高楠楠 孫潤(rùn)生 楊璐
摘 要:全球汽車行業(yè)自動(dòng)化水平不斷上升,而汽車座椅面套生產(chǎn)仍然屬于人工勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。雖然某些特種工序也采用自動(dòng)化縫紉設(shè)備進(jìn)行加工,但是95%以上的工序必須采用人工完成轉(zhuǎn)彎、翻轉(zhuǎn)、開縫、卷邊等多種復(fù)雜的縫紉工藝,才能將二維裁片縫合成立體結(jié)構(gòu),所以提升生產(chǎn)效率關(guān)鍵還是要從研究操作者作業(yè)著手。汽車座椅面套生產(chǎn)與服裝行業(yè)有共同之處,又有獨(dú)特之處,本文將以從汽車行業(yè)的視角對(duì)座椅面套縫紉生產(chǎn)進(jìn)行的探討,通過大量錄制操作者的作業(yè)視頻,對(duì)操作行為、人機(jī)工程等方面進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)地分析研究,歸納總結(jié)出影響汽車座椅面套生產(chǎn)效率的八大客觀要素和改進(jìn)措施,以及主觀要素對(duì)客觀要素的影響。將最佳作業(yè)方式形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際,使汽車座椅面套生產(chǎn)更加高品質(zhì)高效率降低疲勞度,為企業(yè)精益生產(chǎn)和卓越運(yùn)營(yíng)提供有效方案。
關(guān)鍵詞:汽車座椅面套 縫紉效率 動(dòng)作分析 八大要素
Study on the Method to Improve the Production Efficiency of Car Seat Cover
Gao Nannan Sun Runsheng Yang lu
Abstract:Though the automation level of global automobile industry rises, and automated sewing equipment are adopted in some special processes in car seat trim production, to sew two-dimensional cutting pieces into three-dimensional structure, there are still more than 95% of the working procedures which need to go through a variety of complex sewing processes like turn, reverse, butterfly cross seam and fold seam, etc. That makes car seat trim production an artificial labor-intensive industry, so the key to improve production efficiency is to make a study of operator. Through large numbers of video recordings of operators work, this paper systematically analyses aspects such as operation behaviors and ergonomics. Through horizontal benchmarking of different operators who do the same process, this paper sums up the eight objective elements and improvement approaches which have influence on the efficiency of car seat trim production, and the subjective factors impacts on objective factors. The best operation practices are formed as standardized operations and are applied to production, which is helpful for car seat trim production with higher quality, higher efficiency, and lower fatigue.
Key words:car seat trim cover, sewing efficiency, motion analysis, the eight elements
1 前言
汽車座椅面套生產(chǎn)屬于勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè),作業(yè)措施以人工縫紉為主(如圖1)。英國(guó)錫萊研究所對(duì)縫紉工作業(yè)過程的研究表明[1]:機(jī)針活動(dòng)時(shí)間占20%,裁片處理時(shí)間占61%,私事、疲勞和不可避免的耽擱占19%。由此可見,深入分析縫紉工的作業(yè)動(dòng)作,提高機(jī)針活動(dòng)時(shí)間占比,減少裁片處理時(shí)間等,能夠有效提高縫紉效率。
2 縫紉效率分析方法
視頻分析法:所謂視頻分析法,是指通過現(xiàn)場(chǎng)錄制縫紉工操作視頻,深入研究作業(yè)動(dòng)作,并對(duì)不同縫紉工操作相同工序的作業(yè)動(dòng)作進(jìn)行橫向?qū)?biāo),尋找差異和最佳作業(yè)方式。通過此方法,可以總結(jié)出影響座椅面套縫紉效率的八個(gè)要素及其改進(jìn)措施,如下詳解。
3 影響座椅面套縫紉效率的八大要素
3.1 線跡停頓
將每一道工序拆分為每一道線跡進(jìn)行分析研究。從裁片喂入壓腳下開始到結(jié)尾倒針結(jié)束,完成一段線跡的縫紉,此過程在本文中定義為線跡過程,在此過程中產(chǎn)生的停頓為線跡停頓。由于設(shè)計(jì)造型原因如開閉縫、接頭、轉(zhuǎn)角等理論上在線跡過程中必須停針完成的停頓類型,本文中定義為必要停頓;由于個(gè)人不良操作習(xí)慣、技術(shù)生疏等問題造成的非必需的停頓類型,本文中定義為非必要停頓。
在做橫向視頻對(duì)標(biāo)分析時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),相同線跡由不同縫紉工作業(yè)時(shí),停頓次數(shù)不同,并且機(jī)針停頓次數(shù)越多耗費(fèi)工時(shí)越多。無論必要停頓還是非必要停頓,每停頓一次則損失1-2s時(shí)間。視頻分析數(shù)據(jù)表明,停頓時(shí)間占線跡過程總時(shí)間的21%-25%,即如果能消除一半的停頓,則效率會(huì)提升10%以上。所以將必要停頓轉(zhuǎn)化為非必要停頓,減少或消除非必要停頓,將對(duì)縫紉效率提升有很大幫助。