解有成 陳順 李初誼 鄭英 賈棟 張久聰 于曉輝
摘要:肝移植作為肝細(xì)胞癌的根治性治療策略之一,對(duì)米蘭標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之內(nèi)的患者有較好的臨床效果。然而,術(shù)后高的復(fù)發(fā)率、轉(zhuǎn)移率使得患者長(zhǎng)期生存仍然面臨挑戰(zhàn)。因此,如何提高遠(yuǎn)期生存率,降低術(shù)后腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移成為亟待解決的關(guān)鍵難題。近年來,免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑(ICI)以其良好的安全性和客觀反應(yīng)性為晚期肝癌患者治療提供了新的機(jī)遇,也成為了提高肝移植治療效果的潛在方法。當(dāng)前,早期臨床研究已經(jīng)報(bào)道了ICI單一及聯(lián)合治療在肝細(xì)胞癌肝移植術(shù)前降期或橋接治療以及術(shù)后輔助治療中的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)。本文旨在通過對(duì)近年來ICI在肝細(xì)胞癌肝移植中的臨床試驗(yàn)及應(yīng)用進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,并對(duì)其安全性和有效性進(jìn)行探討,以期為臨床用藥提供一定參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:癌, 肝細(xì)胞; 肝移植; 免疫抑制劑
基金項(xiàng)目:甘肅省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(20YF8FA099); 甘肅省青年科技基金(20JR10RA016); 甘肅省非感染性肝病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(21JR7RA017); 甘肅省衛(wèi)健委科研計(jì)劃(GSWSKY2021-047)
Application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
XIE Youcheng1,2, CHEN Shun1, LI Chuyi1, ZHENG Ying1, JIA Dong1,2,? ZHANG Jiucong1, YU Xiaohui1. (1. Department of Gastroenterology, The 940 Hospital of Joint Service Support Force of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China; 2. The First Clinical Medical School,? Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China)
Corresponding author:YU Xiaohui, yuxiaohui@126.com (ORCID:0000-0002-8633-3281)
Abstract:
Liver transplantation, as one of the radical treatment strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma, has a good clinical effect in patients meeting the Milan criteria; however, the high recurrence rate and metastasis rate after surgery bring great challenges to the long-term survival of such patients. Therefore, how to improve long-term survival rate and reduce postoperative tumor metastasis has become a key problem that needs to be solved urgently. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), with their good safety and objective reactivity, have provided a new opportunity for the treatment of patients with advanced liver cancer and have become potential candidates for improving the therapeutic effect of liver transplantation. At present, early clinical studies have reported the unique advantages of ICIs used alone or in combination in downstaging or bridging therapy before liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma and adjuvant therapy after liver transplantation. Therefore, this article reviews the clinical trials of ICIs in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma and the advances in the application of ICIs in recent years and discuss its safety and efficacy, in order to provide a certain reference for clinical medication.
Key words:
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Transplantation; Immunosuppressive Agents
Research funding:
Gansu Provincial Key R&D Program (20YF8FA099); Gansu Provincial Youth Science and Technology Fund (20JR10RA016); Gansu Provincial Clinical Medical Research Centre for Non-infectious Liver Diseases (21JR7RA017); Scientific Research Plan of Gansu Provincial Health Commission (GSWSKY2021-047)
肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是我國(guó)常見惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率居于第四位,死亡率居于第二位[1]。當(dāng)前肝移植(liver transplantation, LT)仍然是HCC根治性治療主要方式之一,但鑒于米蘭分期對(duì)于腫瘤大小、個(gè)數(shù)和肝儲(chǔ)備功能的嚴(yán)格限制,僅有少數(shù)患者能從中獲益,且LT術(shù)后高達(dá)30%復(fù)發(fā)率[2],進(jìn)一步限制了LT臨床應(yīng)用。故尋找能擴(kuò)大LT適應(yīng)證,提升治療效果及預(yù)防術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)成為目前研究的熱點(diǎn)。
近年來,免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICI)對(duì)不同肝病類型、不同階段、不同地區(qū)的晚期HCC患者,均顯示出較好的臨床療效。鑒于其良好的客觀反應(yīng)性和安全性[3-5],推動(dòng)研究者進(jìn)一步探索其在LT中的應(yīng)用。近期研究顯示,ICI在黑色素瘤[6]、肺癌[7]、腎癌[8]等移植術(shù)中的治療可使患者有更好的生存益處,這也使得ICI在LT中的應(yīng)用備受矚目。本文通過已有文獻(xiàn),對(duì)ICI在LT中的臨床試驗(yàn)和應(yīng)用進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,闡明LT中應(yīng)用ICI的有效性和安全性,以期為臨床用藥提供參考。
1 ICI的抗腫瘤機(jī)制
免疫檢查點(diǎn)(immune checkpoints, IC)是指在免疫細(xì)胞上表達(dá)、能調(diào)節(jié)免疫激活程度的一系列分子,ICI則是通過阻斷IC與其配體之間的相互作用來防止T淋巴細(xì)胞失活,從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用[9]。
目前,ICI已被FDA批準(zhǔn)作為HCC系統(tǒng)治療的一線治療方案(表1),常見的ICI包括抗程序化細(xì)胞死亡-1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受體配體-1(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1),以及抗細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞相關(guān)蛋白4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)。除上述抗體外,還有更多的靶點(diǎn)抗體如LAG-3(lymphocyte-activation gene-3,又稱CD223)抗體等仍在進(jìn)一步研究中[10]。
2 ICI在HCC患者LT術(shù)前降期或橋接治療
LT是根治HCC的理想治療方法,但供體的稀缺限制了LT的應(yīng)用,為防止患者失去LT機(jī)會(huì),橋接、降期治療是HCC患者在LT前的關(guān)鍵[11]。橋接治療是指LT等待期間通過輔助治療控制腫瘤進(jìn)展[12],降期治療是指通過新輔助治療手段,減輕腫瘤負(fù)荷,降低分期,使超出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者能重新被納入LT標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13](圖1)。
局部區(qū)域治療是最常見的橋接、降期治療方式,經(jīng)導(dǎo)管動(dòng)脈化療栓塞術(shù)(transarterial chemoembolization, TACE)作為局部區(qū)域治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療手段[14],雖能一定程度緩解疾病進(jìn)展,但一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為部分患者對(duì)TACE療效不佳,易出現(xiàn)TACE治療抵抗,或治療后肝功能受損[15]。此外,研究[16]表明TACE可增強(qiáng)PD-1和PD-L1的表達(dá),若聯(lián)合ICI,可能進(jìn)一步改善預(yù)后。
Schwacha-Eipper等[17]首次報(bào)道了在LT術(shù)前使用ICI,使1例肝內(nèi)多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的HCC患者成功降級(jí)到米蘭標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之內(nèi),順利進(jìn)行LT手術(shù)。之后,越來越多的患者開始在LT前使用ICI進(jìn)行橋接或降期治療。迄今為止,共有22例病例報(bào)道了在LT前使用ICI,大多數(shù)患者預(yù)后良好(90%)。
雖然上述研究的療效和安全性的結(jié)果令人振奮,但僅是Ⅰ或Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn),且樣本量較小,很難確定ICI與致命排斥反應(yīng)相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素,故臨床使用ICI作為橋接或降期治療仍十分謹(jǐn)慎,正在進(jìn)行的進(jìn)一步大規(guī)模Ⅱ、Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)將進(jìn)一步評(píng)估免疫治療在可切除的HCC新輔助治療中的作用。
3 ICI在LT術(shù)后輔助治療
3.1 LT后預(yù)防HCC復(fù)發(fā)的輔助治療 盡管LT切除了原發(fā)腫瘤及肝內(nèi)潛在病變,但5年復(fù)發(fā)率達(dá)30%[2],一旦復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移,疾病將迅速進(jìn)展。目前認(rèn)為循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞或肝外未檢測(cè)到的病變是HCC復(fù)發(fā)的主要原因[18]。因此及時(shí)、精準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范地進(jìn)行術(shù)后輔助治療,才能降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),延長(zhǎng)總體生存期。目前尚無證據(jù)支持化療或索拉非尼輔助治療能降低LT后HCC復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19]。
目前尚缺乏關(guān)于ICI預(yù)防移植后復(fù)發(fā)的研究,正在進(jìn)行的臨床試驗(yàn)(NCT03383458)探究了肝臟切除或消融術(shù)后高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)復(fù)發(fā)患者使用ICI的安全性和有效性,雖不包括LT受者但可能對(duì)LT患者提供借鑒。由于排斥反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不可預(yù)測(cè),因此應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用ICI作為L(zhǎng)T后預(yù)防性復(fù)發(fā)輔助治療。
3.2 LT后HCC復(fù)發(fā)的免疫治療 由于LT術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期免疫抑制,HCC復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。目前對(duì)于復(fù)發(fā)患者治療手段有限,臨床仍以放化療和局部消融、栓塞為主,但效果有限。近年來,隨著移植患者中免疫治療的深入,ICI越來越多地被用作復(fù)發(fā)后的治療選擇。
近期研究結(jié)果顯示,ICI在移植術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)治療中存在極大的優(yōu)勢(shì),使患者獲得更好的生存益處,一項(xiàng)針對(duì)8例接受ICI的LT患者的回顧性研究[20]結(jié)果顯示,盡管排斥反應(yīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,但總生存期明顯改善。近來文獻(xiàn)[21-22]報(bào)道LT術(shù)后免疫治療取得良好效果:1例LT術(shù)后HCC復(fù)發(fā)并多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移患者,間斷使用ICI治療2年后康復(fù),且移植物肝功能也維持在正常水平。另1例LT術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)伴雙肺轉(zhuǎn)移患者,接受ICI
治療后,無進(jìn)展生存期與總生存期均延長(zhǎng),雖然患者最終因腦轉(zhuǎn)移去世,但治療期間未出現(xiàn)任何排斥反應(yīng)。有學(xué)者探究終末期HCC在各種治療(包括放化療、手術(shù)以及分子靶向藥物)無效的情況下實(shí)施ICI后發(fā)現(xiàn),在ICI亞組中客觀緩解率為25%,與非移植患者相比,移植患者的抗腫瘤效應(yīng)更好[23-24]。
盡管目前個(gè)案報(bào)道,復(fù)發(fā)后使用免疫治療LT后HCC復(fù)發(fā)具有較好的療效,但LT患者需終身免疫抑制可能會(huì)影響ICI的抗腫瘤療效。同時(shí),ICI通過調(diào)控免疫應(yīng)答殺傷腫瘤,可能免疫細(xì)胞過度活化導(dǎo)致排斥反應(yīng)。雖然文獻(xiàn)[25]報(bào)道免疫抑制劑與ICI同時(shí)使用時(shí)排斥病死率遠(yuǎn)低于腫瘤特異性病死率,但存在部分患者使用ICI方案導(dǎo)致移植物排斥反應(yīng)與抗腫瘤療效下降。此外,推薦于非移植HCC的ICI方案可能并不完全適用于LT后復(fù)發(fā)患者。
如何平衡移植物保護(hù)性免疫抑制和抗腫瘤免疫增強(qiáng)是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題,盡管最新試驗(yàn)[26]表明,肝移植物中PD-1淋巴細(xì)胞表達(dá)水平與排斥反應(yīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān),但在大規(guī)模Ⅱ、Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)預(yù)測(cè)和證實(shí)移植物排斥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之前,ICI須謹(jǐn)慎使用。
4 ICI應(yīng)用于LT患者的局限性與挑戰(zhàn)
目前已有2例報(bào)道LT圍手術(shù)期使用ICI發(fā)生致命性排斥反應(yīng)[27-28],由于樣本量較小,很難確定ICI與致命排斥反應(yīng)相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素。不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為與ICI劑量以及LT前停藥時(shí)間有關(guān)[29]:最后一劑ICI未被及時(shí)清除,使移植肝表達(dá)PD-L1實(shí)現(xiàn)“免疫逃逸”,而發(fā)生排斥反應(yīng)[30]。所以使用ICI患者LT術(shù)前應(yīng)考慮逐漸減量。由于ICI與其靶點(diǎn)的結(jié)合是可逆的,因此可以使用血漿置換,但是過早停用 ICI后易出現(xiàn)疾病進(jìn)展,可能無法從LT中獲益。此外,專家建議[31]LT受者在ICI之前進(jìn)行移植肝穿刺活檢,PD-L1高表達(dá)提示易出現(xiàn)相關(guān)移植損傷。
綜上所述,當(dāng)前早期臨床試驗(yàn)研究和個(gè)案報(bào)道已經(jīng)初步證實(shí)了在嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)下,ICI在LT患者中應(yīng)用的安全性和有效性[32]。但是如何選擇最佳的治療時(shí)間和劑量、明確排斥反應(yīng)的危險(xiǎn)因素還需要更深入研究。此外,由于每種免疫療法的療效和排斥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)各不相同,因此對(duì)特定患者實(shí)施個(gè)體化評(píng)估、治療仍是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。目前正在進(jìn)行的臨床試驗(yàn)可能進(jìn)一步回答這些問題(表2)。
5 小結(jié)及展望
ICI已成為中晚期HCC的選擇,但對(duì)于LT患者來說,免疫療法的應(yīng)用仍需謹(jǐn)慎探索,避免ICI相關(guān)的排斥反應(yīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)??傮w而言,在新輔助治療中使用ICI對(duì)HCC和移植腫瘤學(xué)具有重大意義,目前正在進(jìn)行的臨床試驗(yàn)將提供關(guān)于ICI的安全性和有效性見解,并有可能改變當(dāng)前的治療模式,使更多LT患者獲益。
利益沖突聲明:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:解有成負(fù)責(zé)課題設(shè)計(jì),資料分析,撰寫論文;陳順、賈棟、鄭英參與收集數(shù)據(jù),修改論文;于曉輝、張久聰、李初誼負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:
2022-07-31;錄用日期:2022-09-18
本文編輯:林姣