李建高

一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。have not?？s寫為haven’t，has not?？s寫為hasn’t?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句、否定句和一般疑問句及答語(yǔ)分別為：

肯定句：主語(yǔ) + have / has + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞 + 其他。如：

I have already finished all the work. 我已經(jīng)完成了所有的工作。

否定句：主語(yǔ) + haven’t / hasn’t + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞 + 其他。如：

It’s time for class， but Linda hasn’t come yet. 上課時(shí)間到了，但琳達(dá)還沒有來。

一般疑問句：Have / Has + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞 + 其他？肯定回答為：Yes， 主語(yǔ) + have / has。否定回答為：No， 主語(yǔ) + haven’t / hasn’t。如：

—Have you visited the history museum yet？ 你已經(jīng)參觀過歷史博物館了嗎？

—Yes， I have. / No， I haven’t. 是的，我參觀過了。/ 不，我沒有參觀過。

[助動(dòng)詞have和has可以和前面的主語(yǔ)縮略為’ve和’s，如：they’ve， she’s， it’s等。][注意]

二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

1. 表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，常和just、already、yet、ever、never、so far等連用。如：

So far， we have already learned ten English songs. 到目前為止，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了10首英文歌曲。

—Have you found him yet？ 你已經(jīng)找到他了嗎？

—No， he has probably gone home. 沒有，他或許已經(jīng)回家了。

2. 表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，即“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) + for + 時(shí)間段”或“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) + since + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn) / 從句”。如：

The Greens have owned the building for over ten years. 格林一家擁有這幢樓房已經(jīng)10多年了。

Paul has had a headache since yesterday. 保羅從昨天開始就頭疼。

Since he got to Beijing， he has worked there. 自從他到了北京就一直在那兒工作。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，如果有since / for...出現(xiàn)，其主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果是短暫性動(dòng)詞，常常把它轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。常見的轉(zhuǎn)化方式有：

（1） 轉(zhuǎn)化為其他動(dòng)詞：buy→ have、borrow→ keep、become→ be等。

（2） 轉(zhuǎn)化為“be + 形容詞 / 副詞 / 介詞短語(yǔ)”：begin / start→ be on、close→ be closed、die→ be dead、finish→ be over、marry→ be married、sleep→ be asleep、return→ be back、arrive→ be here、leave / go→ be away等。

[短暫性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以和since / for ...搭配使用。如：

I haven’t seen Susan for months. 我好幾個(gè)月沒有看到蘇珊了。][注意]

三、have been to、have gone to和have been in的含義

have been to表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地”，但現(xiàn)在人已經(jīng)不在那里了;have gone to表示“已經(jīng)去某地了”，說話時(shí)人已不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，可能在去某地的途中也可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)目的地;have been in常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，表示“在某地待了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”。如：

I have never been to South Africa. 我從來沒有去過南非。

Mrs. Green isn’t in the office. She has gone to the library. 格林夫人不在辦公室，她已經(jīng)去圖書館了。

They have been in Shandong for ten years. 他們已經(jīng)在山東10年了。

[當(dāng)have been to和have gone to后接home、here、there等地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)，to要省略。][注意]

四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能直接和表示過去某一時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：yesterday、last night、three weeks ago、in 2007等。而一般過去時(shí)只表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過去的情況，它可以和表示過去某一時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

I have been to Beijing. 我去過北京。（我對(duì)北京有所了解）

I went to Beijing last year. 我去年去過北京。（只說我去年去過北京，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況）

She has lived here since 2008. 2008年以來她一直住在這里。（她現(xiàn)在還住在這里）

She lived here in 2008. 2008年她住在這里。（不涉及現(xiàn)在她是否還住在這里）

[真題回放]

1. （2020 ·北京） We_________________each other since I came to Beijing， but we send emails very often.

A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. won’t see D. haven’t seen

【答案與解析】D. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)since I came to Being可判斷，句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其否定句是在have或has后加not，故選D。

2. （2020·天津）—The book is popular. _____________you_____________it yet？

—Yes， I have.

A. Are; reading B. Were; reading C. Have; read D. Will; read

【答案與解析】C. 由完成時(shí)標(biāo)志詞yet可判斷，句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其一般疑問句是將have或has提至句首，故選C。

3. （2020·甘肅·天水） —The Whites have_____________Hong Kong.

—Oh， really？ I have never ______ there before.

A. been to; gone B. gone to; been C. been to; gone to D. gone to; been to

【答案與解析】B. have gone to意為“已經(jīng)去某地了”，have been to意為“曾經(jīng)到過某地”。當(dāng)兩者后接地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)，to要省略。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，可確定答案選B。

[即時(shí)演練]

一、單項(xiàng)選擇。

1. （2020·四川·涼山） —It’s 20 years since we came back to Liangshan.

—How time flies！ We_____________in our hometown for such a long time.

A. work B. worked C. has worked D. have worked

2. （2020·遼寧·丹東） —Mum， where is dad？

—He_____________the supermarket.

A. was going to B. has gone to C. has been to D. is going to

3. （2020·江蘇·南通） Mr. Jiang_____________the company to develop the 5G network for years. Now he works as the chief engineer in it.

A. joined B. was a member of

C. has joined D. has been a member of

4. （2020·江蘇·宿遷） —Do you know Sunshine Town very well， Mr. Chen？

—Sure. I_____________here since I was born.

A. has lived B. lived C. have lived D. lives

5. （2020·遼寧·營(yíng)口） Not only Jim but also Lucy_____________a few cities since they came to China.

A. will visit B. visited C. have visited D. has visited

二、按要求改寫下列句子，每空一詞。

1. Bob borrowed the book two days ago. （改為同義句）

Bob_______________________________________the book__________________________two days.

2. My father has already made a toy car for me. （改為否定句）

My father__________________________a toy car for me__________________________.

3. I have communicated with that new student. （改為一般疑問句）

____________________________________________________with that new student？

4. The boy has been to Qingdao once. （對(duì)畫線部分提問）

____________________________________________________has the boy been to Qingdao？

5. It has been half a year since Alan came to Beijing. （改為同義句）

Alan_______________________________________Beijing for half a year.

參考答案：

一、1～5 DBDCD

二、1. has kept; for 2. hasn’t made; yet 3. Have you communicated 4. How many times 5. has been in