王華軍,付曄,周成杰,歐陽(yáng)禮枝
神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后腦脊液PCT影響因素及價(jià)值研究
王華軍,付曄,周成杰,歐陽(yáng)禮枝
寧波大學(xué)附屬人民醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,浙江寧波 315040
探討神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后腦脊液降鈣素原(procalcitonin,PCT)的影響因素及臨床價(jià)值。收集2021年1月至2022年5月寧波大學(xué)附屬人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后所有懷疑顱內(nèi)感染患者腰椎穿刺或腦室引流的腦脊液及血清樣本。Logistic多因素分析神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后腦脊液PCT升高的影響因素。所有研究對(duì)象根據(jù)顱內(nèi)感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組。非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)比較顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組各指標(biāo)差異。采用受試者操作特征曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC曲線)評(píng)價(jià)各指標(biāo)對(duì)顱內(nèi)感染的診斷效能。本研究共入組139例患者,其中109例患者腦脊液PCT升高(78.4%),其中顱內(nèi)感染患者59例(54.1%),無(wú)菌性腦膜炎患者50例(45.9%)。Logistic多因素分析結(jié)果表明,顱內(nèi)感染和血性腦脊液是神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后腦脊液PCT增高的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素;顱內(nèi)感染組與無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組的腦脊液PCT和血清PCT水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組患者的腦脊液乳酸水平和腦脊液PCT/血清PCT差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。腦脊液PCT、血清PCT、腦脊液乳酸、腦脊液PCT/血清PCT、腦脊液PCT和乳酸聯(lián)合診斷ROC曲線下面積分別為0.56、0.58、0.82、0.85、0.83。顱內(nèi)感染和血性腦脊液是神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后腦脊液PCT升高的獨(dú)立因素。單純以腦脊液PCT增高診斷神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染價(jià)值有限,需通過(guò)聯(lián)合其他指標(biāo)提高診斷效能。
顱內(nèi)感染;降鈣素原;血清;腦脊液;乳酸;影響因素;神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后
神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染是臨床常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率達(dá)19.3%,但顱內(nèi)感染的診斷目前缺少特異性癥狀和體征,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查缺乏特異性生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,難以和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎相鑒別[1]。顱內(nèi)感染一旦診斷延誤,治療不及時(shí),將導(dǎo)致不可逆的后果,因而早期診斷和鑒別極為重要。降鈣素原(procalcitonin,PCT)作為診斷顱內(nèi)感染的潛在生物標(biāo)志物目前尚有爭(zhēng)論,因此探討神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后患者腦脊液中PCT的影響因素將有助于闡明其臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
收集2021年1月至2022年5月在寧波大學(xué)附屬人民醫(yī)院重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室住院的所有神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后被懷疑顱內(nèi)感染患者的腦脊液和血清樣本。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后入住重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室,且年齡>18歲; ②體溫>38.5℃,出現(xiàn)意識(shí)改變或其他疑似顱內(nèi)感染的癥狀;③具有腰椎穿刺或腦室外引流適應(yīng)證。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并膿毒癥;②腎衰竭;③術(shù)前發(fā)熱或確診顱內(nèi)感染;④孕婦;⑤年齡<18歲;⑥有顱內(nèi)高壓等腰椎穿刺禁忌證。所有研究對(duì)象參照美國(guó)醫(yī)院感染定義關(guān)于顱內(nèi)感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組[2]。本研究經(jīng)寧波大學(xué)附屬人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)[倫理審批號(hào):2021(預(yù))042],患者均簽署書(shū)面知情同意書(shū)。
①患者有術(shù)后發(fā)熱、頭痛、頸部僵硬、意識(shí)改變等臨床表現(xiàn);②腦脊液葡萄糖水平<2.5mmol/L或腦脊液/血清葡萄糖比值<0.4;③腦脊液白細(xì)胞(white blood cell,WBC)計(jì)數(shù)≥1000個(gè)/μl,多核細(xì)胞百分比≥75%;④腦脊液培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性。符合④即診斷為顱內(nèi)感染;腦脊液培養(yǎng)陰性,但符合①②③三項(xiàng)也診斷為顱內(nèi)感染。
所有患者均行腰椎穿刺或腦室引流管收集腦脊液標(biāo)本。使用自動(dòng)化學(xué)分析儀檢測(cè)蛋白質(zhì)、氯和葡萄糖水平。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)檢測(cè)PCT。陽(yáng)性下限為0.01pg/ml。乳酸使用血?dú)夥治鰞x進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。無(wú)菌條件下采集外周靜脈血,同一患者腦脊液標(biāo)本與采血間隔<0.5h。
顱內(nèi)感染63例,男25例,女38例,年齡38~81歲,平均(62.6±13.2)歲,共有20例患者檢出病原菌25株,其中革蘭陽(yáng)性菌13株(52%),包括凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌4株、表皮葡萄球菌5株、金黃色葡萄球菌2株、溶血葡萄球菌1株、屎腸球菌 1株;革蘭陰性菌12株(48%),包括肺炎克雷伯菌3株、大腸埃希菌1株、鮑曼不動(dòng)桿菌4株、銅綠假單胞菌2株、嗜麥芽窄食單胞菌1株、鋸齒放線菌1株。無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組76例,男33例,女43例,年齡42~85歲,平均(62.8±12.8)歲。本研究根據(jù)腦脊液PCT值分為PCT升高組(PCT>0.05ng/ml)和PCT正常組(PCT≤0.05ng/ml)。結(jié)果顯示PCT升高組109例患者,其中顱內(nèi)感染59例,無(wú)菌性腦膜炎50例。
將顱內(nèi)感染、血性腦脊液、年齡、性別、癲癇、顱內(nèi)腫瘤、創(chuàng)傷進(jìn)行單因素分析后,把<0.20的因素行Logistic多因素分析,提示顱內(nèi)感染,血性腦脊液是神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后腦脊液PCT升高的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(<0.05),見(jiàn)表1、表2。
表1 腦脊液PCT升高的單因素分析
表2 腦脊液PCT的多因素分析
顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組患者的腦脊液PCT中位數(shù)分別為0.14(0.09,0.25)ng/ml和0.12(0.05,0.23)ng/ml,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),見(jiàn)圖1。顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組患者的血清PCT中位數(shù)分別為0.10(0.06,0.28)ng/ml和0.19(0.08,0.53)ng/ml,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),見(jiàn)圖2。顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組患者的腦脊液乳酸水平中位數(shù)分別為6.45(4.48,8.33)mmol/L和3.20(2.02,4.20)mmol/L,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05),見(jiàn)圖3。顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組患者的腦脊液PCT/血清PCT分別為1.61(1.00,2.76)和0.65(0.42,0.85),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05),見(jiàn)圖4。
圖1 顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組患者的腦脊液PCT比較
圖2 顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組患者的血清PCT比較
腦脊液PCT、血清PCT、腦脊液乳酸、腦脊液PCT/血清PCT、腦脊液PCT聯(lián)合乳酸檢測(cè)的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.56、0.58、0.82、0.85、0.83,提示腦脊液PCT聯(lián)合乳酸或采取腦脊液PCT/血清PCT有良好的診斷效能,見(jiàn)圖5。
圖3 顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組患者的腦脊液乳酸比較
圖4 顱內(nèi)感染組和無(wú)菌性腦膜炎組患者的腦脊液PCT/血清PCT比較
圖5 各指標(biāo)診斷顱內(nèi)感染的ROC曲線
PCT作為炎癥指標(biāo),在機(jī)體嚴(yán)重感染時(shí)顯著增加,被廣泛應(yīng)用于細(xì)菌感染的診斷和治療效果評(píng)估[3-4]。有研究認(rèn)為腦脊液PCT升高可用于顱內(nèi)感染的診斷[5-8];也有研究認(rèn)為腦組織本身并不分泌PCT,而大分子的PCT也難通過(guò)血-腦脊液屏障,但手術(shù)破壞血-腦脊液屏障后,血清PCT可能對(duì)腦脊液PCT產(chǎn)生影響[9-10]。此外,有研究顯示腦脊液PCT在創(chuàng)傷、手術(shù)、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血等非顱內(nèi)感染患者中升高,表明腦脊液PCT增高缺乏特異性[11-12]。腦脊液PCT在神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染的診斷價(jià)值存在爭(zhēng)議,因此,進(jìn)一步研究腦脊液PCT的來(lái)源及影響因素有助于明確其對(duì)神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染的診斷價(jià)值[13-14]。
本研究中神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染檢出的病原菌以革蘭陽(yáng)性菌為主,與既往報(bào)道類(lèi)似,但研究顯示革蘭陰性菌比例有升高趨勢(shì),提示在神經(jīng)外科顱內(nèi)感染治療中除關(guān)注革蘭陽(yáng)性菌外,也需高度警惕革蘭陰性菌[15-16]。本研究顯示除顱內(nèi)感染患者外,大部分無(wú)菌性腦膜炎患者腦脊液PCT也增高,通過(guò)多因素分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)除顱內(nèi)感染外,血性腦脊液也是腦脊液PCT升高的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,與Gautam-Goyal等[11]研究結(jié)果一致,而年齡、性別、癲癇、創(chuàng)傷、顱內(nèi)腫瘤對(duì)腦脊液PCT升高無(wú)影響。血性腦脊液導(dǎo)致腦脊液PCT增高的機(jī)制尚不明確,有研究認(rèn)為可能與血性腦脊液激活免疫細(xì)胞進(jìn)而釋放PCT相關(guān)[17]。有研究通過(guò)聯(lián)合檢查腦脊液PCT與乳酸、肝素結(jié)合蛋白、C反應(yīng)蛋白、神經(jīng)烯醇化酶等指標(biāo),結(jié)果顯示可提高診斷的敏感度和準(zhǔn)確性[18-20];另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),聯(lián)合檢測(cè)腦脊液PCT、乳酸、蛋白濃度與血糖比值可對(duì)術(shù)后腦膜炎進(jìn)行診斷,且縮短診斷時(shí)間,提高治療成功率[21]。本研究結(jié)果顯示聯(lián)合檢測(cè)腦脊液PCT和乳酸,或使用腦脊液PCT/血清PCT比值診斷顱內(nèi)感染,可明顯提高診斷效能。
綜上所述,腦脊液PCT增高呈非特異性,除顱內(nèi)感染外,血性腦脊液也是腦脊液PCT增高的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,單純以腦脊液PCT增高診斷顱內(nèi)感染價(jià)值有限,但聯(lián)合乳酸、肝素結(jié)合蛋白等指標(biāo)可提高其對(duì)神經(jīng)外科術(shù)后顱內(nèi)感染的診斷效能。由于本研究的樣本量較小,還需更大規(guī)模的研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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Influencing factors and value of cerebrospinal fluid PCT after neurosurgery
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China
To explore the influence factors and clinical value of postoperative procalcitonin (PCT) in cerebrospinal fluidamong patients after neurosurgery.Cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples were collected from patients had been suspected of intracranial infection after craniotomy in Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University from January 2021 to May 2022 by lumbar puncture or ventricular drainage tube. Logistics multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with elevated cerebrospinal fluid PCT levels after neurosurgery. Based on the diagnostic criteria for intracranial infection, the study subjects were divided into two groups: The intracranial infection group and the aseptic meningitis group. Nonparametric test was conducted to compare the differences in various indicators between the intracranial infection group and the aseptic meningitis group. The diagnostic efficacy of each index was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.A total of 139 cases of cerebrospinal fluidwere collected in this study, 109 cases of cerebrospinal fluid PCT increased (78.4%), including 59 cases of intracranial infection (54.1%), 50 cases of aseptic meningitis (45.9%). Logistics multivariate analysis showed that intracranial infection and bloody cerebrospinal fluidwere the influencing factors for the increase of cerebrospinal fluid PCT. There was no statistically significant difference in cerebrospinal fluid PCT and serum PCT levels between the intracranial infection group and the aseptic meningitis group. Significant differences were observed in cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels and cerebrospinal fluid PCT/serum PCT ratio between the two groups. The area under the ROC of cerebrospinal fluid PCT, serum PCT, cerebrospinal fluidlactate, cerebrospinal fluid PCT/serum PCT, cerebrospinal fluid PCT and lactatewere 0.56, 0.58, 0.82, 0.85, 0.83, respectively.Intracranial infection and bloody cerebrospinal fluid are independent factors for the elevation of cerebrospinal fluid PCT after neurosurgery. The diagnostic value of PCT elevation in cerebrospinal fluid alone for intracranial infection after neurosurgery is limited, and it is necessary to improve the diagnostic efficacy by combining other indicators.
Intracranial infection; Procalcitonin; Serum; Cerebrospinal fluid; Lactate; Influencing factors; Postoperative neurosurgery
R63
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.30.004
浙江省寧波市醫(yī)學(xué)科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2020Y44);浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2022KY1183)
王華軍,電子信箱:whj269696@163.com
(2022–11–16)
(2023–09–28)