鄭力瑋
任務驅動教學法是一種以建構主義教學理論為基礎的教學方法,是以學生為學習主體,以教師為引導者,以情境為教學支撐,以任務和問題作為教學動力,注重知識技能、遷移能力的提升,促進學生全面發(fā)展的一種新型教學方式。牛津譯林版英語教材八(上)Unit7閱讀版塊Seasons of the year的主題為人與自然,體裁為詩歌,內(nèi)容上呈現(xiàn)了冬、春、夏、秋四季景物的變化。詩歌雖短但富有韻律美、語言美和意象美。筆者將任務驅動法運用到閱讀版塊Seasons of the year的教學中,用明確的任務引導學生學習詩歌,通過任務的層層推進,讓學生真正走近詩歌,感受詩歌之美,成為詩歌的創(chuàng)作者。
【教學目標】
到本節(jié)課結束時,學生能夠:
1.熟悉詩歌中描述四季的詞和短語;
2.掌握簡單的詩歌朗讀技巧;
3.識別詩中的韻律,運用韻律完成詩歌選段的半開放創(chuàng)作,以及初步創(chuàng)作出有韻律的詩歌;
4.識別出詩中的擬人修辭手法并初步了解另外兩種修辭手法(重復和明喻)。
【教學片段】
一、情境導入,驅動任務興趣
筆者挑選了能顯示季節(jié)特色的四張圖片,讓學生從天氣、活動、衣著、食物等角度推測圖片所屬季節(jié),在引入話題的同時也處理了部分生詞,在情境中激發(fā)了學生的學習興趣。
T: Which season is it in the first picture?
S: Winter.
T: Why?
S: There is snow.
T: Great. What else can you tell? Are they wearing T-shirt?
S: No. They are wearing warm clothes.
T: Wonderful. They are wearing warm clothes because the temperature drops(生詞). So we can know the season from the weather (板書).
隨后,筆者呈現(xiàn)古詩《春曉》的中英文版本,設置任務引導學生關注韻腳,復習韻律的概念。
T: What is special about two poems? Pay attention to the words in red.
Ss: Ya yun(押韻).
T: Excellent! You found rhymes. So we can say lying rhymes with...?
Ss: Lying rhymes with crying.
T: What other rhymes can you find?
Ss: Showers rhymes with flower.
T: What about the Chinese poem?
Ss: 曉rhymes with鳥.
T: Good job! So we can say words rhyme if the last syllables make the same or similar sound.
二、以學生為主體,驅動自主學習
首次執(zhí)教時,筆者通過問題鏈的方式引導學生關注詩節(jié)的韻律和修辭手法。朗讀時,教師領讀,學生模仿。第二次執(zhí)教時,除了常規(guī)的問題鏈,筆者還增設了多樣的任務。比如,筆者讓學生根據(jù)文本選擇適合的背景音樂,提高學生的參與度;在朗讀環(huán)節(jié),筆者邀請學生朗讀并請學生點評;在賞析詩歌時,筆者引導學生自己逐步總結出朗讀技巧(read slowly, loudly, clearly, emotionally)。
T: Can you find rhymes here?
S: Days rhymes with shade.
S: Pool rhymes with cool.
T: Wonderful. Would you please try to read the part slowly and loudly?
(Students read together.)
T: You did a good job. After reading it, which music do you think fits the poem better?
Ss: The second.
T: Why? What did you hear?
S1: The quiet stream.
T: How did you feel about this part? Whats summer like in poets eyes? (Can you find some adjectives? )
Ss: Sweet. Lazy. Cool.
T: Pay attention to the word lazy. When will you use the word?
S: I am lazy.
T: Well done. We normally use the adjective to describe a person. When we use it to describe things or animals, we also call it personification. Now close your eyes and feel the season first. This time, try to read emotionally and add your feelings.
三、有效輸入,驅動任務輸出
首次執(zhí)教時,筆者選取了五段詩歌選節(jié)挖空,鼓勵學生通過韻律判斷空格內(nèi)需要填寫的詞匯。這樣的方式雖然看起來輸入量很大,但是角度單一,只涵蓋一種修辭手法。另外,詩歌選節(jié)無關信息較多,涉及的生詞影響了學生閱讀。第二次執(zhí)教時,筆者選取了四段詩歌選節(jié)并進行適當精簡,選節(jié)涵蓋課內(nèi)的擬人修辭手法和新增的比喻、重復修辭手法。雖是新增內(nèi)容,但任務難度符合學情,學生很快就能完成任務。
The lonely tree said to himself, “ ”
Woke up to find himself wearing white.
T: Which word should we fill in? Why?
S: Night.
S: Good night! Because it rhymes with white. And the tree woke up next day.
T: Wonderful. Any figure of speech?
S: Personification.
T: How do you know that?
S: The tree is lonely.
T: Great. Any other word to show personification?
S: Woke up. That is what I do every morning.
S: Wearing white.
在學生正式創(chuàng)作詩歌之前,筆者還通過圖片激活學生腦內(nèi)的四季印象,在導學案中增補韻腳相同的常見詞匯,通過提問引導學生運用導學案中的詞匯進行簡單的詩句創(chuàng)作,為接下來的詩歌創(chuàng)作做好鋪墊。
T: What can we do during the summer? Walk by...?
S: Walk by the stream and eat ice cream.
T: Sit on the beach and have a ...? (肢體語言表明睡覺)
S: Have a nice dream!
T: Awesome! We have already created a short poem together!
四、多元評價,驅動任務延伸
寫作的完成并不意味著教學任務的結束。首次執(zhí)教時,筆者在詩歌的展示和評價環(huán)節(jié)以教師的評價為主,且缺少對主題意義的思考和串聯(lián)。第二次執(zhí)教時,筆者將評價前置,讓學生有據(jù)可循,并且在評價部分采用生生互評、師生共評的方式。
Checklist
1.Choose one season to write at least 2 lines.
2.Your poem should at least have one rhyme(押韻).
3.Try to use one figure of speech(修辭手法).
學生作品1
Summer is like a dream,
With the views of a stream.
Go swimming as a team,
And lose myself in ice cream.
T: Lets look at the checklist and this poem. Does this poem show us the season?
Ss: Summer.
T: Does the poem have any rhymes?
Ss: Dream and stream; team and ice cream.
T: Very good. Lets see the last one. Does the poem have one figure of speech?
Ss: Simile. Summer is like a dream.
T: Awesome. Could we add one more figure of speech? Maybe repetition?
Ss: Just write down the first sentence twice.
T: Well done. Now you know how to use the checklist. Anyone wants to try to assess others poems?
【教學反思】
英文詩歌要讀什么?如何讓學生主動學習詩歌甚至創(chuàng)作詩歌?這些都是執(zhí)教者在教學前需要思考的問題。傳統(tǒng)的英文詩歌教學的重點在詞匯、句型和韻律的學習上,而忽略了詩歌的意象美和語言美,學生較難產(chǎn)生可遷移的結構化知識。
任務驅動教學法是以任務為明線,以培養(yǎng)學生的知識與技能為暗線的教學方法。運用任務驅動法的課堂可以形成更合理的課堂結構,讓學生有更充足的時間開展自主學習,從而實現(xiàn)教與學的有效配合。
經(jīng)過具體的教學實踐后,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)任務設置、任務實施、激勵評價等方面存在問題。初次執(zhí)教時,筆者急于求成。在教學目標模糊的情況下,設置任務的難度和梯度出現(xiàn)偏差,導致教學任務斷層。同時,因學生主體地位的缺失,產(chǎn)出部分不盡如人意。因此,筆者圍繞文本材料和課堂生成效果進行分析和研討,從以下幾個方面進行了改進:細化教學目標,遞進教學任務;強化學生主體,多元激勵評價;提煉詩歌主題,提供有效輸入。最終,課堂的互動和產(chǎn)出環(huán)節(jié)都呈現(xiàn)出良好的效果。
當然,任務驅動法在實際運用中仍存在一些不足。由于詩歌的可探討性極強,教師很難面面俱到。任務設計流程和流程設置也容易出現(xiàn)偏差。另外,學生的層次水平不一,如何設計出貼合各個層次學生水平的任務也是一個難題,如何實現(xiàn)課堂聚焦也是教師需要關注的問題。
總之,雖然還有需要繼續(xù)探索、改進的地方,但運用任務驅動法的初中英語詩歌教學可以有效激發(fā)學生對詩歌學習的興趣,發(fā)揮學生主體地位,讓學生在任務遞進中感受詩歌美,感悟四季美,感恩生活美。<
(作者單位:江蘇省南京市中華中學初中部)