文|高 遠(yuǎn)

英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)提出，學(xué)生的閱讀能力是其綜合語言運(yùn)用能力中不可缺少的一部分。教師必須通過閱讀教學(xué)，幫助學(xué)生積累語言知識，提高閱讀能力，形成閱讀策略。張丹老師在執(zhí)教繪本“Dad for asle”時(shí)，通過有效的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對文本進(jìn)行深度解讀；通過多樣的閱讀任務(wù)，幫助學(xué)生掌握繪本中的語言知識；通過合理的共情體驗(yàn)，拓展學(xué)生的情感及價(jià)值觀教育，使我深受啟發(fā)，感觸良多。

繪本深讀首先要求教師對文本本身蘊(yùn)含的深層信息進(jìn)行認(rèn)知、解讀和設(shè)計(jì)，然后才能深化學(xué)生對于文本的理解。張丹老師在繪本“Dad for sale”的教學(xué)中能夠始終關(guān)注文本信息，針對學(xué)生能力進(jìn)行有效的設(shè)計(jì)，為學(xué)生提供閱讀策略。以下結(jié)合她在讀前和讀中的教學(xué)進(jìn)行分析。

一、讀前部分的有效設(shè)計(jì)

繪本閱讀和傳統(tǒng)閱讀不同，傳統(tǒng)閱讀基于文本，圖片是輔助，繪本閱讀的側(cè)重點(diǎn)則在圖片，教師往往需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過閱讀、分析圖片，結(jié)合文本以充分理解故事。因此，教師要在繪本的Prereading 部分或者導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)創(chuàng)設(shè)真實(shí)的情境，利用視頻、圖片等手段引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察、推理、設(shè)問，激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀興趣，同時(shí)在情境中引入部分新知，解決部分關(guān)鍵問題。我們來看看張丹老師的讀前部分設(shè)計(jì)。

【課堂回顧】

T: Before class, we enjoyed a song of a picture book.What’s the name of the picture book?

S: My Dad.

T: Yes, My Dad.What do you think of his dad?

S1: I think his dad is great.He can sing and play football well.

T: And what about your dad? Can your dad sing?

S1: Yes, he can.

T: What songs can he sing?

S1: Small apples.

T: Oh， this is a very popular song.What else?

S2: I think his dad is brave.He isn’t afraid of anything.

T: What about your dad?

S2: My father is brave，too.He often helps our neighbors.

T: And today, we’ll read a meaningful picture book.See, this is the cover and the fly page.What can you get from the cover and the fly page?

繪本閱讀失去了情境、問題的引導(dǎo)，就失去了閱讀的樂趣和意義。環(huán)節(jié)問題和情境的設(shè)計(jì)對于深入文本有著重要的意義。在本節(jié)課的讀前部分，張丹老師通過“My Dad”繪本視頻導(dǎo)入教學(xué)，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生聯(lián)系生活實(shí)際，理解繪本題目“Dad for sale”。學(xué)生在教師的引導(dǎo)下，結(jié)合生活實(shí)際運(yùn)用Free talk，鏈接繪本主題。用繪本引出繪本，形式新穎有趣，主題關(guān)聯(lián)緊密。

【課堂回顧】

T: See, this is the cover and the fly page.

What can you get from the cover and the fly page?

S1: It’s raining outside.And a man holds an umbrella

T: Who’s that man?

S1: Maybe he is the little girl’s dad.

T: And he holds an umbrella for the little girl.

Who can try? You please.

S2: I can see two big shoes.

T: Oh，here’s a pair of big shoes.Whose shoes are they?

S2: Maybe the boy’s father’s.

T: And the name of the story is...

S: Dad for Sale.

T: Yes, that means someone wants to sell his dad.

That’s so strange.Someone wants to sell his dad!

Do you have any questions?

S1: How do you sell that?

S2: How much is your dad?

S3: Why does the little boy sell his dad?

S4: Who wants to sell his dad?

T: Yes, you have a lot of questions about the story.

張丹老師再次從繪本的封面入手，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生抓住“sell dad”這個(gè)線索，理解繪本題目中的關(guān)鍵詞“for sale”，并提出who，where，why 等核心問題，激活學(xué)生的閱讀興趣。接著，教師針對“sell dad”這個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，夸張地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)“That’s so strange.Someone wants to sell dad! ”，瞬間激發(fā)了學(xué)生的興趣。教師抓住時(shí)機(jī)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生針對繪本自主提出問題，制造了懸念，引起學(xué)生的閱讀期待。鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生設(shè)問不僅能夠訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的發(fā)散思維能力，也能幫助學(xué)生厘清閱讀繪本的思路和步驟，為讀中部分略讀整篇文章提供目標(biāo)、做出鋪墊。

二、讀中部分的有效設(shè)計(jì)

While-reading 部分是一節(jié)閱讀課的核心。教師對于學(xué)生閱讀策略的有效引導(dǎo)決定了一節(jié)閱讀課的深度。英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生從表層閱讀走向深度閱讀。張老師設(shè)計(jì)了不同的教學(xué)活動，并設(shè)置理解性問題，以大問題帶動小問題，從易到難、層層遞進(jìn)，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生完成了不同層次的閱讀，在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察、思考的同時(shí)，也充分注意到對學(xué)生思維能力的培養(yǎng)。我們來看一看張丹老師設(shè)計(jì)了什么問題，她又是如何一步一步構(gòu)建活動層級的。

【課堂回顧】

T: Yes, you have a lot of questions about the story.

And I think you want to know these questions first.

Who wants to sell his dad?

Why does he/she want to sell his dad?

Does he/she sell his dad at last?

Now, let’s try to read the story and find the answers.

（Students read in groups.）

T: Now, who wants to sell his dad?

S: The little boy.

T: Yes, the little boy wants to sell his dad.Why?

S1: Because his dad doesn’t let him put jam in the fish tank.

S2: His dad doesn’t allow him to sleep in the dog bed.

S3: Because his dad doesn’t let him hide his mouse in the fridge.

T: That means his dad doesn’t let him do many things.Does the boy sell his dad at last? Yes or no?

S: No.

T: Of course not.And what?What doesn’t his dad let him do? And why? Why doesn’t the boy sell his dad at last? Now,let’s read Page 6 to 13 and tell me, what doesn’t dad let the boy do?

Ss: ...（Students read and answer in detail.）

在對文本進(jìn)行初步略讀后，張老師通過“Why does he want to sell his dad? Does the boy sell his dad at last?”等問題精讀文章，真正做到了把課堂還給學(xué)生，給學(xué)生以充足的時(shí)間進(jìn)行自主閱讀和小組閱讀。學(xué)生在個(gè)人思考和合作助學(xué)的過程中活躍思維，結(jié)合個(gè)人理解和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)解構(gòu)故事，能夠把自己最真實(shí)的想法表達(dá)出來，從而促進(jìn)學(xué)生良好的思維能力和小組合作能力的形成。

【課堂回顧】

T: He wants to do these things very much.

But, he can’t put jam in the fish tank.

He can’t sleep in the dog bed.

He can’t hide the mouse in the fridge.Who can?

S: Rouse can.

T: Yes！Rouse can do these things.He can’t do these things.

How does he feel? You please.

S: He’s very angry.

T: Yes, he can’t do these things.He is very angry.

So, can you read it angrily?

S: ...（Students read angrily.）

T: Can you read more angrily?

S: ...（Students read more angrily.）

T: Can you read more and more angrily?

S: ...（Students read more and more angrily.）

T: At this moment, in his eyes, his dad is just like a...

S: A monster!

T: Yes, a monster! Does he love his dad? Can you read angrily?

S: ...（Read together angrily.）

T: You don’t love me?Why? How does his dad feel?

S1: He is sad.

S2: He is confused.

S3: His dad is heartbroken.

教師圍繞故事大意提出一連串的小問題，富有智慧地將文本和圖片串聯(lián)起來，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解主人公和爸爸的情感變化。學(xué)生通過學(xué)習(xí)文本中重復(fù)的結(jié)構(gòu)，理解故事細(xì)節(jié)和關(guān)鍵部分。教師進(jìn)而提出開放性問題“You don’t love me? Why? How does dad feel?”引發(fā)學(xué)生的深度共情和思考。在解讀完文本之后，張老師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生體會故事中人物的情感，并用朗讀的方式表達(dá)出自己對這種情感的理解。在與故事人物的共情中，學(xué)生體會到越來越強(qiáng)烈的情感，對文本有了更深層次的理解。在張老師的引導(dǎo)下，學(xué)生對小男孩和他父親心理活動進(jìn)行充分的分析和感悟，其自身換位思考的交際能力也會有一定程度的提升。

【課堂回顧】

T: At this moment, they are very happy.

And in his eyes, his dad is an...

S: An angel.

T: Yes.At first, in his eyes,his dad is a monster.

And now, his dad is an angel.His dad is the best.

His dad does a lot of things for the boy.And do you know why?

Because his mum is gone.He only has a dad.

He is really great.He is the best dad in the world!

At the beginning of the class you asked me how much the dad is.

S: He is priceless!

T: Yes, dad is priceless.What about your dad?

在讀中環(huán)節(jié)，張老師設(shè)計(jì)了層次分明的問題激發(fā)學(xué)生的閱讀興趣，逐漸升華學(xué)生的情感態(tài)度，吸引學(xué)生不斷閱讀并進(jìn)行思考，從而更容易接受故事，產(chǎn)生共情并參與其中。最后，張老師挖掘文本中隱藏的信息——小男孩的母親已經(jīng)去世。這個(gè)隱藏信息足以打動所有的學(xué)生。發(fā)掘出文本背后的故事后，學(xué)生便對故事的情節(jié)、人物關(guān)系以及情感有了更深層次的理解，也為讀后活動做好了充分的情感鋪墊。

總之，幫助學(xué)生深入閱讀英語繪本，不僅需要我們完整準(zhǔn)確地解讀文本，更需要有效的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)、多樣的閱讀任務(wù)、合理的共情體驗(yàn)。張老師的以上做法，為繪本深讀提供了一個(gè)較好的范例。