摘要:為探明有機(jī)肥替代化肥對(duì)我國茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)以及茶園土壤理化性質(zhì)影響,通過收集國內(nèi)外已發(fā)表我國茶園有機(jī)肥替代化肥的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),采用Meta分析的方法,定量分析在不同有機(jī)替代比例、土壤理化性質(zhì)與替代年限條件下茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)與茶園土壤理化性質(zhì)的狀況。結(jié)果表明,與單施化肥相比,有機(jī)肥部分替代化肥能顯著提高茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)與茶園土壤養(yǎng)分含量。其中有機(jī)替代比例、土壤條件,以及替代年限是影響有機(jī)替代效果的重要因素。有機(jī)替代比例低于25%時(shí),增產(chǎn)效果最好;有機(jī)替代25%~75%時(shí),茶葉品質(zhì)提升效果最佳;有機(jī)替代超過75%時(shí),則會(huì)因土壤當(dāng)季養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)不足從而導(dǎo)致茶葉產(chǎn)量降低。有機(jī)替代在土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)<20 g·kg-1、堿解氮<100 mg·kg-1、有效磷<5 mg·kg-1與pH>4.5時(shí)對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量增加效果較好;在土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)>20 g·kg-1、堿解氮>100 mg·kg-1、有效磷>20 mg·kg-1、速效鉀>100 mg·kg-1與pH<5.5時(shí),茶葉品質(zhì)提升效果較好。有機(jī)肥肥效存在累計(jì)效應(yīng),有機(jī)替代年限越長對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)提升的效果越好。
關(guān)鍵詞:茶;有機(jī)替代;產(chǎn)量;品質(zhì);整合分析
中圖分類號(hào):S571.1 """""""""""""""文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A """""""""""""""文章編號(hào):1000-369X(2024)04-598-11
The"Impact of Organic Fertilizer Replacement of Chemical Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Tea Gardens in China
REN Hailong1, CHEN Feifan1, TAN Qiling1*, HU Chengxiao1, LI"Jinxue2,"WANG"Shaomei2,LI"Xiaojun2, MENG Yuanduo3, ZHAO Yingjie3
1. Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of New Fertilizers/Trace Element Research Center,"Huazhong Agricultural University,"Wuhan 430070,"China;"2."Faculty of Biotechnology and Engineering West Yunnan"University,"Lincang"675800,"China;3."National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing 100125,"China
Abstract:"In order to explore the effects of organic fertilizer replacement of chemical fertilizers on tea yield, quality, and soil physicochemical properties in China, relevant literature on organic fertilizer replacement of chemical fertilizers in tea gardens was collected both domestically and internationally. Meta analysis was used to quantitatively analyze the effects of organic fertilizer replacement of chemical fertilizers on tea yield, quality, and soil physicochemical properties in China under different organic substitution ratios, soil physicochemical properties and substitution years. The results show that compared with the application of chemical fertilizers alone, partial substitution of organic fertilizer can significantly improve tea yield, quality, and soil nutrient content in tea gardens. The organic substitution ratios, soil conditions, and substitution period are important factors that affect the effectiveness of organic substitution. When the organic substitution ratio was less than 25%, the yield increase effect was the best. When the organic substitution ratio"was between 25% and 75%, the best effect was achieved in improving the quality of tea. When the organic substitution exceeded 75%, it would lead to a decrease in tea yield due to insufficient nutrient supply in the soil during the season. Organic substitution had a better effect on increasing tea yield when soil organic matterlt;20 g·kg-1, alkaline nitrogenlt;100 mg·kg-1, available phosphoruslt;5 mg·kg-1, and pHgt;4.5."When soil organic mattergt;20 g·kg-1, alkaline nitrogengt;100 mg·kg-1, available phosphorusgt;20 mg·kg-1, available potassiumgt;100 mg·kg-1, and pHlt;5.5, the tea quality improvement effect was better. There was a cumulative effect of organic fertilizer efficiency, and the longer the organic substitution period, the better the effect on improving tea yield and quality.
Keywords:"tea, organic substitution, yield, quality, integrated analysis
茶樹是我國重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,2022年種植面積339.3萬hm2,產(chǎn)量334.2萬t,均位居世界第一[1],在鄉(xiāng)村振興、帶動(dòng)農(nóng)戶增收等方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。施肥能提高土壤有效養(yǎng)分含量,滿足茶樹正常生長發(fā)育養(yǎng)分需求,也是提高茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的重要途徑[2-3]。茶農(nóng)為獲得較高茶葉產(chǎn)量,往往投入過量肥料,尤其是偏施化肥的現(xiàn)象比較普遍。目前茶園化肥單一施用和過量施用現(xiàn)象普遍,不僅導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)成本增加,也導(dǎo)致茶園土壤酸化板結(jié)、硝酸鹽污染等生態(tài)環(huán)境問題愈發(fā)嚴(yán)重,制約茶產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展[4-5]。因此,建立養(yǎng)分高效利用體系以降低生產(chǎn)與環(huán)境成本,對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)茶產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。
有機(jī)肥配施化肥被證明是茶葉增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)的有效技術(shù),通過有機(jī)肥適當(dāng)替代一定比例化肥(以下簡(jiǎn)稱有機(jī)替代)不僅能減少化肥投入,還能降低農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),改善土壤質(zhì)量,實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)[6-8]。2017年農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部(原農(nóng)業(yè)部)提出的《開展果菜茶有機(jī)肥替代化肥行動(dòng)方案》及2018年中央一號(hào)文件提出推進(jìn)有機(jī)肥替代化肥以推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村綠色發(fā)展,極大推進(jìn)了有機(jī)肥及有機(jī)替代的應(yīng)用。相較單施化肥,有機(jī)替代能協(xié)調(diào)土壤養(yǎng)分供應(yīng),更好滿足作物生育期對(duì)養(yǎng)分的需求,對(duì)番茄、生菜、甜瓜、茶等作物均有不同程度增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果[9-12]。有機(jī)替代不僅顯著提高黃瓜、小麥、玉米、水稻、大豆產(chǎn)量(4.5%~15.5%),也提高番茄和生菜維生素C(21.2%~30.0%)與可溶性糖的含量(14.3%~18.0%),降低硝酸鹽含量(19.4%~69.0%),顯著改善其品質(zhì)[9-10,13-15]。有機(jī)替代比例低于50%時(shí)對(duì)作物增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果最好,超過75%則會(huì)降低產(chǎn)量[16-18],不過也有報(bào)道有機(jī)替代均能顯著提高[19]或降低[20-21]作物產(chǎn)量;相同作物在不同土壤條件對(duì)有機(jī)替代響應(yīng)不一致,最佳替代比例亦存在差異,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)與全氮較高地區(qū)最佳替代比例普遍較高[11-12,14,16];有機(jī)肥養(yǎng)分釋放緩慢,其殘效疊加效應(yīng)隨著替代年限的增加而變化,第一年有機(jī)替代增產(chǎn)效果普遍不明顯,第二年及之后才顯著增產(chǎn)[22-24]。以上結(jié)果表明,有機(jī)替代效果不僅受替代比例影響,也與土壤環(huán)境條件、替代年限等諸多因素有關(guān)。以往研究均是基于特定地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行的田間試驗(yàn),其結(jié)果不能反映我國整體情況,因此需要進(jìn)一步系統(tǒng)量化有機(jī)替代對(duì)我國茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)影響。本文采用Meta分析方法收集我國近20年內(nèi)發(fā)表的有機(jī)替代對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)效應(yīng)及影響因素,以確定有機(jī)替代在不同替代比例、土壤理化性質(zhì)與替代年限條件下對(duì)我國茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)影響,提出不同土壤環(huán)境與替代年限條件下適宜有機(jī)肥替代比例,為茶產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供理論參考。
1"材料與方法
1.1 數(shù)據(jù)來源
本研究通過對(duì)中國知網(wǎng)與Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行檢索,收集2000年1月1日至2023年11月1日國內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的關(guān)于施用有機(jī)肥對(duì)我國茶葉產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)影響的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。中文檢索詞包括“有機(jī)肥”“茶”“產(chǎn)量”“品質(zhì)”,英文檢索詞包括“organic fertilizer”“tea”“yield”“quality”。為確保分析準(zhǔn)確性,遵循以下篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)收集到的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行篩選:(1)試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)在國內(nèi)進(jìn)行,文中需提供具體位置或經(jīng)緯度;(2)試驗(yàn)方式為田間試驗(yàn);(3)同一組試驗(yàn)中包含對(duì)照組與試驗(yàn)組,對(duì)照組為全化肥,施肥量為當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣施肥量,試驗(yàn)組為有機(jī)肥替代一定比例化肥;(4)數(shù)據(jù)需包含產(chǎn)量或品質(zhì)指標(biāo),重復(fù)數(shù)≥3;(5)文獻(xiàn)包含當(dāng)?shù)赝寥阑纠砘再|(zhì)(表1)。
利用篩選后所得文獻(xiàn)中表格與圖表數(shù)據(jù)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的數(shù)據(jù)庫,數(shù)據(jù)庫主要包含的原始信息,主要有試驗(yàn)?zāi)攴荨⒃囼?yàn)地點(diǎn)位置、土壤基礎(chǔ)理化性質(zhì)(土壤pH,有機(jī)質(zhì)、堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀)、試驗(yàn)有機(jī)替代比例、茶葉產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)等數(shù)據(jù)?;谝陨蠘?biāo)準(zhǔn)共收集到60篇期刊文獻(xiàn),獲得490組數(shù)據(jù)。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)處理
本研究采用效應(yīng)值lnR分析有機(jī)肥對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)影響,計(jì)算公式如下[25]:
lnR=ln(XT/XC)··························(1)
式中:R為反應(yīng)比,XT為試驗(yàn)組數(shù)據(jù),XC為對(duì)照組數(shù)據(jù)。
案例內(nèi)方差vi、權(quán)重wi、累計(jì)效應(yīng)值R*、R*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤以及95%"CI計(jì)算公式如下[26]:
式(2)~(6)中k為樣本數(shù)量,為案例間方差,ST、NT為試驗(yàn)組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差與重復(fù)數(shù),SC、NC為對(duì)照組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差與重復(fù)數(shù),為第個(gè)樣本權(quán)重。95%"CI可用于lnR*假設(shè)性檢驗(yàn)。若95%"CI區(qū)間與0無重疊,則表明有機(jī)替代對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)與茶園土壤理化性質(zhì)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)具有顯著效應(yīng)。
同一研究中環(huán)境條件均會(huì)對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生一定差異。同時(shí),不同研究間的田間管理、氣候條件、種植年份、茶樹品種、肥料種類等因素不同,導(dǎo)致研究之間存在變異,因此選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行計(jì)算綜合效應(yīng)值。隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型不僅考慮了研究內(nèi)的變異,也考慮了研究間的變異。通過DL法估計(jì)案例間方差。
為進(jìn)一步闡明不同影響因素條件下有機(jī)替代對(duì)茶產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)與土壤理化性質(zhì)效應(yīng)的影響,將原文獻(xiàn)按照一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劃分為不同組別進(jìn)行亞組分析,不同因素情況如表2所示,劃分依據(jù)為國家茶葉產(chǎn)地環(huán)境技術(shù)條件(NY/T"853—2004)。采用Excel 2016進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)前處理,R 4.3.1軟件的Metafor包進(jìn)行分析,通過Origin 2021作圖。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 有機(jī)替代對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響
由圖1可知,與不施肥相比,單施化肥顯著提高茶葉產(chǎn)量、氨基酸、水浸出物與咖啡堿
含量,分別提高32.08%、17.59%、2.23%、8.14%,同時(shí)酚氨比降低15.19%,對(duì)茶葉具有較好增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果;在施用化肥基礎(chǔ)之上進(jìn)行有機(jī)替代,與單施化肥相比茶葉產(chǎn)量、氨基酸、水浸出物與咖啡堿含量分別提高3.48%、6.52%、2.70%及6.79%,酚氨比降低10.90%,進(jìn)一步提高茶葉產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。以上結(jié)果表明有機(jī)替代相較單施化肥對(duì)茶葉具有更好的增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果。
如圖2所示,有機(jī)替代表現(xiàn)為隨替代比例增加,茶葉產(chǎn)量呈先增加而后下降的趨勢(shì)。替代比例低于50%時(shí),顯著提高茶葉產(chǎn)量;超過50%時(shí),部分也有增產(chǎn)趨勢(shì);當(dāng)替代比例大于75%時(shí),有減產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
不同有機(jī)替代比例顯著影響茶葉氨基酸、咖啡堿含量與酚氨比,但對(duì)茶多酚與水浸出物影響不顯著。隨著替代比例上升,氨基酸與咖啡堿先上升后下降,酚氨比先下降后升高,均在25%~75%間取得最高與最低值,該條件下茶葉氨基酸與咖啡堿含量分別提高9.89%與12.66%,酚氨比降低14.90%。以上結(jié)果表明有機(jī)替代比例在<50%時(shí)對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量提升較好,在25%~75%時(shí)對(duì)茶葉品質(zhì)提升較好。
替代年限與土壤養(yǎng)分含量影響有機(jī)替代效果(圖3)。在不同替代年限條件下,1年以上有機(jī)替代效果均優(yōu)于1年有機(jī)替代,表現(xiàn)在1年以上有機(jī)替代對(duì)產(chǎn)量、氨基酸與水浸出物含量提升效果均高于1年有機(jī)替代,其中1年有機(jī)替代產(chǎn)量甚至降低了2.85%。以上結(jié)果表明有機(jī)替代在第1年增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果較差,但隨著替代時(shí)間增加,增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果逐漸增強(qiáng)。
在不同土壤條件下,有機(jī)替代在土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)<20 g·kg-1、堿解氮<100 mg·kg-1、有效磷<5 mg·kg-1與pH>4.5時(shí)增產(chǎn)較好,隨著土壤基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)分含量增加與pH降低,增產(chǎn)效果逐漸下降。表明在弱酸性和低肥力水平土壤條件下有機(jī)替代增產(chǎn)效果較好,強(qiáng)酸性和高肥力水平土壤條件下有機(jī)替代增產(chǎn)效果較差。氨基酸與咖啡堿在有機(jī)質(zhì)>20 g·kg-1、堿解氮>100 mg·kg-1、有效磷>20 mg·kg-1、速效鉀>100 mg·kg-1與pH<5.5時(shí)取得較大值,表明在酸性較強(qiáng)且高肥力水平土壤上有機(jī)替代對(duì)氨基酸與咖啡堿提升效果較好,對(duì)茶葉品質(zhì)提升效果較好。
進(jìn)一步分析不同替代年限與土壤pH條件下替代比例對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量的影響。結(jié)果表明(圖4),當(dāng)pH<4.5時(shí),僅在替代比例<25%的顯著增產(chǎn),超過50%則會(huì)降低產(chǎn)量;當(dāng)pH>4.5時(shí),在有機(jī)替代0~100%時(shí)均有增產(chǎn)效果,其中替代比例<50%時(shí)效果較好;1年有機(jī)替代
僅在<25%時(shí)有增產(chǎn)效果,>25%則降低產(chǎn)量,而1年以上有機(jī)替代在替代比例<50%時(shí)均有增產(chǎn)效果,>50%則有減產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。以上結(jié)果表明,第1年有機(jī)替代或土壤pH<4.5時(shí),有機(jī)替代比例應(yīng)低于25%,1年以上或pH>4.5時(shí),可適當(dāng)提高替代比例但不應(yīng)高于50%。
2.2 有機(jī)替代對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響
由圖5可知,與不施肥相比,單施化肥顯著提高土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、堿解氮、有效磷與速效鉀含量,分別提高9.65%、15.95%、26.31%、56.71%與51.06%,但顯著降低土壤pH(2.91%);在施用化肥基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行有機(jī)替代不僅進(jìn)一步提高土壤土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、堿解氮、有效磷與速效鉀含量(分別提高16.59%、17.86%、8.85%、18.18%和11.22%),還提高土壤pH(4.93%)。以上結(jié)果表明,有機(jī)替代較單施化肥對(duì)土壤具有更強(qiáng)培肥作用。
隨著替代比例增加(圖6),土壤pH、有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、速效氮、有效磷與速效鉀均逐漸增加,并且均在替代比例>75%時(shí)取得最高值。表明在有機(jī)替代能提高土壤養(yǎng)分,替代比例>75%時(shí)對(duì)土壤培肥效果最好。
3 討論
3.1"適宜比例的有機(jī)替代能提高茶葉產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)
相較單施化肥,有機(jī)替代總體上顯著提高茶葉產(chǎn)量以及茶葉中氨基酸、水浸出物與咖啡堿含量,具有明顯的增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果。有機(jī)肥不
僅富含N、P、K,還含有Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn等中微量元素,能有效補(bǔ)充茶葉收獲帶走的中微量元素[23,27],同時(shí)提高土壤微生物豐富度與多樣性,改善作物根系環(huán)境,促進(jìn)根系養(yǎng)分吸收并增強(qiáng)茶樹抗逆能力[28-30]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,有機(jī)替代比例低于75%時(shí)均能提質(zhì)增產(chǎn),其中替代比例<25%時(shí)對(duì)產(chǎn)量提升較好,替代比例為25%~75%對(duì)品質(zhì)提升較好。
有機(jī)替代對(duì)茶葉增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果受土壤肥力水平與替代年限影響,導(dǎo)致不同土壤肥力水平與替代年限條件下適宜有機(jī)替代比例不一致[14,22]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)pH<4.5或1年有機(jī)替代時(shí),當(dāng)替代比例>25%時(shí)有減產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其原因可能與有機(jī)肥養(yǎng)分釋放依賴微生物分解相關(guān),當(dāng)pH較低或有機(jī)替代年限較短時(shí),微生物活性較低,養(yǎng)分釋放速率較慢[31-32]。因此在pH<4.5的酸性土壤或第1年有機(jī)替代時(shí),有機(jī)替代比例應(yīng)低于25%,之后可適當(dāng)提高替代比例,但不應(yīng)超過50%。
3.2"有機(jī)替代能實(shí)現(xiàn)茶園可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)
肥沃的土壤是茶園高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的前提,為提高茶葉產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì),茶園普遍通過施肥提高土壤養(yǎng)分含量,化肥顯著提高土壤養(yǎng)分含量、茶葉產(chǎn)量與內(nèi)含物質(zhì),增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果顯著[2,33-34]。但過量施用化肥會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤酸化、板結(jié)、加劇養(yǎng)分淋失,影響周邊環(huán)境與茶樹正常生長[35-36]。本研究結(jié)果也顯示,化肥的使用顯著降低土壤pH值(﹣2.91%),會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤酸化。當(dāng)前我國茶園養(yǎng)分投入以化肥為主,有30%茶園存在過量施用化肥問題[5]。化肥過量施用導(dǎo)致我國52%茶園土壤pH值低于4.5,處于嚴(yán)重酸化狀態(tài),隨著植茶年限增加易出現(xiàn)連作障礙,嚴(yán)重影響茶葉產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)[37-39];此外化肥施用過量造成的養(yǎng)分淋失等環(huán)境問題也愈發(fā)凸顯[40-41]。
有機(jī)肥自身具備較高pH(7.5~8.7),其部分官能團(tuán)能絡(luò)合Al3+、K+、Ca2+等金屬離子,對(duì)土壤pH值具有顯著提高效果[7,42]。通過適宜比例有機(jī)替代能在增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)上提高土壤pH與保肥能力,降低土壤酸化、養(yǎng)分淋失與連作障礙風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,有機(jī)替代是在兼顧增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)與改善土壤質(zhì)量條件下能滿足農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)管理措施。
4 結(jié)論
相較單施化肥,有機(jī)肥替代化肥能夠顯著提高茶葉產(chǎn)量(3.48%)、氨基酸(6.52%)、水浸出物(2.70%)與咖啡堿(6.79%)含量并顯著降低酚氨比(10.90%),對(duì)產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)形成具有促進(jìn)作用;顯著提高茶園土壤pH(4.93%)、有機(jī)質(zhì)(16.59%)、全氮(17.86%)、堿解氮(8.85%)、有效磷(18.18%)與速效鉀(11.22%)含量,對(duì)土壤具有培肥作用。
有機(jī)替代效果受土壤肥力水平與替代年限影響。在土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)<20 g·kg-1、堿解氮<100 mg·kg-1、有效磷<5 mg·kg-1與pH>4.5時(shí),有機(jī)替代對(duì)茶葉產(chǎn)量增加效果較好;在土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)>20 g·kg-1、堿解氮>100 mg·kg-1、有效磷>20 mg·kg-1、速效鉀>100 mg·kg-1與pH<5.5時(shí),有機(jī)替代提升茶葉品質(zhì)效果較好;多年有機(jī)替代增產(chǎn)提質(zhì)效果優(yōu)于1年有機(jī)替代。
有機(jī)替代比例<50%時(shí)茶葉增產(chǎn)效果較好,比例為25%~75%時(shí)茶葉提質(zhì)效果較好;當(dāng)土壤pH<4.5或第1年有機(jī)替代時(shí),適宜有機(jī)替代比例應(yīng)低于25%,之后可適當(dāng)提高替代比例,但不應(yīng)超過50%。
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