唐橋斐 曹建秋 張爽
摘要:目的 探討let-7e-5p對小鼠變應性鼻炎的影響及機制。方法 將18只BALB/c小鼠按隨機數(shù)字表法均分為對照(Control)組、變應性鼻炎(AR)組、let-7e-5p激動劑陰性對照(AR+agomir-NC)組、let-7e-5p激動劑(AR+agomir)組、let-7e-5p抑制劑陰性對照(AR+antagomir-NC)組和let-7e-5p抑制劑(AR+antagomir)組。除Control組外,其余組應用卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏建立AR模型,AR+agomir組和AR+antagomir組同時給予let-7e-5p agomir或let-7e-5p antagomir進行干預,末次激發(fā)致敏后對小鼠變應性鼻炎進行評分,HE染色觀察鼻黏膜組織,統(tǒng)計嗜酸性粒細胞數(shù)量,real-time PCR檢測let-7e-5p、Fas、FasL mRNA表達,Western blot檢測Fas、FasL蛋白表達,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗檢測血清免疫球蛋白E(IgE)、特異性IgE(sIgE)、干擾素γ(IFN-γ)、白細胞介素(IL)-12、IL-4、IL-13水平,雙熒光素酶實驗分析let-7e-5p和Fas、FasL的靶向關系。結果 與Control組比較,AR組小鼠變應性鼻炎評分升高,鼻黏膜增生明顯,嗜酸性粒細胞數(shù)量增加,let-7e-5p mRNA表達及IFN-γ、IL-12水平下降,F(xiàn)as、FasL表達及IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平升高(均P<0.05)。與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組小鼠變應性鼻炎評分降低,鼻黏膜結構清晰,嗜酸性粒細胞數(shù)量減少,let-7e-5p mRNA表達及IFN-γ、IL-12水平升高,F(xiàn)as、FasL表達及IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平下降(均P<0.05)。與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組小鼠變應性鼻炎評分升高,鼻黏膜增厚,嗜酸性粒細胞數(shù)量增加,let-7e-5p mRNA表達減少,F(xiàn)as、FasL表達及IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平升高(均P<0.05),IL-12、IFN-γ水平差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。與NC+3'UTR-WT組比較,let-7e-5p agomir+3'UTR-WT組熒光素酶活性下降(P<0.05)。結論 Let-7e-5p通過靶向調節(jié)Fas/FasL影響1型輔助性T細胞(Th1)/2型輔助性T細胞(Th2)平衡,從而參與AR小鼠變應性鼻炎發(fā)病的進展。
關鍵詞:鼻炎,變應性,常年性;疾病模型,動物;let-7e-5p;Fas;FasL;1型輔助性T細胞;2型輔助性T細胞
中圖分類號:R765.21文獻標志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20221110
Study on the mechanism of let-7e-5p regulating Fas/FasL to affect the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis in mice
TANG Qiaofei CAO Jianqiu ZHANG Shuang
1 Department of Otolaryngology, 2 Department of Cadre, the Second Hospital of
Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110002, China
Corresponding Author E-mail: zs_5257@163.com
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of let-7e-5p on allergic rhinitis in mice. Methods Eighteen BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the control group, the allergic rhinitis (AR) group, the let-7e-5p agonist negative control (AR+agomir-NC) group, the let-7e-5p agonist (AR+agomir) group, the let-7e-5p inhibitor negative control (AR+antagomir-NC) group and the let-7e-5p inhibitor (AR+antagomir) group. Except the control group, the other groups were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to establish AR model. The AR+agomir group and the AR+antagomir group were treated with let-7e-5p agomir or let-7e-5p antagomir at the same time for intervention. After the last sensitization, the allergic rhinitis of mice were scored. HE staining was used to observe nasal mucosa. The number of eosinophils was counted. Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression levels of let-7e-5p, Fas and FasL, and Western blot assay was used to detect protein expression levels of Fas and FasL. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-4 and IL-13. The targeting relationship between let-7e-5p and Fas and FasL were analyzed by dual luciferase assay. Results Compared with the control group, the allergic rhinitis score was increased in the AR group, nasal mucosa hyperplasia was obvious and the number of eosinophils was increased. The expression levels of let-7e-5p and IFN-γ and IL-12 were decreased, while the expression of Fas and FasL and levels of IgE, sIgE, IL-4 and IL-13 were increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the AR+agomir-NC group, the allergic rhinitis score was decreased in the AR+agomir group, the nasal mucosa structure was clear and the number of eosinophils was reduced. The expression of let-7e-5p and levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 were increased, while the expression of Fas and FasL and levels of IgE, sIgE, IL-4 and IL-13 were decreased (all P<0.05). Compared with the AR+antagomir-NC group, the allergic rhinitis score was increased in the AR+antagomir group, the nasal mucosa was significantly thickened, and the number of eosinophils was increased. The expression of let-7e-5p was decreased, and the expression of Fas, FasL and levels of IgE, sIgE, IL-4 and IL-13 were increased (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in IL-12 and IFN-γ between the AR+antagomir-NC group and the AR+antagomir group (P>0.05). Compared with the NC+3'UTR-WT group, luciferase activity was decreased in the let-7e-5p agomir+3'UTR-WT group (P<0.05). Conclusion Let-7e-5p may affect the balance of T helper type 1 (Th1)/ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells by targeting Fas/FasL, and thus participate in the progression of AR in mice.
Key words: rhinitis, allergic, perennial; disease models, animal; let-7e-5p;Fas;FasL; T helper type 1; T helper type 2
變應性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是耳鼻喉科常見病,嚴重影響患者生活質量[1-2]。研究顯示,F(xiàn)as是一種Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,F(xiàn)as和其配體(FasL)結合后的非凋亡信號活性可以介導免疫細胞促炎反應[3]。支氣管哮喘患者發(fā)作期的血清可溶性Fas水平顯著高于健康人群[4]。此外,AR患者鼻甲黏膜FasL的表達與免疫球蛋白E(IgE)水平及鼻炎的嚴重程度密切相關[5]。因此,F(xiàn)as/FasL信號可能參與AR發(fā)病,但具體調控機制尚不明確。Let-7e(又名let-7e-5p)是miRNAs大家族中的一員,在炎癥反應過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[6]。研究顯示,在AR和哮喘患者鼻黏膜中l(wèi)et-7e-5p的表達減少[7]。此外,let-7e-5p可以抑制白細胞介素(IL)-13誘導的鼻上皮細胞(nasal epithelial cells,NECs)炎癥反應,降低IgE、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)和組胺水平[8]。本課題組前期經生物信息學分析發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)as/FasL是let-7e-5p的潛在靶基因。因此,本研究擬建立AR小鼠模型,探索miR-let-7e靶向調控Fas/FasL參與AR發(fā)病的潛在分子機制,以期為AR臨床治療提供新型分子靶點。
1 材料與方法
1.1 主要材料 SPF級雄性BALB/c小鼠18只,6~8周齡,體質量16~18 g,購自遼寧長生生物科技股份有限公司。動物生產許可證號:SCXK(遼)2015-0001,在標準動物實驗條件下適應性飼養(yǎng)1周,自由攝食飲水。卵白蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)購自美國Sigma公司,F(xiàn)as抗體、FasL抗體、β-激動蛋白(β-actin)抗體購自沈陽萬類生物科技有限公司,小鼠特異性免疫球蛋白E(sIgE)酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)檢測試劑盒購自上海江萊生物科技有限公司,小鼠IgE、干擾素γ(IFN-γ)、IL-4及IL-13 ELISA檢測試劑盒購自杭州聯(lián)科生物技術股份有限公司,IL-12 ELISA檢測試劑盒購自武漢優(yōu)爾生商貿有限公司,熒光素酶檢測試劑盒購自江蘇凱基生物科技股份有限公司,let-7e-5p agomir、let-7e-5p antagomir及陰性對照由上海吉瑪制藥技術有限公司合成,內參U6購自南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司。
1.2 AR模型建立及分組干預 采用隨機數(shù)字表法將18只BALB/c小鼠均分為對照(Control)組、變應性鼻炎(AR)組、let-7e-5p激動劑陰性對照(AR+agomir-NC)組、let-7e-5p激動劑(AR+agomir)組、let-7e-5p抑制劑陰性對照(AR+antagomir-NC)組和let-7e-5p抑制劑(AR+antagomir)組。除Control組外,于實驗1、7、14 d給予其余組小鼠腹腔注射200 μL含有25 μg OVA和2 mg Al(OH)3的生理鹽水混懸液進行基礎致敏,第21天開始自前鼻孔給予含3% OVA的生理鹽水進行局部激發(fā)(20 μL/鼻孔),連續(xù)14 d(第21~34天)。第28~34天,于OVA激發(fā)前3 h向AR+agomir組小鼠鼻腔內滴入5 μmol/L的let-7e-5p agomir,向AR+antagomir組小鼠鼻腔內滴入5 μmol/L的let-7e-5p antagomir,向AR+agomir-NC組和AR+antagomir-NC組小鼠鼻腔內滴入等量陰性對照(10 μL/鼻孔),Control組和AR組小鼠于相同時間點給予等體積生理鹽水。實驗末對小鼠進行變應性鼻炎評分,然后靜脈采血,處死各組小鼠,收集鼻黏膜組織,部分用液氮凍存轉移至-80 ℃超低溫冰箱保存,部分用4 %多聚甲醛固定,用于后續(xù)實驗。
1.3 療效觀察
1.3.1 變應性鼻炎評分 最后1次鼻腔致敏后30 min內,對各組小鼠噴嚏個數(shù)、流涕和搔鼻情況進行評分,記錄各癥狀總分值,取平均值作為該組小鼠的癥狀得分,評分標準見表1。
1.3.2 蘇木精/伊紅(HE)染色觀察鼻黏膜組織病理學變化 鼻黏膜標本常規(guī)脫水、透蠟、包埋,制成5 μm厚切片,依次進行蘇木素和伊紅染色,梯度乙醇脫水、二甲苯透明、封片,顯微鏡下觀察染色效果。隨機讀取3個視野,統(tǒng)計各組小鼠鼻黏膜中嗜酸性粒細胞數(shù)量。
1.3.3 實時熒光定量PCR(real-time PCR)檢測let-7e-5p、Fas、FasL mRNA表達 使用TRIpure裂解液提取鼻黏膜總RNA,根據(jù)試劑盒說明書將RNA反轉錄成cDNA。以cDNA為模板,在real-time PCR儀上,用SYBR Green法進行實時定量PCR。引物序列見表2。反應條件:94 ℃預變性5 min;94 ℃變性10 s,60 ℃退火20 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,40個循環(huán)。采用2-ΔΔCt法計算let-7e-5p(U6為內參)和Fas、FasL(β-actin為內參)的相對表達量。
1.3.4 Western blot法檢測Fas、FasL蛋白相對表達水平 提取鼻黏膜樣本總蛋白,BCA法測定蛋白濃度,點樣、SDS-PAGE、轉印,5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h,加入一抗Fas(1∶500)或者FasL(1∶500),4 ℃孵育過夜,洗膜后加入羊抗兔二抗IgG-HRP(1∶5 000),37 ℃孵育45 min,洗膜,噴灑增強化學發(fā)光(enhanced chemiluminescence,ECL)液,暗室內曝光顯影,用Gel-Pro-Analyzer凝膠圖像處理系統(tǒng)分析蛋白條帶灰度,以β-actin為內參,計算蛋白相對表達量。
1.3.5 ELISA法檢測炎性因子水平 小鼠眼窩靜脈采血800 μL,血樣凝集30 min,300 r/min、4 ℃離心2 min,收集血清,嚴格按照ELISA試劑盒說明書測定IgE、sIgE、IFN-γ、IL-12、IL-4、IL-13水平。測定450 nm最大吸收波長和570 nm參考波長下的光密度(OD)值,OD校準值=OD450-OD570。以標準品濃度的OD值為橫坐標,校準后的OD值為縱坐標,根據(jù)標準曲線計算各血清樣本中炎性因子濃度。每孔重復檢測3次,結果取平均值。
1.3.6 雙熒光素酶報告基因實驗分析let-7e-5p和靶基因的關系 通過microrna(http://www.microrna.org/microrna/getGeneForm.do)、mirdb(http://mirdb.org/)、targetscan(https://www.targetscan.org/vert_80/)數(shù)據(jù)庫預測let-7e-5p與Fas/FasL潛在的結合位點。根據(jù)預測結果分別構建Fas 3'UTR、FasL 3'UTR的野生型(pmirGLO-Fas/FasL 3'UTR-WT)及突變型質粒(pmirGLO-Fas/FasL 3'UTR-MT),同let-7e-5p agomir共轉染對數(shù)期293T細胞,分為NC+3'UTR-MT組、let-7e-5p agomir+3'UTR-MT組、NC+3'UTR-WT組及l(fā)et-7e-5p agomir+3'UTR-WT組,每組設置3個平行孔。轉染48 h后,應用雙熒光素酶檢測試劑盒分析螢火蟲及海腎熒光素酶熒光強度,以海腎熒光素酶作為內參,計算螢火蟲熒光素酶的相對值。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法 采用GraphPad Prism 7.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料采用x±s表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組內多重比較采用Turkey法。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 各組小鼠變應性鼻炎評分和炎性細胞浸潤情況比較 與Control組比較,AR組變應性鼻炎評分升高,嗜酸性粒細胞數(shù)量增加(P<0.05);與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組變應性鼻炎評分降低,嗜酸性粒細胞數(shù)量減少(P<0.05);與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組變應性鼻炎評分升高,嗜酸粒細胞數(shù)量增加(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.2 各組小鼠鼻黏膜組織病理學變化 HE染色結果顯示,AR組小鼠鼻黏膜上皮結構紊亂,增生明顯,基底結構模糊;與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組上皮細胞排列相對整齊,偶見少量炎性細胞浸潤,基底結構清晰;與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組鼻黏膜增厚明顯,炎性細胞浸潤嚴重,見圖1。
2.3 各組鼻黏膜中l(wèi)et-7e-5p、Fas、FasL mRNA表達變化 與Control組比較,AR組let-7e-5p mRNA表達減少,F(xiàn)as、FasL mRNA表達增加(P<0.05);與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組let-7e-5p mRNA表達增加,F(xiàn)as、FasL mRNA表達減少(P<0.05);與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組let-7e-5p mRNA表達減少,F(xiàn)as、FasL mRNA表達增加(P<0.05),見表4。
2.4 各組鼻黏膜中Fas、FasL蛋白表達變化 與Control組比較,AR組小鼠鼻黏膜中Fas及FasL蛋白的表達增加(P<0.05);與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組Fas、FasL蛋白的表達減少(P<0.05);與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組兩指標的表達增加(均P<0.05)。見圖2、表5。
2.5 各組血清IgE、sIgE及炎性因子水平比較 與Control組比較,AR組IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平升高,IL-12、IFN-γ水平降低(P<0.05);與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平降低(P<0.05),IL-12、IFN-γ水平升高(P<0.05);與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平升高(P<0.05),IL-12、IFN-γ水平差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,見表6。
2.6 let-7e-5p與靶基因Fas/FasL的調控關系 生物信息學預測分析發(fā)現(xiàn),let-7e-5p在Fas、FasL 3'-UTR區(qū)存在結合位點,見圖3、4。進一步采用雙熒光素酶實驗進行驗證發(fā)現(xiàn),與NC+3'UTR-WT組比較,let-7e-5p agomir+3'UTR-WT組的熒光素酶活性下降(P<0.05);與NC+3'UTR-MT組比較,let-7e-5p agomir+3'UTR-MT組的熒光素酶活性無明顯變化(P>0.05),見表7。
3 討論
miRNAs是一類長度為18~25個核苷酸的非編碼RNA,在機體生理和病理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[9]。let-7是最早被發(fā)現(xiàn)的miRNA之一,可以通過調節(jié)促炎因子IL-13、IL-6等發(fā)揮抗炎作用[10]。Let-7e-5p是let-7家族中的一員,在過敏性鼻炎、非過敏性鼻炎及哮喘患者鼻黏膜組織中的表達降低[11]。有研究顯示,let-7e-5p可通過靶向細胞因子信號傳導抑制因子(suppressor of cytokine signaling 4,SOCS4)調節(jié)JAK1/信號轉導與轉錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)的信號活性,抑制IL-13誘導的鼻上皮細胞炎癥反應[8]。然而,有關AR小鼠中的let-7e-5p作用機制研究鮮見。本研究結果顯示,let-7e-5p在AR小鼠鼻黏膜組織中的表達較Control組降低,與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組小鼠變應性鼻炎評分下降,鼻黏膜嗜酸性粒粒細胞數(shù)量減少,血清IgE、sIgE水平下降;而與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組小鼠變應性鼻炎評分升高,證實了let-7e-5p表達降低參與AR發(fā)病,其高表達可以改善AR小鼠過敏癥狀。
依據(jù)經典免疫學說,AR是體外環(huán)境因素作用于機體導致Th1/Th2免疫失衡而引起的以鼻黏膜Th2免疫反應為主的變應性炎癥反應[12-13]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在MOG35–55多肽誘導的CD4+ T細胞模型中,let-7e-5p模擬物(mimics)促進細胞向Th1型分化,抑制其向Th2型分化,同時IFN-γ水平升高,IL-4水平降低[14]。在自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病患者外周血單核細胞中,let-7e-5p的表達與IL-10呈負相關[15],而IL-10可促進Th2細胞分化,抑制Th1型免疫反應[16]。本研究結果顯示,與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組小鼠血清中Th2細胞因子IL-4、IL-13水平下降,Th1細胞因子IFN-γ、IL-12水平升高;而與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組IL-4、IL-13水平升高,IFN-γ、IL-12水平無明顯變化,表明let-7e-5p可能通過調節(jié)Th1/Th2細胞失衡,從而參與AR發(fā)病。
Fas和FasL屬于腫瘤壞死超家族成員,是控制細胞凋亡的重要傳導通路,參與調控外周血T細胞分化[17-18]。有研究顯示,F(xiàn)as/FasL通路活化可促進炎性細胞因子分泌,介導免疫逃逸[19]。Zhou等[20]研究證實,T-524通過抑制Fas/FasL通路活性,從而抑制炎癥反應和肺組織細胞凋亡,改善呼吸機誘導的急性肺損傷。此外,F(xiàn)as和FasL引起的細胞凋亡參與AR發(fā)病過程[21]。本研究通過生物信息學分析發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)as和FasL是let-7e-5p的潛在靶基因,提示let-7e-5p很可能靶向調節(jié)Fas/FasL來參與AR進展。為驗證上述假設,本研究在對let-7e-5p進行過表達和沉默的基礎上,檢測Fas及FasL的表達,并應用雙熒光素酶實驗驗證let-7e-5p是否靶向調節(jié)Fas和FasL。結果顯示,與Control組比較,F(xiàn)as、FasL在AR組小鼠鼻黏膜組織中的表達增加;與AR+agomir-NC組比較,AR+agomir組過Fas、FasL的表達減少;而與AR+antagomir-NC組比較,AR+antagomir組Fas、FasL的表達增加,表明let-7e-5p直接影響Fas和FasL表達。此外,雙熒光素酶實驗結果顯示,let-7e-5p agomir+3'UTR-WT組的熒光素酶活性較NC+3'UTR-WT組明顯降低,證實了let-7e-5p直接靶向結合Fas和FasL。
綜上所述,let-7e-5p通過結合Fas/FasL 3'UTR區(qū)并抑制其表達,從而影響Th1/Th2細胞平衡及相關炎性因子釋放,參與AR發(fā)病和進展過程。本研究進一步闡明了AR發(fā)病機制,為臨床治療提供了新型理論依據(jù)和分子靶點。
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(2022-07-14收稿 2022-09-22修回)
(本文編輯 陸榮展)