人類和自然的力量始終在相互作用，共同改善環(huán)境，創(chuàng)造具有美感和精神共鳴的空間。人們很早就在住宅周圍種植果樹，修建魚塘，營造花園，并開墾土地、引水灌溉，創(chuàng)造出豐富多彩的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀。隨著時間的推移，生產(chǎn)方式從粗放向精細轉(zhuǎn)變，人們需要更為深入地介入到自然運行中，通過設計和改造土地，使之更適宜于生產(chǎn)和生活，并不斷向外拓展。當達到一定規(guī)模時，人們開始思考如何改進土地管理制度，制定土地規(guī)劃，以確保資源的合理利用。隨著生產(chǎn)力的提升和人口的增加，城市頻繁地出現(xiàn)，更多的城內(nèi)外的園林和風景營建，與農(nóng)田、水網(wǎng)、山林相互融合，共同塑造了國土景觀和美好的生活境域。

自然是一個復雜的系統(tǒng)，不僅有山水，還有經(jīng)人工種植形成的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀、花園，它們雖然在空間上有所分隔，但在人們的認知中卻是緊密相連的。我們生活在這樣一個跨尺度的“自然系統(tǒng)”之中，隨著時代的發(fā)展和文明的進步，人工與自然的互動不斷演變，人們以不同的文化視角從生態(tài)環(huán)境中汲取靈感，推動社會持續(xù)向前發(fā)展。

城市化給耕地帶來了復雜多變的影響，土地管理和生態(tài)過程都發(fā)生了顯著變化。自工業(yè)革命以來，風景園林作為一門沿襲傳統(tǒng)的新興專業(yè)，其知識體系不斷演進并適應城市擴張的步伐。從城市公園、綠地系統(tǒng)，到城市周邊和保護地，風景園林專業(yè)的工作范圍不斷拓展。如今，全球城鎮(zhèn)化進程在加速，保護地相對呈現(xiàn)破碎化，耕地不斷減少，城市開始成片集中為城市群，同時，規(guī)劃設計與營建技術(shù)也在快速迭代，這要求我們不斷適應不同時代、不同技術(shù)發(fā)展所帶來的需求和挑戰(zhàn)，更加關(guān)注城市化進程與自然生態(tài)之間的關(guān)系，這是風景園林不斷解決時代問題的職業(yè)使命。同樣，無論時代如何變遷，風景園林都應在治理生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、解決城市問題和助力鄉(xiāng)村建設之后賦予土地人文美感和詩意。

風景園林既連接著城市，又與自然相融，協(xié)調(diào)著兩者之間的關(guān)系。從城市街區(qū)到城市群，從植物群落到城市綠地系統(tǒng)，再到區(qū)域與國土生態(tài)空間，我們必須認識到風景園林具有的跨越尺度的系統(tǒng)性，在掌握自然科學的同時，更多地強調(diào)人文和藝術(shù)的重要性。這便揭示了塑造景觀所具有的更深層次的含義和價值。因此，我們必須堅持美學意識，在持續(xù)認識和利用自然的過程中不斷更新風景園林的理論、實踐與方法。風景園林專業(yè)的技術(shù)科學包含了工程建造的技術(shù)，也涉及數(shù)字化、智能化的發(fā)展。當前技術(shù)的變革為未來發(fā)展提供了更多的可能性，風景園林正是在這樣的系統(tǒng)中不斷構(gòu)建著自身的知識體系，在規(guī)劃設計與工程技術(shù)的支撐下打造自然與人文交織的景觀系統(tǒng)。

風景園林具有深厚的能力來塑造我們的環(huán)境，喚起自然與社會之間的和諧。它植根于歷史，受到現(xiàn)實需求的驅(qū)使，并在不斷發(fā)展的過程中持續(xù)創(chuàng)新。未來，風景園林將繼續(xù)在塑造國土景觀、建成環(huán)境和提高人們生活質(zhì)量方面發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用。面對城市化、氣候變化和資源枯竭等挑戰(zhàn)，風景園林需要整合生態(tài)原則，擁抱技術(shù)迭代，提出解決方案，應對城市化和鄉(xiāng)村更新的挑戰(zhàn)，創(chuàng)造可持續(xù)的、韌性的、與自然和諧相處的美麗國土。

Process and Knowledge of Landscape Architecture

The forces of man and nat ure have always been engaged with each other interacted, improving the environment jointly, while forging spaces for aesthetic and spir itual resonance.In v ery early times, humans began to plant fruit trees, build.sh ponds and create gardens around their homes; and they also reclaimed land and drained water for irrigation, thus forming colorful agricultural landscapes.Over years, with production methods shifting from extensive to intensive patterns, humans ha ve to intervene deeply in t he operation of nature.By designing and t ransforming lands, we have made them more suitable for produc tion and li ving, while continuing to expand them outward.When a c ertain scale was approached, we began to think about how to improve the land manag ement system and formulate proper land plans, so as to guarantee a rational utilization of resources.With hiking productivity and au gmented population, cities appeared one after another, inside and outside which some gardens and landscapes were constructed.Coalescence of farm lands, water networks, mountains and forests has shaped the territorial landscapes and created niches for good livelihood.

Nature is a complex system.No t only natural scenes, but also man-cultured agricultural landscapes, and gardens, although spatially separated, they are closely interconnected in human’s cognition.We are just li ving in suc h a “natural system”.And suc h man-nature interaction evolves continuously with the development of time and the progress in civilization.By drawing inspiration from different cultural perspectives and ecological environments, people drive the society to keep on moving forward.

Urbanization has delivered complex and v ariable impacts on farmland, with significant changes occurring in land manag ement and ecological processes.Since the Industrial Revolution, landscape architecture has, as an emerging profession following tradition, evolved its domain of knowledge to adapt to the pace of urban expansion.Its function scope has kept expanding from urban parks to green space systems and t o urban pe rimeters and ne ighboring protected areas.Nowadays, as urbanization is a ccelerated globally, protected areas are getting relatively fragmented and farmlands are decreasing, while cities are getting concentrated into urban agglomeration and technologies are iterated rapidly.This development requires us to constantly adapt to the demands and challenges brought about by different times and technological advances.Accordingly, more attention should be paid to the relationship between the urbanization process and the natural ecology; this task is the pr ofessional mission of landscape ar chitects to continuously solve the pr oblems of the cur rent days.Similarly,no matter how the times change, landscape architecture should endow the land s urface with humanistic aesthetics and poe try after governing ecosystems, solving urban problems and e mpowering rural construction.

Both making connection to cities a nd blending with nature,landscape architecture is ha rmonizing the relationship between cities and nature.We shall be aware of the scale-spanning systemic feature of landscape architecture, from city blocks to urban agglomeration,from plant communities to urban green space systems, and from regions to territorial ecological spaces.While mastering the natural sciences, we shall place greater emphasis on the importance of humanities and ar ts.These understandings reveal the in-de pth meanings and values of the landscapes they have been shaped.Therefore, it is necessar y to insist on aesthet ics awareness, so as to constantly update the theor ies, practices and methodologies of landscape architecture in t he process of ongoing cognition and utilization of nature.The technical science for landscape architecture encompasses the technology of engineering and c onstruction,while involving the development of digitalization and intelligence.Nowadays, technological changes are providing more possibilities for the future.It is in suc h a cir cumstances that landscape ar chitecture has been continuously coining its o wn knowledge system, cr eating the intertwined landscape system of nature and humanit y with the support of planning, design and engineering technology.

Landscape architecture has a p rofound ability to shape our environment and evoke harmony between nature and society.Rooted in history and driven by real-world needs, it ma kes continuous innovation for an e ver-evolving future.In pros pect, landscape architecture will still play a vit al role in shaping t erritorial landscapes,built environments and improving the quality of human’s lives.Facing such challenges as ur banization, climate c hange and r esource depletion, landscape ar chitecture is r equired to integ rate ecological principles, embrace technological transitions and propose solutions to meet the challenges of urbanization and rural renewal, so as to realize a sustainable, resilient and gorgeous territory in harmony with nature.

Editor-in-Chief: ZHENG Xi

March 5, 2024