中蟠102[3]、中蟠13號(hào)[4]、中蟠17號(hào)[5]和瑞蟠101號(hào)[6]等,但是由于桃具有明顯的地域適應(yīng)性[7],因此培育大果、著色漂亮、硬溶質(zhì)、耐貯運(yùn)的中晚熟優(yōu)質(zhì)黃肉蟠桃新品種,仍是目前育種工作者的主要育種目標(biāo)之一。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹(shù)研究所經(jīng)過(guò)多年的篩選,獲得成熟期比中桃黃金蜜5號(hào)早10 d,能自花結(jié)實(shí),產(chǎn)量、外觀、鮮食品質(zhì)等綜合性狀優(yōu)良的中晚熟黃肉蟠桃新品種中蟠104。在河南黃桃主產(chǎn)區(qū)作為熟期配套新品種的栽培試驗(yàn)中,綜合表現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀,呈現(xiàn)出較好的發(fā)展前景。

        1 選育過(guò)程

        中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹(shù)研究所于2012年3月20日,選用筆者單位保存的晚熟黃肉桃優(yōu)株06-3-137為母本、早熟黃肉蟠桃優(yōu)株07北5-60為父本進(jìn)行人工雜交,品種系譜圖如圖1所示。2012年8月從母樹(shù)采集的雜交果中取出種胚,經(jīng)過(guò)殺菌劑處理,置于4 ℃冷庫(kù)沙藏處理,經(jīng)過(guò)約4個(gè)月的沙藏,待種胚開(kāi)始萌發(fā),播種于營(yíng)養(yǎng)缽中進(jìn)行溫室培養(yǎng),當(dāng)種苗生長(zhǎng)到10~15 cm時(shí)移栽到大營(yíng)養(yǎng)缽中,繼續(xù)進(jìn)行溫室培養(yǎng)。2013年4月下旬將高度約50 cm的雜種幼苗連同根部基質(zhì)直接移栽到育種圃內(nèi),種植的密度為1.0 m × 3.0 m,后期待苗長(zhǎng)大后按主干形整形。2015年該雜交組合的雜交苗開(kāi)始結(jié)果,經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)組合的調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)單株3-29-11為蟠桃,果形扁平,果頂顯著凹陷,梗洼深、寬,果個(gè)大,品質(zhì)優(yōu),極豐產(chǎn)?;樗N薇型,花瓣5枚,粉色,花粉多,自花結(jié)實(shí)。果較大,大果180 g,肉質(zhì)較硬,豐產(chǎn)。2015年9月下旬進(jìn)行高接擴(kuò)繁,2016年建立了優(yōu)良株系試驗(yàn)園,并在河南新鄭、新鄉(xiāng)市橋北鄉(xiāng)和焦作市武陟鄉(xiāng)等地設(shè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行區(qū)試種植。經(jīng)過(guò)多年的觀察,優(yōu)株3-29-11在河南地區(qū)表現(xiàn)為自花結(jié)實(shí)性強(qiáng)、豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、品質(zhì)優(yōu)、果實(shí)商品率高,具有較大發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?021年將黃肉蟠桃優(yōu)系3-29-11定名為中蟠104(圖2),2023年12月12日獲河南省林木品種審定委員會(huì)林木良種審定證書(shū),良種編號(hào)為豫S-SV-PP-003-2023。

        2 主要特性

        2.1 植物學(xué)特征

        中蟠104樹(shù)體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)強(qiáng)健,具有較高的萌芽率與成枝率。長(zhǎng)果枝、中果枝、短果枝均能結(jié)果,復(fù)花芽居多。夏季樹(shù)體葉片平均長(zhǎng)18.10 cm,寬為4.22 cm,葉柄長(zhǎng)為0.75 cm?;ㄝ嗑G色至紫紅色,萼片5片;花朵粉紅色,為薔薇型花,5片花瓣;雄蕊花絲為淡粉紅色,花藥為深紫紅色,花粉量大,呈黃色;花柱淡綠色,柱頭黃綠色。

        2.2 物候期特征

        中蟠104在鄭州地區(qū)3月中下旬進(jìn)入初花期,盛花期在3月下旬(表1),花期持續(xù)8~10 d;果實(shí)成熟期8月8—12日,果實(shí)發(fā)育期為137~142 d,不同年份之間有所差異。

        2.3 果實(shí)性狀

        中蟠104成熟時(shí)果實(shí)扁平,縫合線兩端對(duì)稱,果頂顯著凹陷,閉合性良好,果柄長(zhǎng)度中等,梗洼淺,縫合線中等深度;平均單果質(zhì)量241 g,大果質(zhì)量可達(dá)389 g。果皮覆蓋短茸毛,果皮底色為黃色,果面近全紅;果肉黃色,果肉中部沒(méi)有花青苷,近核處也沒(méi)有花青苷,該品種為硬溶質(zhì)肉質(zhì),耐貯運(yùn)性比較好;果肉中汁液較多,果肉纖維少且細(xì)膩;果實(shí)風(fēng)味甜,可溶性固形物含量(w)15.2%,黏核。果實(shí)綜合性狀優(yōu)良(表1、表2)。

        2.4 產(chǎn)量性狀

        黃肉蟠桃新品種中蟠104花粉量大,自花結(jié)實(shí)性好,實(shí)際生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中需進(jìn)行疏果和控制產(chǎn)量,從而維持商品果果實(shí)大小和樹(shù)體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)。對(duì)河南省3個(gè)縣市中蟠104新品種示范基地的產(chǎn)量實(shí)測(cè)表明,進(jìn)入盛果期后,桃園每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量可達(dá)2000 kg(表2)。

        3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

        3.1 整形修剪和樹(shù)勢(shì)調(diào)控

        中蟠104適用各種樹(shù)形,主推兩主枝樹(shù)形,株行距2 m ×5 m;也可以采用主干形樹(shù)形,推薦株行距1.5 m × 3.0 m。中蟠104幼樹(shù)的長(zhǎng)勢(shì)較旺,應(yīng)重視夏剪,通過(guò)修剪,疏除徒長(zhǎng)枝、過(guò)密枝,通風(fēng)透光,緩和樹(shù)勢(shì)。進(jìn)入盛果期后,可采用疏枝與短截等方式更新結(jié)果枝組。

        3.2 肥水管理

        該品種豐產(chǎn)性很好,應(yīng)重視肥水管理。秋施基肥以腐熟的有機(jī)肥為主,輔助部分氮磷鉀肥,于9—10月在果園開(kāi)溝施用;在果實(shí)成熟前1個(gè)月,每株施2 kg腐熟的餅肥和少量鉀肥。對(duì)于降雨量大的地區(qū),桃園應(yīng)注意排水系統(tǒng)的建設(shè),防止?jié)澈ΑO募靖鶕?jù)降水情況,適時(shí)灌水以保證樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)和果實(shí)發(fā)育,并控制樹(shù)體過(guò)旺生長(zhǎng)。

        3.3 疏花疏果

        中蟠104成花容易,坐果率高,需要進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的疏花疏果。疏果通常在落花后40 d、果實(shí)達(dá)到比拇指稍大時(shí)開(kāi)始,疏除畸形果、病蟲(chóng)果和并生果,長(zhǎng)果枝留果2~3個(gè),中果枝留1~2個(gè),短果枝留1個(gè)或不留,盛果期每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量控制在2000 kg為宜。該品種成熟較晚,須進(jìn)行套袋栽培,可在疏果的同時(shí)進(jìn)行套袋。果實(shí)成熟后可以不用去袋,收獲純黃桃果實(shí)。也可以采前1周去袋促進(jìn)上色。

        3.4 病蟲(chóng)害防治

        為減少越冬害蟲(chóng)和病源基數(shù),宜在萌芽前噴施一次石硫合劑。樹(shù)體生長(zhǎng)期間,注意防治蚜蟲(chóng)、潛葉蛾、梨小食心蟲(chóng)、天牛、炭疽病、穿孔病等枝葉病蟲(chóng)害;果實(shí)發(fā)育期間,注意橘小食蠅、桃蛀螟、褐腐病等果實(shí)的病蟲(chóng)害防治。應(yīng)重視夏季修剪,保持樹(shù)體通風(fēng)透光,在有利于果實(shí)著色和品質(zhì)提高的同時(shí),降低病蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生概率。

        參考文獻(xiàn) References:

        [1] FAOSTAT. World food and agriculture-statistical yearbook[M]. Rome,Italy:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,2022.

        [2] 牛良,孟君仁,崔國(guó)朝,潘磊,曾文芳,魯振華,王志強(qiáng).中熟白肉桃新品種‘中桃5號(hào)的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2020,37(10):1593-1596.

        NIU Liang,MENG Junren,CUI Guochao,PAN Lei,ZENG Wenfang,LU Zhenhua,WANG Zhiqiang. Breeding of a middle ripening,white-fleshed peach cultivar ‘Zhongtao 5[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2020,37(10):1593-1596.

        [3] PAN L,NIU L,ZENG W F,LU Z H,CUI G C,DUAN W Y,SUN S H,WANG Z Q. ‘ZhongPan 101 and ‘ZhongPan 102:Two flat peach cultivars from China[J]. HortScience,2023,58(7):722-724.

        [4] 王力榮,陳昌文,朱更瑞,方偉超,曹珂,王新衛(wèi),王小麗,趙佩,王玲玲. 蟠桃新品種‘中蟠13號(hào)的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2020,37(1):144-147.

        WANG Lirong,CHEN Changwen,ZHU Gengrui,F(xiàn)ANG Weichao,CAO Ke,WANG Xinwei,WANG Xiaoli,ZHAO Pei,WANG Lingling. A new flat peach cultivar ‘Zhongpan 13[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2020,37(1):144-147.

        [5] 朱更瑞,王力榮,陳昌文,方偉超,曹珂,王新衛(wèi),王蛟. 中晚熟蟠桃新品種‘中蟠17號(hào)的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2020,37(3):445-448.

        ZHU Gengrui,WANG Lirong,CHEN Changwen,F(xiàn)ANG Weichao,CAO Ke,WANG Xinwei,WANG Jiao. A new flat peach cultivar ‘Zhongpan 17[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2020,37(3):445-448.

        [6] 郭繼英,趙劍波,張瑜,王尚德,劉鑫,李新越,王真,任飛,姜全. 晚熟黃肉蟠桃新品種瑞蟠101號(hào)[J]. 園藝學(xué)報(bào),2021,48(增刊2):2783-2784.

        GUO Jiying,ZHAO Jianbo,ZHANG Yu,WANG Shangde,Liu Xin,LI Xinyue,WANG Zhen,REN Fei,JIANG Quan. A new late-ripening flat peach cultivar ‘Ruipan 101 with yellow flesh[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2021,48(Suppl. 2):2783-2784.

        [7] 蘇明申,葉正文,杜紀(jì)紅,周慧娟,李雄偉,吳鈺良,張夏南. 中晚熟白肉桃新品種‘伏蜜的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2020,37(8):1256-1259.

        SU Mingshen,YE Zhengwen,DU Jihong,ZHOU Huijuan,LI Xiongwei,WU Yuliang,ZHANG Xianan. Breeding report of a new mid-late ripening white peach cultivar ‘Fumi[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2020,37(8):1256-1259.

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