河南 張根生

“七選五”的文章有五個空格，共提供七個備選項，要求考生從七個選項中選出五個合適的選項，填入對應空白處。每個空格有七種選擇，因此，解題難度較大。2016—2021年高考英語全國卷的“七選五”有六次（2016年全國卷Ⅱ、2017年全國卷Ⅱ、2018年全國卷Ⅰ、2020年全國卷Ⅱ、2021年全國甲卷和乙卷）把標點符號從七個選項中移至語篇當中，甚至把一些單句的主干抽出來作為選項，語篇中只留下次要成分，這就打破了設空處是完整的句子這一局面，增添了對復合句中主、從句和并列分句的考查。設空已由單一化向多元化轉變，考查方式變得多樣化，對考生的語篇理解能力的考查更全面。根據(jù)語篇中句子的殘存部分的內(nèi)容去補全句子，更能考查出考生的語境分析能力和語意判斷能力。對于“七選五”試題的解答，除了“看位置、析邏輯、找復現(xiàn)”外，句子結構和標點符號也是非常重要的解題信息。為此，本文從結構和標點兩個角度入手求解“七選五”。

一、根據(jù)句子結構求解

1.如果題目設在段落標題處，考生可以通過其他段落的小標題的句式來縮小選擇范圍。如果其他段落的小標題是祈使句，本段標題也應該是祈使句；如果其他段落的小標題是名詞短語，本段標題也應該是名詞短語?？s小選擇范圍之后，再依據(jù)段落內(nèi)容來鎖定答案。

【鏈接高考】（2016年全國卷Ⅱ節(jié)選）

● 37

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants,flowers,patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants.However,there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.

●Recall（回憶）your childhood memories

A.Know why you garden

B.Find a good place for your own garden

【解題思路】本題考查對段落小標題的選擇。首先根據(jù)下文的另一個小標題“● Recall（回憶）your childhood memories（祈使句）”，可以將選擇范圍縮小到“A.Know why you garden” 和“B.Find a good place for your own garden”，再根據(jù)段落中的“there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.”可知，該段主要是分析建設私人花園的原因。故選A。

2.在很多“總—分”結構的文章中，每個段落都有主旨句，這些主旨句往往句式相同。因此，如果設題處在段首，并且是本段的主旨句，那么可根據(jù)其他段落首句的結構并結合下文表達的內(nèi)容來確定答案。

【鏈接高考】（2021年全國甲卷節(jié)選）

Swap.Don’t Shop!

You keep hearing about recycling,right? But it doesn’t end with bottles,cans,and paper.Clothing takes a huge amount of natural resources（資源）to make,and buying loads of new clothing (or throwing out old clothing) is not healthy for the environment.So what to do with all those perfectly-goodbut-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? Hold a clothing swap.It’s the best way to get rid of your used clothes,score clothes from your friends,and have a party all at the same time.

A successful swap depends on the selection of clothes,the organization of the event,and,obviously,how much fun is had.It’s really easy to do! Here are a few pointers.

●Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection.Less people than that,and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.

● 38.They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their“new”clothes home.

●Put different types of clothing on different surfaces in the room.Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots.Place a few mirrors around your room so people can see how things look when they try them on.One of the ground rules of the swap should be that everyone must try on the clothes before they take them—things always look different when you put them on.

● Set a starting time.Maybe you say“go”,or turn on a certain song,or whatever.Just keep music playing throughout.And don’t forget to put out some cookies and fruits.Remember,it’s a party!

A.Less people than that

B.Hold a clothing swap

C.If two people are competing

D.Just keep music playing throughout

E.Donate whatever clothes are left over

F.Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots

G.Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition

【解題思路】本題要求考生選主旨句。由于每段前都有實心圓點，因此可以初步判斷每段的首句都是主旨句，并且都是祈使句，故38題的選擇范圍圈定在B、D、E、F、G。再根據(jù)下文“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their‘new’clothes home.”可知，他們還應該準備大量的環(huán)保袋，把他們的“新”衣服帶回家，G選項“告訴每個人帶上完好且干凈的衣服”恰好可以概括這一段的內(nèi)容，且G項中的“clean clothes”對應下文的“‘new’clothes”，“bring”對應下文中的“carry”，下文中的“They”指代G項中的“everyone”。故選G。

3.可以根據(jù)上下文的語意和設空所在句子的殘余部分的結構特征來確定答案。

【鏈接高考1】（2020年全國卷Ⅱ節(jié)選）

Written communications can often read as cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling,keeping intention clear.37,encouraging better and more frequent communication.

A.Messages with emojis feel more conversational

【解題思路】本題要求考生根據(jù)后面的逗號以及作結果狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞短語來補全句子的主干部分。空格前一句意為“書面交流常常被解讀為冰冷枯燥，使用表情符號能增加幽默感和感情，從而保持意圖清晰”，是在說明與書面交流相比，使用表情符號的好處，故設空處應與之在語意上一致。再由作結果狀語的“encouraging better and more frequent communication”中的兩個并列的比較級“better and more frequent”可以推斷，句子主干部分含有比較級，只有A選項“Messages with emojis feel more conversational”含有比較級。故選A。

【鏈接高考2】（2020年全國卷Ⅱ節(jié)選）

40,and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome.And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication,you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.

F.Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace

【解題思路】本題要求考生根據(jù)設空處后面以and連接的并列分句的語意和結構來確定答案。后面的并列分句意為“表情符號直接有助于產(chǎn)生積極的結果”，F(xiàn) 項意為“研究表明更加友好的交流會帶來更快樂的工作環(huán)境”，并且該選項中的“l(fā)eads to a happier workplace”和后面并列分句中的“contribute directly to that positive outcome”的語意和結構相同。故選F。

二、利用標點符號求解

如果設空處后面是逗號，則此處要么填入復合句中的主句或從句，要么填入名詞短語、介詞短語或非謂語動詞短語。如果設空處后面是句號，則要依據(jù)段落主題和上下文邏輯關系來解題。如果設空處后面是破折號，則破折號后面的內(nèi)容是對設空處的內(nèi)容進行解釋和說明。如果設空處后面是問號，則此處應填入問句，并可由下文的答語推知問句的內(nèi)容。

1.當設空處后面是逗號，且后面的句子是由從屬連詞引導的狀語從句時，則設空處為主句。

【鏈接高考】（2021年全國乙卷節(jié)選）

According to Jessica Hagy,author ofHow to Be Interesting,it’s not difficult to make yourself interesting at a dinner party.

36,if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time.So the main thing is just to show up and be adventurous,trying different foods and talking to strangers.

B.The first step is to go exploring

【解題思路】根據(jù)設空處后面的句子“if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time”是由if引導的條件狀語從句可知，此空應該填入一個主句。再由下文“be adventurous,trying different foods and talking to strangers”可知，本段告訴讀者在晚宴上要勇于嘗試，選項“B.The first step is to go exploring”（第一步是去探索）符合語境。故選B。

2.當設空處后面是逗號，且后面的句子沒有連詞引導，則設空處多為狀語從句。

【鏈接高考1】（2021年全國乙卷節(jié)選）

People love to talk about themselves.If you can start the conversation with a question other than“What do you do for a living?”,you’ll be able to get a lot more interesting conversation out of whomever it is you’re talking to.37,it can bring in“I have this old,broken-down vehicle”or“I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.”It just opens up conversation.

C.If you ask the question “How did you get here?”

【解題思路】根據(jù)此空后的標點符號和標點符號后的句子可推知，此空應該填入一個從句。再根據(jù)“‘I have this old,broken-down vehicle’” or “‘I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.’”可知，設空處內(nèi)容與交通方式有關。故選項“ C.If you ask the question,‘How did you get here?’”（如果你問“你怎么來的？”）符合語境。故選C。

【鏈接高考2】（2017年全國卷Ⅱ節(jié)選）

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done.36，there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

【解題思路】由逗號后面的句子可知，此空應該填入一個從句。上文講的是“在工作時被人打斷是最糟糕的事情之一”，再根據(jù)逗號后面的“there are several ways to handle things”可知，設空處的內(nèi)容應該是“當你在工作時你想避免被打擾”。故選B。

【鏈接高考3】（2017年全國卷Ⅱ節(jié)選）

When you need to talk to someone,don’t do it in your own office.39,it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.

D.If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area

【解題思路】由逗號后面的句子可知，此空應該填入一個從句。根據(jù)逗號后面的“it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are”可知，設空處的內(nèi)容應該是“如果在別人的辦公室或公眾場合”。故選D。

3.當設空處后面是句號時，考生要根據(jù)段落主題和前后句之間的邏輯關系來解題。

【鏈接高考】（2021年全國乙卷節(jié)選）

And what about that other dinner-party killer:awkward silence? If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party,the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（贊揚）.40.Just quickly turn around and say,“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”

G.He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most

【解題思路】本段第一句為段落主題句，其意為“如何應對另一個宴會殺手：尷尬的沉默?”，“the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（贊揚）”是應對宴會殺手——尷尬的沉默的方法，且G選項“He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most”中的“He or she（指代host）”，“awkwardness”為原詞復現(xiàn)，G項“他或她是最能感受到這種尷尬的人”符合語境，與前面的句子構成了前果后因的關系。故選G。

4.當設空處后面是破折號時，考生要根據(jù)破折號后面的內(nèi)容來確定答案，因為它是對前面內(nèi)容的解釋和說明。

【鏈接高考】（2016年全國卷Ⅱ節(jié)選）

●Recall（回憶）your childhood memories

Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad,but that’s not what’s important.39—how being in those gardens made us feel.If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden,start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.For each of those gardens,write down the strongest memory you have.Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden.Have fun.

C.It’s our experience of the garden that matters

【解題思路】由上文中“but that’s not what’s important”（那不是重要的事情）可知，設空處要講什么重要，再根據(jù)破折號后面的內(nèi)容“how being in those gardens made us feel”可知，設空處內(nèi)容應該是對“我們”的關于花園的體驗的解釋，“It’s our experience of the garden that matters”（我們的關于花園的體驗很重要）符合語境。故選C。

5.當設空處后面是問號時，考生要根據(jù)后面對這個問題的回答來確定設空處問的是什么。

【鏈接高考】（2021年全國乙卷節(jié)選）

38? If you can’t take their wine away,you should certainly try to take away their soapbox（講臺）.If you’re the host,you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation.Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say.

A.How do you know the host

F.What about that person who has had too much to drink or won’t stop talking

【解題思路】根據(jù)此空后的標點符號可知，此空應該填入一個問句，備選項中只有A和F是問句。再根據(jù)“If you can’t take their wine away”中的“wine”可知，F(xiàn)選項中的“has had too much to drink”與之屬于同一范疇的表達，因此“對于喝多了或者不停說話的人該怎么辦”符合語境。故選F。