李都岳 吳延軍
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230114
摘? ? 要:【目的】探究不同補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)櫻桃果實(shí)的影響,篩選設(shè)施栽培櫻桃最佳人工補(bǔ)光方案。【方法】以設(shè)施栽培的中國(guó)櫻桃諸暨短柄與黑珍珠為材料,從果實(shí)硬核期到采收期間,分別使用不同功率的LED燈光源、白熾燈光源、商品補(bǔ)光燈光源進(jìn)行補(bǔ)光,以自然光照作為對(duì)照,對(duì)果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素、相關(guān)酶活性與基因表達(dá)進(jìn)行測(cè)定?!窘Y(jié)果】發(fā)現(xiàn)采用紅藍(lán)光比例6∶1的LED光源補(bǔ)光顯著促進(jìn)了果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程,能夠使果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中內(nèi)源激素動(dòng)態(tài)變化趨勢(shì)較對(duì)照組提早出現(xiàn),并且顯著提高了成熟軟化與糖合成基因的表達(dá),使果實(shí)蔗糖合成酶活性比同期對(duì)照組提高18.75%以上?!窘Y(jié)論】功率36 W的LED補(bǔ)光處理效果最好,顯著促進(jìn)了果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程,提高櫻桃糖分積累量,值得在櫻桃生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用和推廣。
關(guān)鍵詞:櫻桃;補(bǔ)光;LED;成熟;糖分積累
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S662.5 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)10-2183-12
Effects of supplementary light on ripening and sugar accumulation of cherry under protected cultivation
LI Duyue, WU Yanjun*
(Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Because of the subtropical monsoon climate in most areas of southern China, the protected cultivation is widely applied in cherry production to reduce the impact of the large precipitation in spring. There are still problems such as weak light intensity, short light duration and uneven light distribution in protected cultivation environment. Therefore, improving the light environment of facility cultivation through artificial light supplement technology has important practical significance for regulating the growth and development and improving yield and quality of cherry. In this study, different supplementary light measures were compared and the best scheme for protected cultivation of cherry was selected. 【Methods】 The Chinese cherry cultivars Zhujiduanbing and Heizhenzhu were used as materials in this study. Four different types of light sources were used: LED lamp (36 W, RB 6︰1), LED lamp (50 W, RB 6︰1), commodity plant growth lamp (12 W, RB 2︰1, G101) and incandescent lamp (36 W), with no artificial light as the control (CK). All the groups were treated with mulching the ground with reflective film. The distance between the lights was 3 m, and the height from the top of the tree was 50 cm. Time of light supplement was set to 05:00—10:00, 16:00—19:30 on sunny days and 5:00—19:30 on rainy days. The contents of endogenous hormones GAS, IAA and ABA, the percentage of soluble solids, and the enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in cherry flesh were measured from the color transition stage to the harvest stage. The expression levels of genes related to ripening, softening, and sugar synthesis in fruits were also measured in the harvest stage. 【Results】 Each supplementary light treatment caused the dynamic change of endogenous hormones in the fruit earlier than control, and promoted the fruit development and maturation process of the two varieties. The comprehensive effect of LED light treatment was the best, resulting in the changing process of endogenous hormones GAS and ABA in the fruit earlier than control. Supplementary light treatments also increased the TSS contents of two cherry cultivars at harvest time. LED light treatments had the most significant effect on improving TSS content, which made the TSS of Zhujiduanbing fruit reach 17.63%, and made the TSS of Heizhenzhu fruit reach 14.67%. The increase of sucrose synthase activity in the fruit of each supplementary light treatment was earlier than control, thus promoting the accumulation of sugar in the fruit. Among them, LED supplementary light treatments had the most obvious promotion effect. LED 36 W treatment made the sucrose synthase vitality of Zhujiduanbing fruit reach a peak 3 days before harvest, which was 69.17% higher than the control during the same period, and increased the sucrose synthase activity of Heizhenzhu fruit by 18.75% compared to control during harvest. Overall, LED 36 W treatment had the best effect, and gene expression levels were measured for this treatment. It was found that the expression of the ABA synthase gene NCED1 was significantly higher with LED 36 W treatment than that with control, which regulated the levels of endogenous hormones related to fruit ripening at the molecular level. The relative expression levels of polygalacturonase gene PG1 and xylanase gene XYL1, which can regulate cell wall degradation, were also significantly higher with this treatment than those with the control, indicating that this treatment could promote fruit softening by positively regulating the process of cell wall degradation. The determination of anthocyanin synthesis pathway genes PAL, CHS, ANS and transcription factor MYB10 in the pericarp during harvest showed that the expression levels of CHS, ANS and MYB10 in Zhujiduanbing pericarp treated with LED 36 W were significantly higher than the control. And in Heizhenzhu pericarp, the expression levels of all four genes with LED 36 W treatment were significantly higher than those with the control. LED 36 W treatment activated the synthesis of anthocyanins in cherry pericarp by activating high-level expression of synthesis pathway genes and transcription factors at the molecular level, thereby promoting the coloring of cherry pericarp. The relative expression levels of sucrose synthase genes SS1, SS6 and sucrose phosphate synthase gene SPSA1 in fruit during harvest were also analyzed. The results showed that with the two cherry cultivars, LED 36 W treatment significantly increased the expression level of SS1 gene in fruit compared to the control, indicating that SS1 played a major role in responding to supplementary light treatment. LED 36 W treatment positively regulated the synthesis of sucrose synthase by activating the expression of SS1, thereby promoting sugar accumulation in cherry fruits through sucrose synthase. 【Conclusion】 All supplementary light treatments promoted the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones during cherry fruit ripening, and increased the level of soluble solids content in the fruit. Among them, LED (36 W, RB 6∶1) supplementary light treatment could advance the endogenous hormone change process of two Chinese cherry cultivars by 3 to 9 days, increase the activity of sucrose synthase in the fruit by more than 18.75% compared to the control during the same period, and significantly improve the expression of genes related to fruit ripening and softening, sugar synthesis, and anthocyanin synthesis at the molecular level, which had the best effect on promoting cherry ripening and improving fruit quality. It is worthy of application and promotion in cherry practical production.
Key words: Cherry; Supplemental light; LED; Ripeness; Sugar accumulation
中國(guó)櫻桃(Prunus pseudocerasus L.)是薔薇科李亞科李屬植物,起源于中國(guó),是世界四大櫻桃栽培種之一[1],果實(shí)富含多種維生素和礦質(zhì)元素[2],深受消費(fèi)者的喜愛(ài)。在浙江省等中國(guó)南方地區(qū)櫻桃生產(chǎn)中,廣泛采用設(shè)施栽培以減輕高溫多雨環(huán)境對(duì)櫻桃生長(zhǎng)的影響[3]。傳統(tǒng)設(shè)施栽培可以調(diào)控環(huán)境因子,但相對(duì)于自然條件還存在設(shè)施環(huán)境下光照度弱、光照時(shí)間短、光照分布不均[4]等問(wèn)題。光照條件不足會(huì)導(dǎo)致作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)受限[5]、果實(shí)發(fā)育緩慢[6]。因此,通過(guò)人工補(bǔ)光技術(shù)改善設(shè)施栽培的光照條件,對(duì)于調(diào)節(jié)作物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、提高產(chǎn)量、改善果實(shí)品質(zhì)等具有重要的實(shí)踐意義[7-9]。目前關(guān)于中國(guó)櫻桃設(shè)施栽培中的補(bǔ)光技術(shù)研究尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。
研究表明,光照條件是影響植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程的重要環(huán)境因子[10],光照不僅為光合作用提供能量以促進(jìn)植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng),還影響植物生殖生長(zhǎng)的整個(gè)階段,參與調(diào)控作物品質(zhì)形成等諸多方面[11-13]。目前,在蔬菜和柑橘等果樹(shù)的設(shè)施栽培中,傳統(tǒng)光源和LED新型光源的補(bǔ)光技術(shù)對(duì)有效延長(zhǎng)光照時(shí)間、調(diào)控光質(zhì)具有積極作用,能夠促進(jìn)果實(shí)的發(fā)育成熟,并提升其產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[14-16]。此外,LED補(bǔ)光光源還能夠影響作物的內(nèi)源激素含量,顯著提高葡萄、水稻等作物的產(chǎn)量和抗逆性[17-18]。光照環(huán)境差是影響浙江省櫻桃生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題,當(dāng)?shù)卮杭久酚昙竟?jié)降水量大,連續(xù)陰雨天氣和避雨栽培所使用的薄膜等材料對(duì)設(shè)施透光率的影響,導(dǎo)致櫻桃果實(shí)發(fā)育過(guò)程中自然光照條件不足,果實(shí)品質(zhì)與產(chǎn)量受到影響。因此,開(kāi)發(fā)合適的人工補(bǔ)光技術(shù)改善光照環(huán)境是櫻桃生產(chǎn)中的迫切需求,該技術(shù)能有效提高設(shè)施內(nèi)光照度,有利于促進(jìn)果實(shí)發(fā)育成熟,增產(chǎn)增收。
諸暨短柄與黑珍珠是浙江省中國(guó)櫻桃主栽品種[19],筆者在本研究中以諸暨短柄與黑珍珠為試驗(yàn)材料,選擇傳統(tǒng)白熾燈、商品補(bǔ)光燈“G101型激光植物生長(zhǎng)燈”與紅藍(lán)光LED燈作為補(bǔ)光處理手段,探究不同的補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)果實(shí)成熟和糖分積累的影響,以期為開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)施栽培櫻桃補(bǔ)光技術(shù)提供理論參考依據(jù)。
1 材料和方法
1.1 供試材料
試驗(yàn)于2022年4月在浙江省杭州市桐廬縣櫻桃園進(jìn)行。供試品種為設(shè)施栽培的中國(guó)櫻桃諸暨短柄和黑珍珠。諸暨短柄櫻桃是由浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院等單位從中國(guó)櫻桃地方品種中選育出的優(yōu)株,1992年通過(guò)品種審定。黑珍珠櫻桃是中國(guó)櫻桃的芽變優(yōu)株,1993年由重慶南方果樹(shù)研究所選出。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
補(bǔ)光光源采用4種不同的補(bǔ)光燈類(lèi)型:LED燈(36 W,RB 6∶1)、LED燈(50 W,RB 6∶1)、G101型激光植物生長(zhǎng)燈(12 W,RB 2∶1)和白熾燈(36W),以不補(bǔ)光為對(duì)照(CK)。補(bǔ)光燈間距3 m,距離樹(shù)頂高度50 cm,地表鋪設(shè)反光膜。補(bǔ)光時(shí)間設(shè)置為晴天每天05:00—10:00、16:00—19:30,陰雨天每天05:00—19:30。
1.3 測(cè)定方法
于2022年4月13—21日兩種供試材料果實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)色期至采收期,間隔3~6 d取樣,每次取樣隨機(jī)選取各處理3株植株共9個(gè)果實(shí),用高效液相色譜法測(cè)定果肉GAS、IAA、ABA含量,3次重復(fù),取平均值。用手持糖度計(jì)測(cè)定可溶性固形物含量。POD、SS、SPS酶活性的測(cè)定參照Solarbio公司的試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行。
櫻桃果皮與果實(shí)總RNA的提取采用優(yōu)化的CTAB-LiCl法,合成cDNA第一鏈參照Beyotime公司的反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行。根據(jù)NCBI上查找到的同源性較高的櫻桃的NCED1、PG1、XYL1、PAL、CHS、DFR、ANS、UFGT、MYB10、Riant、SS1、SS6與SPSA1,利用Primer 5.0軟件設(shè)計(jì)特異引物(表1),使用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量RT-PCR測(cè)定櫻桃在采收期各基因的表達(dá)量。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
采用Excel 2013進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)初步處理,采用SPSS 18.0進(jìn)行差異顯著性分析(p<0.05)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程的影響
2.1.1? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)單果質(zhì)量變化的影響? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)櫻桃的果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量增加具有促進(jìn)作用(表2)。其中LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理效果最好,使兩個(gè)品種中國(guó)櫻桃果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量上升幅度大、采收期單果質(zhì)量高。該處理下諸暨短柄單果質(zhì)量在采收期達(dá)到2.91 g,比對(duì)照組高18.29%,黑珍珠單果質(zhì)量在采收期達(dá)到2.48 g,比對(duì)照組高23.38%。
2.1.2? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素含量的影響? ? 內(nèi)源激素含量是標(biāo)志成熟進(jìn)程的重要指標(biāo),研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)櫻桃品種果實(shí)發(fā)育后期,果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素GAS/IAA/ABA總體呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)兩個(gè)品種櫻桃的內(nèi)源激素含量動(dòng)態(tài)變化進(jìn)程具有不同程度的促進(jìn)作用(圖1)。在諸暨短柄果實(shí)中,內(nèi)源GAs與ABA含量在采收前持續(xù)上升,兩種LED補(bǔ)光燈與G101型激光植物生長(zhǎng)燈處理的果實(shí)中GAS與ABA含量在采收前9 d內(nèi)持續(xù)高于對(duì)照組。而LED補(bǔ)光處理的果實(shí)IAA含量上升在采收前9 d達(dá)到最高點(diǎn),隨后波動(dòng),比對(duì)照組和其他補(bǔ)光處理提前6 d左右。在黑珍珠果實(shí)中,LED補(bǔ)光燈與G101型激光植物生長(zhǎng)燈處理的3種內(nèi)源激素含量上升也均提前于對(duì)照組,其中GAS含量在采收前3 d達(dá)到高點(diǎn)并波動(dòng),比對(duì)照組早3 d以上。整體上,各補(bǔ)光處理使果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素動(dòng)態(tài)變化趨勢(shì)提早于對(duì)照組,促進(jìn)了兩個(gè)品種的果實(shí)發(fā)育成熟進(jìn)程,其中LED補(bǔ)光處理綜合效果較好。
2.1.3? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)櫻桃成熟軟化相關(guān)基因的影響? ? 根據(jù)內(nèi)源激素動(dòng)態(tài),選擇促進(jìn)果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程效果最明顯、兩個(gè)櫻桃品種均具有的LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理組,進(jìn)行成熟軟化相關(guān)基因檢測(cè),與對(duì)照組進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理在基因水平上促進(jìn)了兩個(gè)品種果實(shí)的成熟和軟化(圖2)。采收期果實(shí)中ABA合成酶基因NCED1在LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理后表達(dá)量顯著高于自然光照對(duì)照組,在分子層面調(diào)控果實(shí)成熟相關(guān)的內(nèi)源激素水平。而調(diào)控細(xì)胞壁降解的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因PG1、木聚糖酶基因XYL1在該處理下相對(duì)表達(dá)量也顯著高于對(duì)照,表明補(bǔ)光處理能夠通過(guò)正向調(diào)控細(xì)胞壁降解進(jìn)程促進(jìn)果實(shí)的軟化。
2.1.4? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)果皮花青素合成的影響? ? 果皮著色也是櫻桃果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程的重要指標(biāo),LED 36 W補(bǔ)光燈處理對(duì)兩種櫻桃果皮花青素合成均具有明顯促進(jìn)效果,對(duì)果皮著色起積極影響(圖3)。通過(guò)檢測(cè)采收期果皮中花青素合成與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑基因PAL、CHS、DFR、ANS、UFGT、Riant與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子MYB10,發(fā)現(xiàn)在諸暨短柄果皮中,LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理使CHS、ANS、Riant與MYB10表達(dá)量顯著高于對(duì)照組。而在黑珍珠果皮中,該處理使PAL、CHS、ANS、Riant與MYB10表達(dá)量均顯著高于對(duì)照組。LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理通過(guò)在分子層面激活合成途徑基因和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的高水平表達(dá),啟動(dòng)果皮中花青素的合成,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)櫻桃果皮的著色。
2.1.5? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)果實(shí)過(guò)氧化物酶活性的影響? ? 過(guò)氧化物酶POD作為活性氧清除劑在果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中發(fā)揮協(xié)調(diào)作用,與細(xì)胞內(nèi)的活性氧生成之間保持著平衡,筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)POD活性在兩個(gè)品種櫻桃果實(shí)發(fā)育后期呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì),黑珍珠POD活性整體高于諸暨短柄(表3)。各補(bǔ)光處理下果實(shí)POD活性的下降不同程度地提早于對(duì)照組,兩種功率LED補(bǔ)光燈處理的POD活性下降最早,在采收前9 d內(nèi)持續(xù)低于同時(shí)期對(duì)照組。在諸暨短柄果實(shí)中,其他補(bǔ)光處理果實(shí)的POD活性下降到兩種LED補(bǔ)光處理的水平在時(shí)間上滯后9 d左右,而在黑珍珠果實(shí)中,G101處理POD活性下降在前期比LED 36 W處理滯后6 d左右,在采收前3 d則加速下降,在采收期達(dá)到與LED 36 W處理相同的水平。這在酶活性動(dòng)態(tài)變化層面體現(xiàn)出果實(shí)發(fā)育成熟的進(jìn)程被補(bǔ)光處理所促進(jìn),其中兩種功率LED補(bǔ)光處理的促進(jìn)效果最明顯。
2.2 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)果實(shí)糖分積累的影響
2.2.1? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)果實(shí)可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的影響? ? 各補(bǔ)光處理不同程度地提高了兩個(gè)品種櫻桃果實(shí)采收期TSS含量,以紅藍(lán)光比例6∶1的LED補(bǔ)光光源效果最好(圖4)。LED 50 W補(bǔ)光燈處理對(duì)諸暨短柄果實(shí)TSS含量的提高效果最明顯,使果實(shí)采收期TSS含量達(dá)到17.63%,顯著高于對(duì)照組的15.30%。而LED 36 W補(bǔ)光燈處理對(duì)黑珍珠果實(shí)TSS含量的提高效果最明顯,使果實(shí)采收期TSS含量達(dá)到14.67%,顯著高于對(duì)照組的12.03%。
2.2.2? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性的影響? ? 果實(shí)糖分合成與蔗糖合成相關(guān)酶密切相關(guān),SS活性在櫻桃果實(shí)發(fā)育后期上升,并在采收前到達(dá)高點(diǎn)。各補(bǔ)光處理組果實(shí)SS活性在采收前3 d內(nèi)均顯著高于同時(shí)期對(duì)照組,促進(jìn)了果實(shí)糖分積累(表4)。其中LED補(bǔ)光處理的促進(jìn)效果最明顯,LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理使諸暨短柄果實(shí)SS活性上升較早,在采收前9 d開(kāi)始高于對(duì)照組與其他補(bǔ)光處理,并快速升高,在采收前3 d達(dá)到高點(diǎn),比同時(shí)期對(duì)照組高69.17%。而LED 50 W補(bǔ)光處理SS活性達(dá)到高點(diǎn)較晚,在采收期SS活性最高,比同時(shí)期對(duì)照組高21.14%。黑珍珠果實(shí)發(fā)育后期SS活性整體水平稍高于諸暨短柄,但到達(dá)高點(diǎn)較晚,在采收前整體保持上升。LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理使黑珍珠果實(shí)SS活性上升較快,在采收期比對(duì)照組提高18.75%。
2.2.3? ? 補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性的影響? ? 在兩個(gè)櫻桃品種果實(shí)發(fā)育后期,SPS活性均沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出明顯的變化規(guī)律,黑珍珠SPS活性整體高于諸暨短柄(表5)。LED 36W補(bǔ)光處理使黑珍珠果實(shí)SPS活性在采收前9 d內(nèi)持續(xù)高于同時(shí)期對(duì)照組與其他補(bǔ)光處理,采收期SPS活性比對(duì)照組高35.79%。而在諸暨短柄果實(shí)中,各處理組在果實(shí)發(fā)育后期SPS活性均普遍保持較低水平。
2.2.4? ? 對(duì)蔗糖合成相關(guān)基因的影響? ? 根據(jù)果實(shí)TSS與蔗糖合成相關(guān)酶活性,選擇促進(jìn)果實(shí)糖分積累效果最明顯、兩個(gè)櫻桃品種均具有的LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理組,進(jìn)行蔗糖合成相關(guān)基因檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理在基因水平上促進(jìn)了兩個(gè)品種的果實(shí)糖分積累(圖5)。分析采收期果實(shí)中與糖合成相關(guān)的蔗糖合成酶基因SS1、SS6與蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因SPSA1的相對(duì)表達(dá)量,結(jié)果表明,在兩個(gè)品種中,LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理使果實(shí)中SS1基因表達(dá)量顯著高于對(duì)照組,而SS6與SPSA1表達(dá)量在不同處理之間無(wú)明顯差異,表明SS1在響應(yīng)補(bǔ)光處理這一過(guò)程中起主要作用。此結(jié)果與前文對(duì)SS與SPS的研究結(jié)果相符,即補(bǔ)光處理主要通過(guò)激活SS1的表達(dá)正向調(diào)控SS的合成,進(jìn)而通過(guò)SS促進(jìn)櫻桃果實(shí)的糖分積累。
3 討 論
人工補(bǔ)光處理可以縮短園藝作物果實(shí)發(fā)育期,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)品提早成熟上市,提高設(shè)施園藝生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益[20]。在影響果實(shí)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育與成熟進(jìn)程的諸多因素中,內(nèi)源激素起著重要的調(diào)控作用,赤霉素和生長(zhǎng)素在果實(shí)品質(zhì)形成過(guò)程中,促進(jìn)了果肉細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和體積增大,脫落酸則對(duì)果實(shí)的成熟軟化具有重要的調(diào)控作用。內(nèi)源激素對(duì)果實(shí)發(fā)育的影響,在葡萄[21]、梨[22]等果樹(shù)上已有研究,甜櫻桃果實(shí)發(fā)育成熟過(guò)程中內(nèi)源激素動(dòng)態(tài)變化也有報(bào)道[23-24]。筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),兩種中國(guó)櫻桃果實(shí)發(fā)育后期內(nèi)源激素動(dòng)態(tài)變化趨勢(shì)與前人在甜櫻桃中的研究成果基本一致,GAS、IAA、ABA含量總體呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),并在采收前達(dá)到高點(diǎn)。補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)兩個(gè)品種櫻桃的內(nèi)源激素動(dòng)態(tài)變化進(jìn)程具有不同程度的促進(jìn)作用,使激素達(dá)到高點(diǎn)的時(shí)間提前于對(duì)照組,表明補(bǔ)光促進(jìn)了櫻桃果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程。在前人對(duì)補(bǔ)光調(diào)控果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)夜間補(bǔ)光在提高葡萄果實(shí)IAA和GA3含量的同時(shí),還能降低ABA含量[25]。而本研究中細(xì)化了內(nèi)源激素測(cè)定時(shí)間點(diǎn),以呈現(xiàn)激素水平的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,在單一時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)中補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)內(nèi)源激素水平的影響與前人研究不完全一致。其原因可能包含了不同物種果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素調(diào)控的差異以及取樣測(cè)定時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)不同等因素,有待進(jìn)一步探究。
果實(shí)的成熟軟化過(guò)程在基因?qū)用媸艿椒肿泳W(wǎng)絡(luò)的調(diào)控,研究主要圍繞調(diào)控軟化過(guò)程的植物激素ABA的合成途徑基因,以及細(xì)胞壁降解相關(guān)酶類(lèi)合成基因。NCED是ABA合成途徑中的限速酶,對(duì)于果實(shí)的成熟具有重要的作用[26]。在番茄中沉默SlNCED1會(huì)延緩果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程[27],桃的NCED2/3基因也正向調(diào)控果實(shí)成熟[28]。筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),兩個(gè)中國(guó)櫻桃品種采收期果實(shí)中NCED1相對(duì)表達(dá)量在LED 36W補(bǔ)光處理后均顯著高于自然光照對(duì)照組,表明其在分子層面調(diào)控了果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素水平,促進(jìn)了果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因PG是可合成分解果膠或果膠酸酶類(lèi)基因中的一種,而木聚糖酶基因XYL是合成降解半纖維素的木聚糖酶的主要酶類(lèi),二者通過(guò)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞壁的降解直接調(diào)控果實(shí)軟化過(guò)程[29]。在本研究中,兩個(gè)品種中國(guó)櫻桃果實(shí)采收期的PG1、XYL1相對(duì)表達(dá)量在LED 36W補(bǔ)光處理后均顯著高于對(duì)照組,表明補(bǔ)光處理在基因調(diào)控層面還能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞壁的降解促進(jìn)櫻桃果實(shí)的軟化,與前人研究結(jié)果一致[29]。
花青素的生物合成也會(huì)受到光照環(huán)境的影響,補(bǔ)光處理會(huì)顯著提高蘋(píng)果等多種果樹(shù)果實(shí)果皮中的花青素含量[30-31]。PAL、CHS、DFR、ANS、UFGT與MYB10是果皮花青素合成途徑的關(guān)鍵基因和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[32-34],調(diào)控谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶(GST)合成的Riant基因則在花青素從內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)至液泡的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程發(fā)揮作用[35]。筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),這些花青素合成與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑基因不同程度地被LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理激活高水平表達(dá),與前人研究成果基本一致。糖積累也在果實(shí)發(fā)育和品質(zhì)形成過(guò)程中起著重要的作用,SS與SPS是參與蔗糖合成的關(guān)鍵酶,在甜櫻桃中也被證實(shí)參與糖分合成[36]。在本研究中,LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理均顯著地提高了果實(shí)SS活性和SPS活性。而對(duì)基因?qū)用娴难芯縿t發(fā)現(xiàn),調(diào)控SS合成的SS1基因在補(bǔ)光促進(jìn)兩種中國(guó)櫻桃果實(shí)糖分積累這一過(guò)程中起主要作用,與在甜櫻桃中對(duì)SS基因家族的研究結(jié)果基本一致。
筆者在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),促進(jìn)果實(shí)發(fā)育整體效果最好的處理是LED 36 W補(bǔ)光處理,該方法使櫻桃果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程整體提早于對(duì)照組,并提高了果實(shí)糖分積累相關(guān)指標(biāo)。同時(shí),由于諸暨短柄果實(shí)成熟期稍早于黑珍珠,因而在內(nèi)源激素和酶活性動(dòng)態(tài)變化的過(guò)程中,同期兩個(gè)品種存在差異,如何針對(duì)具體品種適配補(bǔ)光措施尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
開(kāi)發(fā)與設(shè)施栽培相配套的補(bǔ)光處理技術(shù)能夠促進(jìn)櫻桃果實(shí)成熟與糖分積累,提升果實(shí)品質(zhì),值得進(jìn)行深入研究并推廣應(yīng)用。
4 結(jié) 論
人工補(bǔ)光處理對(duì)設(shè)施栽培櫻桃果實(shí)成熟與糖分積累具有促進(jìn)作用。LED補(bǔ)光燈(36 W,RB 6∶1)處理能夠促進(jìn)果實(shí)內(nèi)源激素變化進(jìn)程,并在基因?qū)用娲龠M(jìn)果實(shí)軟化、果皮著色并提高果實(shí)糖分合成能力。該方案能夠通過(guò)改善設(shè)施栽培中的光照環(huán)境有效提高果實(shí)綜合品質(zhì),值得進(jìn)行深入研究并推進(jìn)其在浙江省櫻桃產(chǎn)業(yè)中的應(yīng)用。
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收稿日期:2023-03-31 接受日期:2023-07-30
基金項(xiàng)目:浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)新品種選育重大科技專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(2021C02066-9)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:李都岳,女,助理研究員,博士,從事櫻桃新品種選育與栽培技術(shù)研究。Tel:18810518803,E-mail:mlea@qq.com
通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:0571-86058831,E-mail:wyjwjht@163.com