蔡劍媚

一、“七選五”的命題特點(diǎn)

高考“七選五”是要求考生閱讀短文，從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)?？瞻滋幊３ＴO(shè)置在段首、段中和段尾，主要考查考生的思維能力、歸納概括能力以及演繹推理能力。

根據(jù)近三年的高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)Ⅰ卷的“七選五”試題的設(shè)題規(guī)律，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)空白處的設(shè)置大部分是出現(xiàn)在段中，個(gè)別題設(shè)在段首和段末。如下表：

從試題的設(shè)題角度上看，“承上啟下”是主要特征，所填的選項(xiàng)考查的要么是承接上文，要么是開啟下文，要么就是既有承接上文又有開啟下文的作用。因此，我們解題時(shí)要注意“瞻前顧后”，即要理解空白前后文的內(nèi)容。

二、“七選五”的解題策略

1. 段首句和段末句，考查總結(jié)歸納能力

首先，段首句是在一個(gè)文段的開頭，是一個(gè)主旨句，概述了本段的主旨大意，因此具有“啟下”的作用。這考查了考生的總結(jié)歸納的能力。

[例1]（2020年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

●____37____Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough. Why do you follow them？ Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs？ Know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world.

F. Stop comparing yourself with others.

G. When does the comparison game start？

解析：由下文“不要追隨那些讓你覺得自己不夠好的人。你是否希望你最終感到有力量是因?yàn)槟愕纳畋人麄兊暮茫恳?，你的生活是你自己?你是這個(gè)世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的人。”可知，這段主要講不要拿自己與他人比較。因此，選項(xiàng)F. Stop comparing yourself with others.（停止拿自己和別人比較）可以作為本段的主旨句，故選F項(xiàng)。

[例2]（2021年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

...they eat great food and never gain weight. The food is so delicious that you dont need much of it to make you happy...

39? ? ?On our first morning in Paris， I went around the corner to the food market to pick up some groceries. I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon. My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten. But they cost $18！

D. The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.

E. Thats not the only reason the French eat less than we do.

解析：這個(gè)文段描寫作者夫妻去采購(gòu)食物，買了草莓。從段落的最后兩句“My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten. But they cost $18?。ㄎ艺煞蚝臀叶颊J(rèn)為這是我們吃過(guò)的最好的水果。但它們要18美元?。笨芍?，法國(guó)的水果好吃，但非常貴。選項(xiàng)E. Thats not the only reason the French eat less than we do.（這并非法國(guó)人吃得比我們少的唯一原因）延續(xù)了上一段“法國(guó)人吃的少但不胖”并解釋其原因是“因好吃而不必吃得太多”的話題，同時(shí)概括了“物價(jià)貴”是法國(guó)人吃得少的另一個(gè)原因，故選E項(xiàng)。本題有一定的難度，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)段首句不僅起到了“啟下”的作用，也對(duì)上一個(gè)段落進(jìn)行了延伸，也有“承上”的作用。

其次，段末句是一個(gè)文段結(jié)束的句子，但是它與段首句在邏輯上是一致的，都是對(duì)文段的歸納總結(jié)，體現(xiàn)主旨。

[例3]（2022年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do， how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session， and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities， and provided her phone number.?____39_____

E. How can you write a good“seeking training partner”notice？

G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

解析：本空設(shè)在段尾，應(yīng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)。由notice可將正確選項(xiàng)定位在E和G兩項(xiàng)，空前主要介紹了發(fā)布告找搭檔的具體細(xì)節(jié)，選項(xiàng)E“如何寫一個(gè)尋找健身搭檔的布告”，放在句末不合適，而選項(xiàng)G“任何健身搭檔的通知都應(yīng)包括這些信息”，符合題意，故選G項(xiàng)。

當(dāng)然，也有的段末句是對(duì)前文的延伸和進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。

[例4]（2020年新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

●Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in a journal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness. List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job， earned your degree， and you got out of bed today._____39?_____

A. Feeling upset again？

C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.

解析：根據(jù)空白處前面兩句List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job， earned your degree， and you got out of bed today.（列出你取得的成就。你找到了一份工作，拿到了學(xué)位，甚至是你今天起床了）可知，諸如工作學(xué)位的大事以及起床這個(gè)小事，都是你取得的成就。起床，看似簡(jiǎn)單，但是說(shuō)明你健康，說(shuō)明你有時(shí)間觀念等等，因此都是值得慶祝的，選項(xiàng)C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.（沒有什么事是太小而不值得慶祝）是與上文意思銜接最好的，故選C項(xiàng)。

2. 段中句高頻設(shè)題，考查各種思維能力

空格設(shè)在段中，解題要抓住選項(xiàng)與原文的邏輯關(guān)系，如因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系等;如從語(yǔ)言角度出發(fā)，有詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系、代詞指代關(guān)系。

（1）因果關(guān)系

因果關(guān)系是指所填選項(xiàng)與前文或后文構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，最常見的提示詞是because， so， for等等，但是從近三年的全國(guó)Ⅰ卷來(lái)看，這些提示詞都沒有出現(xiàn)，但是，所填選項(xiàng)不外乎兩種情況，要么是上句的結(jié)果，要么是后文的原因。

[例5]（2022年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media， but it probably wont result in a useful response.

_____38_____If you plan on working out in a gym， that person must belong to the same gym.

B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.

E. How can you write a good“seeking training partner” notice？

解析：本段落只有三個(gè)句子，空前句說(shuō)“ 你可能會(huì)考慮在社交媒體上發(fā)布你想要尋找的健身伙伴，但可能不會(huì)得到有用的回應(yīng)?！苯酉聛?lái)可能是說(shuō)明“得不到有用回應(yīng)”的原因;又由空后句“如果你打算在健身房鍛煉，那個(gè)人（that person）一定是和你同屬一個(gè)健身房的”中的that person可知，前句可能出現(xiàn)一起健身的人（a workout partner）;瀏覽各選項(xiàng)，只有B項(xiàng)適合，該項(xiàng)中的“住在附近”的人與空后句中的“屬同一健身房”相符應(yīng)，故選B項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)“鍛煉伙伴通常需要住在附近”是空前句“在社交媒體上發(fā)貼可能得不到有用回應(yīng)”的原因，而空后句又是B項(xiàng)“住在附近”的理由。

[例6]（2021年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.? ? ? 36? ? ?So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.

解析：開篇交代背景“我和丈夫在巴黎待了一周。”下文“So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.（因此，我們做的第一件事就是租了一套非常昂貴的公寓，在第六層，只有一個(gè)櫥柜那么大）”是空白處的結(jié)果，因此空白處需要從備選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)合理的原因; F項(xiàng)“Our aim was to see if we could live， in some way， like real Parisians.（我們想看看在某種程度上，我們是否可以得像巴黎人那樣生活）”正好是作者和丈夫要在巴黎租房子住下來(lái)的原因，故選F項(xiàng)。

（2）并列關(guān)系

并列關(guān)系指的是選項(xiàng)與上下文表達(dá)的意思相近，句型結(jié)構(gòu)一致，常見的提示詞有or， and， while等。

[例7]（2022年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

First of all， decide what you want from that person.?_____37_____ Or do you just want to be physically fit， able to move with strength and flexibility？ Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.

D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport？

E. How can you write a good“seeking training partner” notice？

解析：根據(jù)后文中Or的提示，空白處應(yīng)與下文是并列關(guān)系。與“Or do you just want to be physically fit， able to move with strength and flexibility？（或者你只是想要身體健康，能夠移動(dòng)的力量和靈活性？）”并列的，應(yīng)是問句，將答案鎖定在D和E兩項(xiàng)中;而D項(xiàng)跟空后句都是一般疑問句，且都含do you want to...結(jié)構(gòu)非常相似，將其代入空格處，語(yǔ)義銜接，故選D項(xiàng)。

[例8]（2022年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled“Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner.”O(jiān)ne reason was：“Youll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym，”while another read：“?_____36?_____”With a workout partner， you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle（微妙）competition.

A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.

C. Youll work harder if you train with someone else.

解析：前文說(shuō)“感謝你的健身伙伴的五個(gè)理由”“理由之一是：如果你知道有人在健身房等你，你就會(huì)去鍛煉”;由while another read可知，這是感謝健身伙伴的另一條理由，與前一條應(yīng)為并列關(guān)系，瀏覽各選項(xiàng)，結(jié)構(gòu)相似的只有選項(xiàng)C. Youll work harder if you train with someone else.（如果你和別人一起訓(xùn)練，你會(huì)更努力），故選C項(xiàng)。

（3）詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系

詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)是指選項(xiàng)中的詞語(yǔ)與空白處的前、后句中的詞語(yǔ)相同或相近。選項(xiàng)以原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)或以不同的詞性復(fù)現(xiàn)，還有以近義詞的形式復(fù)現(xiàn)。

[例9]（2022年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

You and your partner will probably have different skills.

40? ? Over time， both of you will benefit——your partner will be able to lift more weights and you will become more physically fit. The core（核心）of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each other.

A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.

F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

解析：前文“You and your partner will probably have different skills.（你和你的搭檔可能有不同的技能）”中的different和選項(xiàng)F“Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.（接受你們的不同，學(xué)會(huì)彼此合作）”中的differences是詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)，前后語(yǔ)境銜接，故選F項(xiàng)。

（4）代詞指代關(guān)系

代詞指代關(guān)系指的是選項(xiàng)中代詞指代上文的信息點(diǎn)（2022年第39題），或者是選項(xiàng)中的信信息點(diǎn)，在后文中有代詞體現(xiàn)（2021年第40題）。

[例10]（2022年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do， how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session， and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities， and provided her phone number.?_____39_____

F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

解析：在前文“我的搭檔把她的要求貼在了當(dāng)?shù)氐囊粋€(gè)公園的布告欄上。寫明了她想要做什么樣的鍛煉，每周多少天，每次培訓(xùn)要花多少小時(shí)，還有她的年齡;還列出了她最愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)和活動(dòng)，并提供了她的電話號(hào)碼”中列舉了許多個(gè)人信息，而G項(xiàng)“任何鍛煉搭檔的布告都應(yīng)包括這些信息（such information）”與此意義銜接，其中such information指代空格前所講的布告欄上列舉的信息點(diǎn)，故選G項(xiàng)。

[例11]（2021年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）

You can tell this by cafés life. French cafés are always crowded.?_____40_____When do these people work？ The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously — so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.

A. Not all the customers are tourists.

D. The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.

解析：空后句“When do these people work？（這些人什么時(shí)候工作？）”中的these people能填入空白處的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)了一群人;選項(xiàng)A. Not all the customers are tourists.（咖啡館里的顧客并非都是游客）承接上文說(shuō)明咖啡廳里造成擁擠的客人的情況，A選項(xiàng)中 customers符合咖啡館的情境設(shè)定，同時(shí)講述了不是所有的客人都是游客，意味著有部分顧客是當(dāng)?shù)厝?，符合空后句的提問，故選A項(xiàng)。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青