唐立
【摘要】目的:探討后外側(cè)入路與直接前入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換治療股骨頸骨折的臨床效果。方法:選擇2020年2月—2023年2月期間本院收治的105例股骨頸骨折患者為研究對象,根據(jù)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換不同入路方式將受試者分組,對照組52例行后外側(cè)入路,研究組53例行直接前入路,對比兩組患者髖關(guān)節(jié)恢復(fù)優(yōu)良率、手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)、髖關(guān)節(jié)功能與伸屈活動(dòng)度及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:研究組患者髖關(guān)節(jié)恢復(fù)優(yōu)良率為90.57%,明顯高于對照組的78.85%,組間相比差異明顯(P<0.05);研究組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長度、首次下床時(shí)間、完全負(fù)重時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均較對照組短,術(shù)中出血量較對照組少,組間相比差異明顯(P<0.05);術(shù)后3個(gè)月,兩組患者的髖關(guān)節(jié)伸屈活動(dòng)度、Salvati-Wilso與Harris評分較術(shù)前均明顯提升,且研究組上述指標(biāo)明顯優(yōu)于對照組(P<0.05);研究組與對照組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率分別為7.55%與11.54%,組間無明顯差異(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:與后外側(cè)入路相比,直接前入路更有利于促進(jìn)髖關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù),且創(chuàng)傷性小,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,不增加手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,值得在全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換治療股骨頸骨折中推廣應(yīng)用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】后外側(cè)入路;直接前入路;股骨頸骨折;髖關(guān)節(jié)功能;并發(fā)癥
Observation on the effects of posterolateral approach and direct anterior approach for total hip replacement in the treatment of femoral neck fractures
TANG Li
Dali County Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weinan, Shaanxi 715100, China
【Abstract】Objective:To investigate the clinical effects of posterolateral approach and direct anterior approach for total hip replacement in the treatment of femoral neck fractures.Methods:105 patients with femoral neck fractures admitted to our hospital from February 2020 to February 2023 were selected as the study subjects.The subjects were divided into groups according to different approaches of total hip replacement.The control group consisted of 52 patients who underwent posterolateral approach,and the study group consisted of 53 patients who underwent direct anterior approach.The excellent and good hip joint recovery rates,surgical related indicators,hip joint function and range of motion in extension and flexion,and incidence of complications between the two groups were compared.Results:The excellent and good hip joint recovery rate in the study group was 90.57%,significantly higher than 78.85% in the control group (P<0.05);The surgical time,incision length,first time out of bed,complete weight bearing time and hospitalization time of the study group were shorter than those of the control group,and the intraoperative bleeding volume was less than that of the control group (P<0.05);Three months after surgery,the hip joint range of motion in extension and flexion,Salvati Wilso and Harris scores of both groups of patients were significantly improved compared to before surgery,and the above indicators in the study group were significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.05);The incidence of complications in the study group and the control group were 7.55% and 11.54%,respectively,with no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05).Conclusion:Compared with the posterolateral approach,the direct anterior approach is more conducive to promoting the functional recovery of the hip joint,with less trauma,faster postoperative recovery,and no increase in surgical complications.It is worth promoting and applying in the treatment of femoral neck fractures with total hip replacement.
【Key Words】Posterolateral approach; Direct anterior approach; Femoral neck fracture; Hip joint function; Complications
股骨頸骨折以髖部疼痛、主動(dòng)活動(dòng)明顯受限為主要特征,其病因與髖部肌群退變、外傷、骨質(zhì)流失等多種因素有關(guān),不僅不利于患者身心健康,還給患者生活帶來了困擾[1]。通常選擇全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)來治療,可通過假體置換重建關(guān)節(jié)功能,消除臨床癥狀,但手術(shù)入路方式不同,最終效果也會(huì)存在一定差異[2]。全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中常用后外側(cè)入路方式,但術(shù)野較小,術(shù)后存在較高的脫位風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而直接前入路經(jīng)肌間隙入路可充分利用髖關(guān)節(jié)局部解剖關(guān)系而盡可能減少軟組織損傷,縮短術(shù)后康復(fù)時(shí)間,但肌肉過度牽拉易損傷神經(jīng)[3]。該研究針對105例股骨頸骨折患者開展,探討后外側(cè)入路與直接前入路方式的手術(shù)效果,現(xiàn)進(jìn)行如下報(bào)道。
1.1一般資料 選取2020年2月—2023年2月本院收治的105例股骨頸骨折患者為研究對象,所有患者均經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查確診,為新鮮骨折,行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療,患者手術(shù)耐受性良好,對手術(shù)方案表示知情理解,自愿簽訂同意書;且排除陳舊性骨折、自身免疫缺陷、凝血抑制異常、合并嚴(yán)重心肺功能不全、精神認(rèn)知障礙、手術(shù)禁忌癥及臨床資料不全者。根據(jù)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換不同入路方式將受試者分組,對照組52例患者中男29例,女23例,年齡55~80歲,平均年齡(68.72±3.48)歲,體重45~80kg,平均體重(62.31±3.55)kg,Garden分型:Ⅲ型27例,Ⅳ型25例;研究組53例患者中男29例,女24例,年齡56~81歲,平均年齡(68.59±3.53)歲,體重46~82kg,平均體重(62.27±3.46)kg,Garden分型:Ⅲ型28例,Ⅳ型25例。兩組患者一般資料對比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法
對照組患者行后外側(cè)入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療,患者取健側(cè)臥位,全身麻醉滿意后對術(shù)區(qū)進(jìn)行消毒,于大轉(zhuǎn)子后取10~15cm切口,切開闊筋膜并向后牽開,充分暴露臀大肌、臀中肌,切開前側(cè)關(guān)節(jié)囊,將下肢外旋以暴露骨折端,取出股骨頭,清理梨狀窩,顯露髖臼并打磨,置入髖臼杯及內(nèi)襯,擴(kuò)髓后置入型號適宜的人工股骨頭假體,復(fù)位髖關(guān)節(jié),確保雙下肢長度一致。確保關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性后常規(guī)放置引流管,縫合切口,術(shù)畢。
研究組患者行直接前入路全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療,患者取仰臥位,全身麻醉滿意后墊高臀部,對術(shù)區(qū)進(jìn)行消毒,將雙下肢置于牽引架對比長度。于髂前上棘最高點(diǎn)外側(cè)2cm至大粗隆頂點(diǎn)取7~10cm切口,切開皮膚,暴露闊筋膜張肌與縫匠肌間隙,避開神經(jīng)由間隙進(jìn)入,鈍性分離皮下組織及筋膜,對旋股外側(cè)血管束進(jìn)行結(jié)扎,充分暴露髖關(guān)節(jié)囊,于股骨小轉(zhuǎn)自上1cm處截骨取出股骨頭,清理梨狀窩,打磨髖臼,置入髖臼杯及內(nèi)襯,擴(kuò)髓后置入型號適宜的人工股骨頭假體,復(fù)位髖關(guān)節(jié),確保雙下肢長度一致。確保關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性后常規(guī)放置引流管,縫合切口,術(shù)畢。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1兩組髖關(guān)節(jié)恢復(fù)優(yōu)良率比較,依據(jù)Harris評分進(jìn)行評價(jià),Harris評分90分以上,無并發(fā)癥為優(yōu);Harris評分在80~89分,無并發(fā)癥為良;Harris評分在70~79分,無并發(fā)癥為可;Harris評分在70分以下,有并發(fā)癥為差[4]。
1.3.2兩組手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較,包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長度、首次下床時(shí)間、完全負(fù)重時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量。
1.3.3兩組髖關(guān)節(jié)功能與伸屈活動(dòng)度比較,采用Harris評分及Salvati-Wilso評分評估髖關(guān)節(jié)功能,Harris滿分100分,Salvati-Wilso滿分40分,評分越高表示髖關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)越好[5];采用量角器測量髖關(guān)節(jié)伸屈活動(dòng)度。
1.3.4兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較,統(tǒng)計(jì)下肢深靜脈血栓、關(guān)節(jié)粘連、假體脫位、肺部感染的發(fā)生情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 24.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用(%)表示,進(jìn)行x2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料采用(x±s)表示,進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1兩組髖關(guān)節(jié)恢復(fù)優(yōu)良率比較 研究組患者髖關(guān)節(jié)恢復(fù)優(yōu)良率為90.57%,高于對照組的78.85%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2兩組手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較 研究組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長度、首次下床時(shí)間、完全負(fù)重時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均較對照組短,術(shù)中出血量較對照組少,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3兩組髖關(guān)節(jié)功能與伸屈活動(dòng)度比較 術(shù)后3個(gè)月,兩組患者的髖關(guān)節(jié)伸屈活動(dòng)度、SalvatiWilso與Harris評分較術(shù)前均明顯提升,且研究組上述指標(biāo)均優(yōu)于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。
2.4兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較 研究組與對照組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率分別為7.55%與11.54%,組間對比無明顯差異(P>0.05),見表4。