肖莉英　付佳琪

駁論型議論文是議論文的一種形式。這種議論文是以駁斥某種觀點為主的議論文，常常通過否認對方的觀點來樹立起自己的觀點，并闡明自己的理由。破立結(jié)合是駁論型議論文的顯著特點。具體來說，一般是先指出對方錯誤的實質(zhì)，或直接批駁（駁論點），或間接批駁（駁論據(jù)、駁論證）；繼而，針鋒相對地提出自己的觀點并加以論證。駁論是跟立論緊密聯(lián)系的，因為反駁對方的錯誤論點，往往要針鋒相對地提出自己的正確論點，以便徹底地駁倒錯誤論點。高考中考查的論點一般是社會普遍存在的觀點對立的問題。

[<m：＼報紙組＼23雜志＼瘋狂英語＼高三＼2023年1月刊＼箭頭圖標雙色.tif>策略導(dǎo)航]

一、運用正確的閱讀策略，判斷事實或觀點

大多數(shù)議論文是事實和觀點交織的文章。在閱讀語篇的過程中，我們要區(qū)分哪些是事實，哪些是觀點。我們可以用以下兩種策略判斷事實和觀點：

厘清概念，從定義進行判斷 事實是指事情的真實情況，包括事物、事件和事態(tài)，即客觀存在的一切物體與現(xiàn)象、社會上發(fā)生的不平常的事情和局勢及情況的變異態(tài)勢。觀點是指人們對事物的看法、評價，它是主觀性的。

畫出句子，用不同記號區(qū)分 比如，對于觀點，我們可以用雙橫線畫出。很多文章的觀點，常常包括主論點和若干個支撐論點，我們可以把支撐論點都標上序號。對于事實，我們可以用波浪線標記出來。對于多個事實，我們也可以采用標序號的方式進行梳理。

二、運用簡單的思維導(dǎo)圖，搭建讀寫框架

思維導(dǎo)圖是一種實用性的思維工具。將思維用圖像的方式展示出來，通過圖形和文字，圍繞一個關(guān)鍵點，將各個分支思維連接起來，這就是繪制思維導(dǎo)圖的過程，也是一種將思維具象化的方法。我們要一邊閱讀語篇，一邊畫出思維導(dǎo)圖，以明確文章的主旨，掌握文章的細節(jié)，從而真正從整體上、細節(jié)上理解文章。在寫的方面，思維導(dǎo)圖從文章的主題出發(fā)，根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容逐級分層。在思維導(dǎo)圖的提示下，我們能構(gòu)思文章脈絡(luò)，厘清思路，把握文章的主旨大意和細節(jié)，這對寫同類型的文章也有幫助。

素材導(dǎo)背

1. 駁論型議論文的常用邏輯關(guān)系詞

（1）表選擇關(guān)系的連接詞：either...or...、neither...nor...、or等。

（2）表因果關(guān)系的連接詞：so、therefore、hence、as a result、as a result of、consequently、because of、due to、owing to、thanks to、accordingly、under this circumstance等。

（3）表時間順序的連接詞：at first、the time、the moment、as soon as、and then、later、meanwhile、at the beginning、in the end、before long、for the first （second...） time、the minute/second/moment/instant等。

（4）表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞：but、yet、however、while、on the contrary、on the other hand、at the same time等。

（5）表解釋說明的連接詞：in that case、that is、that is to say、in another word、in other words、such as、for instance、to begin with等。

（6）表遞進關(guān)系的連接詞：further more、not only...but （also）...、besides、in addition、moreover、above all等。

（7）表示總結(jié)的連接詞：to conclude、in conclusion、in a word、on the whole、in short、 briefly、in brief、to sum up、all in all等。

2. 駁論型議論文的常用句式

A. 引出問題的句型

（1）Although everyone believes that...， I doubt whether the argument bears much analysis.

雖然每個人都認為……，但我懷疑這一論點是否經(jīng)得起分析。

（2）Contrary to widely held/accepted belief， I believe that...

與普遍接受的觀點相反，我認為……

（3）They may be right about...， but they seem to neglect to mention the fact that...

他們關(guān)于……的觀點也許正確，但他們似乎忽視了一個事實，那就是……

（4）The advantages of A far outweigh those we gain from B.

我們從A 獲得的好處遠遠超過從B獲得的好處。

（5）When the advantages and disadvantages of...are carefully compared， the conclusion is that...

當我們仔細衡量……的優(yōu)勢和劣勢，結(jié)論是……

B. 解釋原因或分析影響的句型

（1）One may view the phenomenon as a result of...

人們可能會把這種現(xiàn)象看作是……的結(jié)果。

（2）One may think of the phenomenon as a response to...

人們可能認為這種現(xiàn)象是因為……

（3）There are several causes for this phenomenon. First，... Second，...

造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因有幾個。其一，……其二，……

（4）There are different reasons for this phenomenon in...

造成……這種現(xiàn)象的原因各異。

（5）...is partly responsible for the phenomenon in...

……是造成……現(xiàn)象的部分原因。

（6）It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which...

找到造成……這種復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象的原因并非易事。

C. 闡述或論述觀點的句型

（1）We may cite a single example of...

我們可以舉個……的例子來說明。

（2）According to the figures/statistics released/provided by the government， we know

that...

根據(jù)政府提供的數(shù)據(jù)，我們可知……

（3）There is strong evidence/proof that...

有充足的證據(jù)證明……

（4）At first thought， it may seem a sound solution， but on second thought， we find that...

乍一看，這可能是一個合理的解決方案，但仔細思考，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)……

（5）At first thought， it may seem an attractive suggestion， but carefully weighing on the mind， we find...

乍一看，這似乎是一個有吸引力的建議，但經(jīng)過掂量，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)……

（6）Under this circumstance...

在這種情況下……

（7）To what extent...

在多大程度上……

案例導(dǎo)練

（2018年全國乙卷閱讀理解D篇）We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new， but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices （裝置） well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

To figure out how much power these devices are using， Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers， basic mobile phones， and box?set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players， smart phones， and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002， before tablets and e?readers showed up in 2007.

As we accumulated more devices， however， we didnt throw out our old ones. “The living?room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room， and suddenly one day， you have a TV in every room of the house，” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices—we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team， old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions （排放） more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.

So whats the solution （解決方案）？ The teams data only went up to 2007， but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function， such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on?demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

Ⅰ. 閱讀自測

Inference 1. What does the author think of new devices？

A. They are environment?friendly.

B. They are no better than the old.

C. They cost more to use at home.

D. They go out of style quickly.

Detail 2. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research？

A. To reduce the cost of minerals.

B. To test the life cycle of a product.

C. To update consumers on new technology.

D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.

Detail 3. Which of the following uses the least energy？

A. The box?set TV. B. The tablet.

C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.

Inference 4. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices？

A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.

C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.

Ⅱ. 語言汲取

（一）駁論型議論文的核心表達

1. 引出問題

We may think that...， but a new study shows that... 我們可能認為……，但一項新的研究表明……

2. 解釋原因

Thats bad news for sth as... 因為……，那對于某事來說是個壞消息。

3. 闡述或論述

This method provided a readout for... 這種研究方法提供了……的讀數(shù)。

Were not just...; we continue to... 我們并不只是……；我們?nèi)匀弧?/p>

“...” said one researcher. 一位研究者說道：“……”

The average number of...rose from...to... 平均數(shù)量從……上升至……

according to the analysis of... 根據(jù)……的分析

more than doubling 翻了一倍多

The researchers also explored what would happen if... 如果……，將會發(fā)生什么呢？研究人員對此也進行了探討。

such as 比如

They found that... 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)……

cut energy consumption by 44% 減少44%的能耗

4. 其他

track 追蹤

evolve 進化

accumulate 積累

tablet 平板電腦

get rid of 丟棄

worn technology 老舊技術(shù)

at the first sight of sth 一見到某物

out of style 過時的

figure out 弄清楚

be grouped by 以……分組

arrive on the scene 橫空出世

enter homes 進入千家萬戶

show up 出現(xiàn)

throw out 扔掉

energy consumption 能源消耗

greenhouse gas emissions 溫室氣體排放

go up to 2007 持續(xù)到2007年

replace A with B 將A替換為B

instead of 而不是

（二）精彩表達

1. We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new， but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices well after they go out of style. 我們也許會認為，人類文化就是更傾向于“喜新厭舊”，第一眼見到亮麗的新穎技術(shù)，就會將老舊技術(shù)徹底拋棄，然而，一項新的研究表明，即使我們的老舊設(shè)備過時了，我們?nèi)匀粯酚谑褂盟鼈儭?/p>

本句中，使用but一詞進行轉(zhuǎn)折，把兩種不同的觀點呈現(xiàn)出來。

2. According to the analysis of Babbitts team， old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. 根據(jù)巴比特團隊的分析，采用顯像管的老式臺式顯示器和老式電視機是最糟糕的設(shè)備，因為在1992年到2007年期間，它們的能耗與溫室氣體排放量翻了一倍多。

本句中，with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window在句中作原因狀語，是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的一種常見形式——“with+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”，此種形式的賓語與現(xiàn)在分詞之間為主謂關(guān)系。另外，該結(jié)構(gòu)還可以在句中作伴隨、方式、條件狀語等。

3. The teams data only went up to 2007， but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function. 該團隊的數(shù)據(jù)僅持續(xù)到2007年，然而，如果消費者們用新的多功能電子產(chǎn)品來取代舊產(chǎn)品，將會發(fā)生什么呢？研究人員對此也進行了探討。

本句中，what引導(dǎo)的是一個賓語從句，作謂語動詞explored的賓語。

Ⅲ. 句式仿寫

1. “10%理論”在20世紀被廣泛認可，然而現(xiàn)在幾乎所有的科學(xué)家都認為這個理論是錯誤的。

The 10 Percent Theory has been widely accepted over the 20th century，? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?.

2.隨著現(xiàn)代辦公室變得日益自動化（mechanized），設(shè)計師們正試圖利用較為溫暖而不太嚴肅的內(nèi)部裝飾來使其具有親切感。

， designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer， less severe interiors.

3. 他在想接下來應(yīng)該說什么。

He is thinking about? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?.

Ⅳ. 寫作實踐

俗話說“一心不可二用”，“專心致志”被認為是美德。但合理的“一心多用”在生活中也被一部分人認可。請寫一篇200詞左右的文章，談?wù)劇耙恍亩嘤谩苯o你帶來的好處。

On multitasking

評價導(dǎo)思