郭春景 郭林宇 王建忠 喬淇
摘要:為了研究農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)中國(guó)綠豆對(duì)外貿(mào)易的影響,以中國(guó)、國(guó)際食品法典委員會(huì)(CAC)、歐盟、日本、美國(guó)、韓國(guó)和加拿大等國(guó)家綠豆農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為基礎(chǔ),從限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)量、限量大小和占比、限量寬松度等方面對(duì)比分析中國(guó)與貿(mào)易國(guó)之間的差異。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),中國(guó)綠豆農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)少,共83項(xiàng),與日本的388項(xiàng)、歐盟的566項(xiàng)存在很大差距,與CAC的111項(xiàng)、韓國(guó)的124項(xiàng)、美國(guó)的114項(xiàng)也存在差距。此外,中國(guó)豁免限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與一律標(biāo)準(zhǔn)少。食品中農(nóng)藥的最大殘留限量 GB 2763—2019標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī)定了44種豁免制定農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量的農(nóng)藥名單,未規(guī)定一律標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所以,仍需繼續(xù)關(guān)注相關(guān)貿(mào)易國(guó)的農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信息更新,結(jié)合農(nóng)藥殘留數(shù)據(jù)、農(nóng)藥降解數(shù)據(jù)、毒理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)和膳食數(shù)據(jù)等,為制定適合中國(guó)綠豆農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供技術(shù)支持。
關(guān)鍵詞:綠豆;農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量;CAC;歐盟;日本;美國(guó);韓國(guó);加拿大
中圖分類號(hào): S-9???? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A???? 論文編號(hào):cjas2020-0065
Maximum Residue Limits of Mung Bean Pesticides at Home and Abroad: A Comparative Study
GUO Chunjing12,, GUO Linyu , WANG Jianzhong312,, QIAO Qi4
(1Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang110161, Liaoning, China;2Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lab of Agricultural Product Quality Safety Risk Assessment(Shenyang), Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China;3Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, ChineseAcademy ofAgricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081;4Fushun Environmental Monitoring Center, Fushun 113001, Liaoning, China)
Abstract: To study the impact of maximum residue limit standards of pesticides on China’s foreign trade ofmung bean, we made a comparative analysis between China and its trading countries in terms of the quantity,the size and proportion of the maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the degree of looseness of the limitstandards, based on the maximum residue limit standards of pesticides of mung bean established by China,Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the European Union, Japan, the United States, South Korea, Canadaand etc. The results show that China’s number of pesticide maximum residue limit standards of mung bean (83items) is significantly fewer than that of Japan (388 items) and EU (566 items), and also lower than that of CAC(111 items), South Korea (124 items) and the United States (114 items). In addition, China has fewer exemptionlimit standards and uniform limit standards. The GB 2763-2019 standard only stipulates a list of 44 pesticidesthat is exempted from establishing the maximum residue limits of pesticides, and does not stipulate the uniformlimit standards. Therefore, we need to pay attention to the update of pesticide maximum residue limit standardsof relevant trading countries continuously, and combine the pesticide residue data, pesticide degradation data, toxicological data and dietary data to provide technical support for formulating pesticide maximum residue limit standards suitable for China’smung bean production.
Keywords: mung bean; maximum residue limits of pesticides; CAC; European Union; Japan; the United States of America; South Korea; Canada
0引言
綠豆(Vigna radiate L.)是中國(guó)主要食用豆類之一[1],能固氮、耐瘠、耐蔭、改善土壤環(huán)境,是中國(guó)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的重要農(nóng)作物[2]。隨著生活水平的提高,高蛋白、中淀粉、低脂肪的綠豆成為了人們餐桌上的營(yíng)養(yǎng)食品[3]。2018年中國(guó)綠豆種植面積為48.5萬(wàn)hm2,產(chǎn)量為68.11萬(wàn)t[4]。出口額232234美元,僅次于緬甸,居世界第二位,在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)占有重要份額[5]。從綠豆出口受阻情況來(lái)看[6],主要問(wèn)題集中在農(nóng)藥殘留超標(biāo)上,嚴(yán)重影響中國(guó)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。目前,對(duì)技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的研究主要包括TBT[7-10]、SPS[11-13]、農(nóng)藥殘留[14-17]、重金屬[18-19]、真菌毒素[20-21]等方面,但在綠豆農(nóng)藥殘留限量方面相關(guān)研究很少,特別是GB 2763—2019實(shí)施以來(lái),未見(jiàn)相關(guān)報(bào)道。因此,了解國(guó)內(nèi)外農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量(Maximum Residue Limit,MRL),跟蹤主要貿(mào)易國(guó)最新限量規(guī)定,與中國(guó)限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行比較,對(duì)于綠豆生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易具有重要意義。
1材料與方法
根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)食品中農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量》(GB 2763—2019)[22]總結(jié)出中國(guó)綠豆相關(guān)限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并進(jìn)行綠豆農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量現(xiàn)狀分析。
根據(jù)CAC殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)[23]、歐盟殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)[24]、日本殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)[25]、美國(guó)殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)[26]、韓國(guó)殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)[27]和加拿大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)[28]總結(jié)出 CAC、歐盟、日本、美國(guó)、韓國(guó)和加拿大的綠豆相關(guān)限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),采用Excel對(duì)中國(guó)綠豆農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量與國(guó)外限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總體情況和具體限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。
2結(jié)果與分析
2.1 中國(guó)綠豆農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量現(xiàn)狀
中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)、中華人民共和國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、國(guó)家市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督管理總局于2019年8 月15日聯(lián)合發(fā)布中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)食品中農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量》(GB 2763—2019)[22],其中綠豆相關(guān)限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)83項(xiàng)(見(jiàn)表1),包括禁限用農(nóng)藥限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)14項(xiàng),分別是氯丹、對(duì)硫磷、甲胺磷、甲基對(duì)硫磷、久效磷、殺蟲(chóng)脒、艾氏劑、滴滴涕、狄氏劑、毒殺芬、六六六、滅蟻靈、七氯和異狄氏劑。
中國(guó)綠豆農(nóng)殘限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類情況如圖1所示。其中殺蟲(chóng)劑53種,占限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總數(shù)的63.9%,其中聯(lián)苯肼酯為殺螨劑,聯(lián)苯菊酯為殺蟲(chóng)/殺螨劑,滅線磷為殺線蟲(chóng)劑,其余均為殺蟲(chóng)劑;殺菌劑16種,分別是百菌清、福美雙、苯醚甲環(huán)唑、吡噻菌胺、丙硫菌唑、啶酰菌胺、多菌靈、氟吡菌酰胺、咯菌腈、環(huán)丙唑醇、嘧菌環(huán)胺、戊唑醇、異菌脲、氟唑菌酰胺、吡唑醚菌酯和五氯硝基苯,占限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總數(shù)的19.3%;除草劑11種,分別氟磺胺草醚、百草枯、苯嘧磺草胺、敵草腈、精二甲吩草胺、滅草松、烯草酮、草甘膦、氟吡甲禾靈、敵草快和甲氧咪草煙,占限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總數(shù)的13.3%;熏蒸劑2種,分別是氯化苦和溴甲烷,占限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總數(shù)的2.4%;增效劑1種,為增效醚,占限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)總數(shù)的1.2%。