袁小林?于弟
2022年英語(yǔ)高考(全國(guó)乙卷)完形填空題中有如下幾句:
We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each 47 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 48. We then asked the child if she could 49or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn't.
47.A. parentB. childC. researcherD. doctor
48. A. feetB. noseC. hands D. ears
49. A. seeB. helpC. reachD. fool
答案是:47. B48. D49. A
意思是:我們把二至四歲的孩子帶到我們南加州大學(xué)思維發(fā)展實(shí)驗(yàn)室。每個(gè)孩子和一個(gè)成人坐下,成人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。然后我們問孩子能否看到成人或聽見成人聲音。令人吃驚的是,孩子們回答不能。
此完形填空后面還有一句:
Our 59suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism.
59.A. limitations?B. requirements
C. theoriesD. findings
答案是D。意思是:我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明當(dāng)一個(gè)孩子把毯子蓋在頭上“藏起來(lái)”時(shí),這并不是自我主義的結(jié)果。
有同學(xué)問:文中為什么用her/she指代 adult和 child?
有趣的問題,為什么?
有同學(xué)說(shuō):是不是這里的adult是女性、child也是女孩?
的確,文中講到帶二至四歲的孩子做實(shí)驗(yàn),并安排成年人配合。一般情況下,被邀請(qǐng)來(lái)參加試驗(yàn)的,應(yīng)該是一些女性而非男性,因?yàn)榕耘惆橛變焊线m。但此信息不需要在文中說(shuō)明。因此文中用her來(lái)指代 adult就“無(wú)形”中說(shuō)明了。
還要一種情況:傳統(tǒng)英語(yǔ)中指代性別不明的人如adult, child時(shí)。一般選擇使用he/him。如:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, he can get good advice from this website. (如果你的孩子正考慮間隔年,他可以從這個(gè)網(wǎng)站得到好的建議。)
后來(lái)西方女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)興起,用he/him指代所有孩子,被女權(quán)主義者認(rèn)為是性別歧視。為了避免性別歧視,這個(gè)句子通常表述為:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, he or she can get good advice from this website.
人們覺得he or she的表達(dá)比較啰嗦,又常表述為:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, they can get good advice from this website.
這樣避免了性別歧視,也很流行。但又被批評(píng)單復(fù)數(shù)不一致,違反語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。
于是,人們想到遇到性別不明的人時(shí),最好一律用女性來(lái)指代。
If your child is thinking about a gap year, she can get good advice from this website.
所以這篇完形填空用中her/she來(lái)指代adult和child。又如:
When a teacher takes her students on a field trip, she is responsible to bring every one of them safely back to school with her.
當(dāng)老師帶學(xué)生戶外旅行時(shí),有責(zé)任把每個(gè)學(xué)生安全帶回學(xué)校。
這是英語(yǔ)人稱代詞的妙用,也是其背后隱藏的信息。
人稱代詞不僅僅是代詞而已,其背后常含有許多信息。類似的情況還有:
一、人稱代詞he/she 或him/her 指代動(dòng)物
he/him指代雄性動(dòng)物或龐大而威猛之物(也包括無(wú)生命物);
she/her指代雌性動(dòng)物或柔弱而優(yōu)美之物(也包括無(wú)生命物)。如:
The fierce tiger came at the monkey, but he missed her.
兇猛的老虎撲向猴子,但沒有撲到。
We didn't know it was a she until it had kittens.
直到生了小貓,我們才知道這只貓是母的。
Be careful of that dog, he sometimes bites.
當(dāng)心那條狗,它(公狗)有時(shí)會(huì)咬人。
二、人稱代詞she可指代說(shuō)話人喜愛或有感情的東西,比如國(guó)家、城市、學(xué)校、輪船、車輛、月亮。如:
We love our mother land. We hope she will be stronger and more beautiful.
我們熱愛祖國(guó)。我們希望她更強(qiáng)大更美麗。
China will always mean what she has promised to do.
中國(guó)一向遵守自己的承諾。
She was Titanic, a ship which was said never to sink.
她就是泰坦尼克號(hào),據(jù)說(shuō)是一艘永不會(huì)沉的船。
A nice car! How much did she cost?
很漂亮的車!花了多少錢?
The moon loses her brilliance when the sun makes his appearance.
太陽(yáng)一出來(lái),月亮就失去了光輝。
三、人稱代詞he 有時(shí)指代任何人,相當(dāng)于anyone。如:
He that travels far knows much.
遠(yuǎn)行見識(shí)廣。
He who doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。
No one remains what he is when he recognizes himself.
當(dāng)一個(gè)人認(rèn)清自己時(shí),就不再是他原來(lái)的自己了。
To find a friend, one must close one eye. To keep him, two.
想找到朋友,一個(gè)人得閉上一只眼。想留住朋友,的閉上雙眼。
四、人稱代詞we, you, they有時(shí)并不指具體哪些人,泛指所有人。如:
Actually we all make mistakes.
事實(shí)上每個(gè)人都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。
You can never tell what they will do next.
誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)他們下一步要干什么。
You lead a horse to a river, but you cannot make him drink.
領(lǐng)馬到河邊易,逼馬飲水難。
They say prices are going to increase again.
據(jù)說(shuō)物價(jià)又要上漲。
五、人稱代詞it也指代不知道性別或不清楚身份的人。如:
Go and see who it is that knocks at the door.
去看看究竟是誰(shuí)在敲門。
Her baby is due next month. She hopes it will be a boy.
她的孩子下個(gè)月出生。她希望是個(gè)男孩。
Someone must have come this morning, but we don't know who it is.
上午一定有人來(lái)過(guò),但我們不知道是誰(shuí)。
We saw a tall man stand up and shake hands with Anna. It was the general manager.
我們看見一個(gè)高個(gè)子站起來(lái)和安娜握手。(原來(lái))是總經(jīng)理。
六、it 還可以指代時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、天氣、距離、抽象事物或某種情況等等。如:
It's over 200 miles from London to Manchester.
從倫敦到曼徹斯特有200多英里。
Can you believe she's forgotten it's my birthday today?
你相信她忘了今天是我的生日嗎?
It was very wet and windy the day I drove to my hometown.
我開車回家鄉(xiāng)那天風(fēng)雨交加。
It's said that stress will cause sleeplessness.
據(jù)說(shuō)壓力大會(huì)引起失眠。
人稱代詞并非總是字面意義,有時(shí)含有某些隱藏的意義,需要我們根據(jù)上下文和英語(yǔ)的文化習(xí)慣去正確理解。