INTRODUCTION

在書籍制作教學(xué)過程中，教師通過課堂調(diào)研收集的方式，使學(xué)生體會手工書制作中視覺和觸感的重要性，幫助學(xué)生更好地體會手工書籍形與神融合的整體美感。手工書籍的制作過程，是學(xué)生構(gòu)思不斷改進，草圖不斷調(diào)整以及形態(tài)反復(fù)嘗試的實踐活動。學(xué)生能夠通過各種工藝和技能的構(gòu)思和實踐，并融入自身對于手工書制作的認知，展現(xiàn)出手工書籍制作者的個性特征。

2.4.3 供試品溶液的配制（HPIC-CD法） 取注射用硫酸核糖霉素適量，精密稱定，加水溶解并稀釋至含硫酸核糖霉素0.3 mg·mL-1的溶液。

Our technique is a five-in-one multifunctional yet simple use of a micro needle holder instead of micro forceps, an eye spud,XJTU: Xi'an Jiaotong University.ciliary forceps and a punctal dilator. Furthermore, it can reduce the procurement and sterilization expenditures of medical instruments. In addition, it is possible to avoid wasting time on routine preparation and management of various instruments out of the operating rooms.

Herein, we briefly report a novel multifunctional yet simple use of micro needle holder as micro forceps, eye spud, ciliary forceps and punctal dilator while saving the medical costs in northwest China.

在當(dāng)前跨境電商蓬勃發(fā)展，面向傳統(tǒng)外貿(mào)領(lǐng)域的高職商務(wù)英語人才培養(yǎng)已經(jīng)不能夠滿足社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要，當(dāng)前外貿(mào)領(lǐng)域急需的是專業(yè)的跨境電商人才[5]。為了了解外貿(mào)企業(yè)對跨境電商人才需求真實的狀況，我們以外貿(mào)發(fā)達地區(qū)蘇州市的中小跨境電商企業(yè)為對象，調(diào)查了他們對跨境電商人才的需求情況，并以此為依據(jù)獲得了對高職商務(wù)英語專業(yè)進行跨境電商方向教學(xué)改革的基礎(chǔ)性認識，具體調(diào)研結(jié)果如下：

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Table 1 shows the cost components of medical instruments in the selected 4 hospitals between 2018 and 2019. With the novel multifunctional yet simple use of micro needle holders,both the purchase and sterilization costs were decreased. The purchase cost has dropped by roughly 50%. In the year 2019,the procurement costs of the only micro needle holders in the 4 hospitals were respectively 47.1% (US $ 423/898, XJTU),50.0% (US $ 274/548, Yulin), 48.0% (US $ 342/712, Ankang),and 48.9% (US $ 4089/8369, Xi'an) of the medical instrument costs of the previous year. The sterilization cost was decreased by about 30%. The sterilization costs were respectively 68.4% (US $ 386/564, XJTU), 72.3% (US $ 298/412, Yulin),70.1% (US $ 345/492, Ankang), and 71.0% (US $ 4105/5782,Xi'an) of the previous year. Moreover, both the treatment and preparation time was ultimately saved and shortened with the application of novel five-in-one micro needle holders.The average treatment time was respectively 30.0 % (1.5/5.0,XJTU), 43.8% (2.1/4.8, Yulin), 39.1% (1.8/4.6, Ankang),and 34.1% (1.4/4.1, Xi'an) of the previous year. The average preparation time was respectively 60.0% (24/40, XJTU),61.5% (16/26, Yulin), 58.8% (20/34, Ankang), and 37.5%(18/48, Xi'an) of the previous year.

This study included 4 hospitals with the department of ophthalmology between 2018 and 2019. The selected representative hospitals are all located in the less-developed northwest China. The First Affiliated Hospital of XJTU is in Shaanxi Province as the general health center of northwest China. Yulin No.2 Hospital (Yulin) and Ankang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ankang)are the eye care centers of northern and southern Shaanxi respectively. Xi'an No.1 Hospital (Xi'an) is the eye care center of Xi'an City, which is the most populous city of northwest China. The cost components included purchase cost of micro needle holders, micro forcipes, eye spud, ciliary forcipes and punctal dilators, as well as sterilization cost of the above medical instruments in the whole year 2018. With the novel multifunctional yet simple use of micro needle holders, of which purchase and sterilization costs were gathered for the year 2019.

A micro needle holder is often used to hold a needle to suture the cornea, sclera, and conjunctiva with the assistance of micro forceps under a surgical microscope (Figure 1A) in the operating rooms. Further, there will be some procedures such as removal of suture, extraction of foreign body from cornea,removal of trichiasis and punctal dilation in the treatment rooms of ophthalmology outpatients' clinics and wards. A micro needle holder instead of micro forceps can be used to remove corneal and conjunctival sutures with a syringe needle in front of the slit lamp microscope (Figure 1B). Moreover, a micro needle holder instead of an eye spud or a syringe needle can be used to extract foreign body from cornea in front of the slit lamp microscope (Figure 1C). In addition, a micro needle holder instead of ciliary forceps can be used to remove trichiasis in front of the slit lamp microscope (Figure 1D).Besides micromanipulation, we can use one blade of a micro needle holder instead of a punctal dilator to dilate the puncta(Figure 1E).

RESULTS

Ethical Approval The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU; 2018-W11). All patients had been fully informed of the purpose and methods of the present study and provided written informed consent from themselves.

DISCUSSION

Some procedures such as removal of suture, extraction of foreign body from cornea, removal of trichiasisand punctal dilation are the daily routine treatments in the ophthalmology outpatients' clinics and wards. Most procedures, especially micromanipulations, need various fine ophthalmic instrument,of which most are easily damaged and waste of time for classification managements. Effectiveness yet cost-saving is crucial to meet this increasing demand, especially in the limited budget practice.

A micro needle holder is often used to suture the tissue of an eyeball under the microscope. We found its multifunctional yet simple use in the clinics. The removal of sutures after keratoplasty, excision of pterygium, trabeculectomyand surgical repair of corneal or conjunctival laceration is a common issue. Instead of micro forceps, it is possible to remove the sutures using a micro needle holder with a syringe needle posterior to ocular surface anesthesia in front of the slit lamp microscope, which makes removal of sutures easier for both oculists and patients during the process and enhances the efficiency as well. As the fine tips of a micro forceps are easily damaged, it needs to be replaced more often than a micro needle holder, thus increasing expenses. The removal of a corneal foreign body is another procedure commonly performed in the emergency department. The eye spud is not widely used in the clinics, but a syringe needle is often used by surgeons to extract foreign body from cornea, while greatly increasing the risk of corneal penetrating injuries, especially for patients with poor cooperationand residents during their freshmen year. Safety is the outstanding advantage of the micro needle holder application for the extraction of foreign body from cornea. Moreover, the foreign body in cornea can be directly held by the micro needle holder, thus making extraction easier. In case of corneal foreign bodies not removed in a timely manner, they can cause prolonged pain and lead to microbial keratitis and even endophthalmitis. Trichiasis is another common eyelid problem. Eyelashes grow inwards toward the eye. The lashes rub against the cornea and the conjunctiva. Sometimes trichiasis affects only a few eyelashes,which maybe simply removed with a micro needle holder instead of ciliary forceps in front of the slit lamp microscope.For most patients with small puncta, it can also be dilated by one blade of a micro needle holder instead of a punctal dilator, which is easily damaged due to the fine tip and thus increases expenditure.

Economic evaluation in health care is still an evolving discipline. With the novel five-in-one multifunctional yet simple use of micro needle holders, it is amazing that both the purchase and sterilization costs were all decreased regardless of whether in a general hospital (XJTU) or an eye hospital(Xi'an), or a hospital with a large (Xi'an) or small (Ankang and Yulin) number of outpatients. The medical costs were cut off. A wide variety of ophthalmic instruments, which are easily damaged, is one of the key factors contributing to the medical costs. We found that reducing variety of instruments,especially those fine micro forceps and punctal dilators, is an effective way to save the medical costs. The costs of the other four instruments, however, were not cut off completely because the routine use of the instruments in the operation room was not changed. Nevertheless, the application of novel five-in-one micro needle holders makes oculists' clinical work easier and more effective.

Although over-range and non-standard use, our five-in-one multifunctional yet simple use of micro needle holders makes the clinical work simple and efficient, as well as saves the medical costs for hospitals. In addition, it could be applied to specific medical conditions such as poor and short of medical supplies.

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