文/肖寒
農(nóng)民看到大豐收的麥子,心里樂開了花。圖/孫炳蓮The farmers are happy to see the great harvest of wheat.
“洪范八政,食為政首?!弊怨乓詠?,山東崇尚農(nóng)業(yè)、以糧為本,是傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)大省,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品種繁多、供給充足,不僅滿足了省內(nèi)需求,還為全國穩(wěn)產(chǎn)保供做出貢獻。尤其是蔬菜供應方面,占據(jù)了京津冀、長三角、粵港澳大灣區(qū)相當?shù)氖袌龇蓊~。
習近平總書記在山東視察時指出,農(nóng)業(yè)大省的責任首先是維護國家糧食安全。在新冠肺炎疫情沖擊下,國際糧食市場波動加劇,糧食安全重要性更加凸顯。作為產(chǎn)糧大省,面對復雜嚴峻的生產(chǎn)形勢,山東克服新冠肺炎疫情、小麥條銹病和玉米南方銹病偏重發(fā)生、嚴重秋汛等不利因素影響,2021年糧食播種面積、單產(chǎn)、總產(chǎn)實現(xiàn)“三增”,總產(chǎn)連續(xù)8年穩(wěn)定在1000億斤以上。
“在全國穩(wěn)產(chǎn)保供大局中,山東的作用舉足輕重。2020年山東農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值10190.6億元,在全國率先邁上萬億元新臺階。取得這樣的成績,來之不易。”山東省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳副廳長褚瑞云說,在山東,并非是農(nóng)林牧漁中某個產(chǎn)業(yè)非常突出,某些產(chǎn)業(yè)較為落后,而是產(chǎn)業(yè)結構協(xié)調(diào)、合理,各產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展相對均衡。
作為全國最大的“菜園子”,山東始終將“菜籃子”產(chǎn)品穩(wěn)產(chǎn)保供牢牢抓在手上。數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2011—2020年,山東蔬菜播種面積均超1450千公頃,蔬菜總產(chǎn)量連續(xù)十年居全國第一位。山東肉類產(chǎn)量連續(xù)十年居全國第一位,肉類加工產(chǎn)業(yè)也在全國穩(wěn)居前列。同時,全國海水養(yǎng)殖經(jīng)歷了五次產(chǎn)業(yè)浪潮,均是從青島發(fā)端,推廣至全國。
農(nóng)產(chǎn)品從田間地頭到百姓餐桌,一頭連著消費者的菜籃子,一頭連著農(nóng)民的錢袋子。圖/王學軍The agricultural products go from the fields to the people's table, one end is connected to the consumer's vegetable basket, and the other end is connected to the farmer's money bag.
“全國農(nóng)業(yè)看山東”。進入新時代,山東下實功、出實招,堅定扛起農(nóng)業(yè)大省責任,一步一個腳印向前邁進。為確保糧食等重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)供給,山東堅持藏糧于地、藏糧于技,劃定糧食生產(chǎn)功能區(qū)和棉花生產(chǎn)保護區(qū)5650萬畝,累計建成高標準農(nóng)田6113萬畝,并在44個縣開展糧食綠色高質(zhì)高效創(chuàng)建,集成推廣綠色高質(zhì)高效標準化生產(chǎn)技術模式。
“高標準”帶來高效益。2021年夏收期間,德州禹城市禹興街道貝欒村村民貝仁東就嘗到了甜頭:由于澆水及時、管理得好,小麥平均畝產(chǎn)約1200斤,增產(chǎn)200斤左右?!皳?jù)評估,較改造之前,耕地質(zhì)量大約提升1.5個等級,糧食產(chǎn)能大約提高20%。”山東省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳農(nóng)田建設管理處處長王煒介紹,到2025年,山東將力爭建成8000萬畝高標準農(nóng)田。
種子是農(nóng)業(yè)的“芯片”。針對過去國內(nèi)蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)長期受制于“洋種子”的問題,山東不斷加快補齊農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新的短板,大力提升種業(yè)企業(yè)的市場競爭力。華盛農(nóng)業(yè)先后育成西葫蘆、蘿卜等蔬菜的新品種300多個,不僅憑實力叫板“洋種子”,而且還反向出口國外,2020年,企業(yè)育種產(chǎn)品出口額同比增長200%以上。
山東省華盛農(nóng)業(yè)股份有限公司董事長李興盛表示:“我們利用山東省的重點實驗室,利用生物育種技術,創(chuàng)制了屬于我們自己的、擁有自主知識產(chǎn)權的一些種源。經(jīng)過20多年來的收集整理和我們自己的創(chuàng)制,現(xiàn)在有1萬多份的種質(zhì)資源?!?/p>
產(chǎn)量實現(xiàn)大突破,種子十分關鍵。小麥品種“濟麥22”連年成為全國第一大品種,“山農(nóng)28”刷新全國冬小麥單產(chǎn)紀錄,登海玉米品種多次創(chuàng)下全國夏玉米高產(chǎn)紀錄,茄果類、西甜瓜等設施蔬菜自主品種占比達83%……山東不斷壯大現(xiàn)代種業(yè),全省主要農(nóng)作物良種覆蓋率達到98%以上,良種對糧食增產(chǎn)的貢獻率達到47%。從陸地到海洋,作為漁業(yè)大省,山東在種質(zhì)保存、品種創(chuàng)新、繁育推廣等方面也走在了全國前列,水產(chǎn)良種覆蓋率達到55%。煙臺水產(chǎn)種業(yè)硅谷啟動建設,現(xiàn)有6家國家級水產(chǎn)原良種場,密集程度居全國首位。
從實驗室到田間地頭,從吃得飽到吃得好、吃得健康,在科技引領下,山東推動農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)提升、標準化生產(chǎn)的步履不停。在濰坊市坊子區(qū)洼里村玉棵松有機蔬菜智慧工廠里,10層立體化盆栽種植讓人感覺高科技十足。“我們不用化肥、農(nóng)藥,全部是農(nóng)場自然生態(tài)循環(huán),蔬菜都是我們小時候的味道,均價賣到了30元一斤?!蓖堇锎妩h支部書記、玉泉洼合作社負責人劉向東說。玉泉洼研發(fā)的智能種植床技術突破了有機蔬菜需要三年轉換期的問題,產(chǎn)出的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品當年可達有機標準,有機蔬菜實現(xiàn)多茬收割和立體種植,是“技”更是“金”。
標準決定質(zhì)量。山東突出構建與質(zhì)量興農(nóng)、綠色興農(nóng)相適應的農(nóng)業(yè)地方標準體系,目前,全省農(nóng)業(yè)地方標準和技術規(guī)程達到2600項,省級農(nóng)業(yè)標準化生產(chǎn)基地達到1309家。質(zhì)量優(yōu)、標準高、科技足的“新農(nóng)業(yè)”改變著山東,也注入了發(fā)展的活力。
“乘著全國蔬菜質(zhì)量標準中心落戶壽光的東風,蔬菜之鄉(xiāng)對外集成輸出先進技術、生產(chǎn)標準以及解決方案?!眽酃馐修r(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局局長王立新說,每年,超過900萬噸蔬菜在壽光交易,蔬菜總產(chǎn)值約110億元。
“我們是‘買全國’‘賣全國’,到了這個季節(jié)主要是南菜北運,到了夏天就是北菜南調(diào)?!?021年12月8日,壽光地利農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流園祥云菜業(yè)的老板趙守田正忙著接收來自廣州茂名的蔬菜,在這里他已經(jīng)營蔬菜生意30多年。作為國內(nèi)南菜北運、北菜南調(diào)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品集散中心,壽光地利農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流園日交易量近萬噸,年交易量350余萬噸,商品輻射東北、華北、西北、京津冀等20多個省、市、自治區(qū),遠銷東南亞及俄羅斯等國家和地區(qū)。
不僅吞吐量大,這里還是全國蔬菜價格的形成中心和發(fā)布中心。由國家商務部批準成立的“中國壽光蔬菜指數(shù)”,是全國蔬菜價格和交易趨勢的風向標。壽光地利農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流園價格指數(shù)員何曉杰介紹,“蔬菜指數(shù),能引導種植結構、銷售結構和區(qū)域布局的調(diào)整,分散農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營風險,提高蔬菜價格的透明度,使市場供求關系更加平衡?!?/p>
改革開放以來,源自濰坊的貿(mào)工農(nóng)一體化、農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營等成為引領全國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的風向標。進入新時代,山東創(chuàng)新提升“諸城模式”“濰坊模式”“壽光模式”,推動一二三產(chǎn)業(yè)融合發(fā)展,農(nóng)業(yè)這個傳統(tǒng)行當?shù)逆湕l拉長,迸發(fā)出新動能、新活力。在山東,無論“糧頭食尾”還是“農(nóng)頭工尾”,都在通過產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈延伸、價值鏈提升、供應鏈貫通“三鏈重構”,讓經(jīng)營農(nóng)業(yè)獲得更多收益,描繪出一幅農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展“齊魯風情畫”。
在濰坊市寒亭區(qū),皮薄沙瓤的郭牌西瓜賣出了100元一個的高價,品牌叫響的郭牌西瓜,2021年產(chǎn)值超過2億元;在淄博市高青縣,睡軟床、享按摩的黑牛的“身價”,一頭已超過10萬元,價格不菲仍供不應求……近年來,山東全面提升農(nóng)業(yè)品牌形象,打造“齊魯靈秀地、品牌農(nóng)產(chǎn)品”整體品牌,全省知名農(nóng)產(chǎn)品區(qū)域公用品牌和企業(yè)產(chǎn)品品牌分別達到60個和500個,17個品牌入選中國農(nóng)業(yè)品牌目錄,數(shù)量全國第一。品牌建設,大大提升了山東農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場競爭力和溢價水平,形成新的產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢。
山東水產(chǎn)品總產(chǎn)量、漁業(yè)經(jīng)濟總產(chǎn)值位居全國前列。圖/黃輝Shandong's total aquatic product output and total fishery economic output value rank among the top in the country.
濟寧市魚臺縣王魯鎮(zhèn)鳥巢式科技大棚里瓜果飄香。圖/閔祥生The fragrance of melons and fruits in the bird's nest style technology greenhouse in Wanglu Town, Yutai County, Jining City.
Shandong accounts for about 6% of the country’s arable land and 1% of fresh water, and produces about 8% of the country’s food, 11% of fruits, 12% of vegetables, and 13% of aquatic products... Behind this series of figures is the years of continuous progress.
In Shandong, it is not that a certain industry in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is very prominent, and some industries are relatively backward, but the industrial structure is coordinated and reasonable, and the development of various industries is relatively balanced.
As the largest “vegetable garden” in the country, Shandong has always firmly grasped the stable production and supply of “vegetable basket” products. Statistics show that from 2011 to 2020, the sown area of vegetables in Shandong exceeded 1,450 thousand hectares, and the total vegetable output ranked first in the country for ten consecutive years. Shandong’s meat production has ranked first in the country for ten consecutive years, and the meat processing industry has also been firmly in the forefront of the country. At the same time, the country’s marine aquaculture has experienced five industrial waves, all of which started in Qingdao and spread to the whole country.
Shandong continues to grow its modern seed industry. The coverage rate of improved varieties of major crops in the province has reached over 98%, and the contribution rate of improved varieties to the increase in grain production has reached 47%. From land to sea, as a major fishery province, Shandong is also at the forefront of the country in terms of germplasm conservation, variety innovation, and breeding promotion, with a coverage rate of 55% of aquatic products. The construction of the Silicon Valley of Yantai Aquatic Seed Industry has started, and there are currently 6 national-level aquatic original seed farms, the density of which ranks first in the country.
Since the reform and opening up, the integration of trade, industry and agriculture, and the industrialized management of agriculture from Weifang have become the vane leading the country’s agricultural development. Entering the new era, Shandong has innovated and upgraded the “Zhucheng Model”, “Weifang Model” and “Shouguang Model” to promote the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. The chain of agriculture, a traditional industry, has elongated, bursting with new kinetic energy and new vitality.