亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Wedded to Tradition

        2021-09-05 16:46:07YamG-Jun
        漢語世界(The World of Chinese) 2021年4期
        關鍵詞:維系后裔紐帶

        Yam G-Jun

        For centuries, faith and family have held the Dungan communities of Central Asia together

        一場東干族傳統(tǒng)婚禮:家庭和信仰是維系中亞回族后裔的紐帶

        For a period of 15 to 20 minutes each Friday night, Milyanfan, a village 45-minutes drive outside of Kyrgyzstans capital, Bishkek, comes to a standstill. No cars pass by. The deserted streets are occasionally punctuated with dogs barking and cows mooing. It was Salatul Jumuah, or Friday prayer, and the local Dungan men were all at their local mosque while the women pray at home.

        Led by the Dungan imam, around 400 men face toward the city of Mecca, 5,000 kilometers away. They listen tentatively to the imam reciting from the Quran. At the end of the prayer, they turn to their neighbor first on the right, and then on the left, saying “Peace be upon you, and the mercy and blessings of Allah,” before returning to the daily grind of feeding livestock, and trading textiles and vegetables harvested before the winter.

        I arrive in Milyanfan one chilly Sunday in October, to witness a festive Dungan wedding. Red paper lanterns hang in the courtyard of the grooms residence, into which had gathered what looked like the entire village. Men and women were seated separately by gender, amid long tables filled with steaming plates of plov (a Central Asian rice dish), “l(fā)ongevity noodles,” and candy. Theyre waiting for the main event: the arrival of the bride.

        The Dungan people, who call themselves “Hui people,” are a Central Asian ethnic group with roots in the ethnic Hui minority from northwestern China. Their ancestors fled west after a series of failed uprisings against the Qing Empire between 1862 and 1877. Deeply religious, with huge pride for their cultural heritage, the Dungans successfully withstood the atheist Soviet governments ban on Islam throughout Central Asia.

        Today around 50,000 Dungans live in Kyrgyzstan and 70,000 in Kazakhstan, residing mostly in Dungan-majority villages, speaking a special dialect of Chinese written in Cyrillic, praying to Allah, and cooking traditional Chinese recipes—all eaten with chopsticks.

        Several hours before I arrive in Milyanfan, and three kilometers away from her future grooms home, 20-year-old Madina had risen just after dawn to put on a traditional red wedding dress, adorned with intricate gold patterns. Close relatives glue her long hair into two layered buns, a traditional style brought from China in the 19th century. The finishing touch is a rose-shaped plastic red-and-gold tiara.

        The Hui people trace their origins back to the Silk Roads during the Tang dynasty (618 – 907), from the Arab and Persian Muslims who married Han Chinese women. They settled down to form a distinct community rooted in Islam, distinguishing themselves from neighbors by wearing the hijab and praying in a mosque. Hui officials and military commanders served in the courts of the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, though the Yuan period also saw massacres and deportation of Muslims. They formed an influential part of the Ming loyalist movement after the fall of the empire—which did not endear them to the Mings successors, the Qing.

        The revolts began in the mid-1800s, after Hui communities in the northwest formed militia to combat rising instability in the Qing Empire. In retaliation, Qing officials began a “Hui-cleansing (洗回)” campaign. Around 12 million Hui and Han Chinese were killed during the 1862 – 1877 revolts, and the total population of about 4 million Hui in Shaanxi province dropped to 20,000 due to mass slaughter and deportation to other provinces.

        The surviving Dungan rebels sought asylum in the Russian Empire, with 1,000 Dungans fleeing Xinjiang through the Tianshan Mountains in 1877 and 1878. There was another exodus from the Ili region in Xinjiang in 1882, after it was returned to the Qing by the Russians under the Treaty of St. Petersburg.

        The early Dungan migrants were mostly rice-growing farmers and the village Milyanfan—located beside the Chuy River, the prime water source for Dungan villagers—is a transliteration of 米糧川 (“Rice Grain River”) in Chinese. Until recently, when the shrinking population in the villages became a problem, the Dungan practiced endogamy: They could not marry other ethnicities, and converts to Islam could not be considered “Hui” if neither of their parents were Hui.

        Around 8 a.m., before Madinas departure to the grooms family, she sits at the front of the hall center stage, greeted by family members who give blessings and take selfies. The air is heavy with the smell of lagman, Central Asian hand-pulled noodles, over which friends and family who rarely gather take the chance to reconnect. The chatter and occasional bursts of laughter never stop, until the village imam arrives for prayers.

        A Dungan wedding is a costly affair, families expected to throw a feast for hundreds of people. The brides family provides a dowry, commonly consisting of modern items like refrigerators and a huge HD-TV, a luxury for most Kyrgyz households.

        Successful traders and restaurateurs, the Dungan people have leveraged their language skills and connection to China for generations to build a fortune for themselves. In recent years, with their neighbors in Kazakhstan making significant strides to strengthen trade relations with China, Kyrgyzstan—including the Dungan population—has slowly been outpriced and outmaneuvered. Periodic interethnic violence has broken out between the Dungan and other ethnic groups envious of their wealth and success.

        In February 2020, a Kazakh mob descended on a Dungan village at Kordoi, Kazakhstan, fueled by rumors on social media of a Dungan attacking Kazakh police, leaving 10 dead and dozens injured. Many Dungans and human right activists believe the incident was linked to Kazakh businesses trying to damage Dungan traders in the region.

        After the prayers conclude, all thats left for Madinas family to do now is to veil the bride. The mood turns somber as her sister and aunt place the veil over Madina, who begins to cry. Madina is escorted to the awaiting car, ready to take her to her new family, followed by a truckload of dowry. Though the bride and groom may not see each other until sundown, family and friends at the grooms home come up and give Madina their blessing, crying “Xinniang (bride)!”

        The Dungan language is an unusual hybrid, similar to Mandarin dialects from northwestern China, but with 15 percent of its vocabulary being loan words from Arabic, Persian, and Russian. It retains archaic Chinese terms like huangshang (emperor) for a nations leader, but is the only form of Chinese in the world not written in hanzi (Chinese characters); instead, it is written in Cyrillic, a product of Soviet government programs that set up language schools and published literature in Dungan for the first time. Before then, there was no written Dungan language—though some of the Dungan families I visited had copies of the Quran in hanzi in their home.

        After the fall of the Soviet Union, the language entered a decline, bereft of the government funding needed to teach it in schools. Dungans in Kyrgyzstan also started moving to the big Russian-speaking cities like the capital, Bishkek, where their children slowly lose their mother tongue as they grow up. “The Kyrgyz and Kazakh people living in Dungan villages speak better Dungan than my sons and I,” says Farid, my 37-year-old Dungan fixer who lives in Bishkek. Only in recent years have state-owned local schools started reintroducing the language into their curriculum.

        The Chinese government is even funding programs that would send Dungans to China for language-learning, which Keerim, Madinas groom, took advantage of. Its been helpful in his work as a trader, as the majority of his clients are Chinese businessmen. “We are able to understand each other. I already speak fluent Dungan, so when I meet Chinese people I can switch my tone,” he says—his dialect of Dungan only has three tones, instead of the four tones of standard Mandarin.

        Like many young Dungan businessmen, Keerim and his brother live mainly in Bishkek but often visit their family back in Milyanfan. Although some have remained there as farmers and herders, many young Dungans now work as traders selling construction materials, electronic devices, and textiles from China. The lure of money is pulling the younger generation out of the tightly-knit village community, and Dungan are beginning to marry Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz, putting the future of their traditions into question.

        But Keerim, who met Madina, a fellow Dungan, in Bishkek while she was studying, wants to send his future children to Milyanfan to study their native tongue. “I believe the Dungan language is key to keeping our cultural heritage alive,” he says.

        Drunken relatives are stumbling around by the time the feasting and blessings stop around 3 p.m., and guests are getting ready to go home. Madinas sister is among the last to leave. The women embrace one last time. At sundown, Madina can finally see her husband. The new family prays together for the first time, and sits down to have dinner.

        猜你喜歡
        維系后裔紐帶
        民族互嵌村落共同體生成與維系機制研究
        潔白的哈達是萬物的紐帶
        散文詩(2021年22期)2022-01-12 06:14:16
        尋找恐龍后裔
        小學班主任如何發(fā)揮紐帶作用
        甘肅教育(2020年12期)2020-04-13 06:24:34
        靈動的詞串,寫話的紐帶
        巧用字母當“紐帶”
        是什么維系著婚姻
        海峽姐妹(2018年8期)2018-09-08 07:58:58
        異質型村莊共同體何以維系——一個滇西北民族村寨的互惠實踐研究
        西藏研究(2017年3期)2017-09-05 09:44:57
        《哥倫布后裔》中的歷史改寫與雜糅敘事
        稀見史料與王安石后裔考——兼辨宋代筆記中相關記載之訛
        成人av天堂一区二区| 97久久精品亚洲中文字幕无码 | 国产成人精品电影在线观看18| 超碰观看| 蜜桃传媒免费在线观看| 久久婷婷五月国产色综合| 疯狂做受xxxx高潮欧美日本| 欧美日韩a级a| 激情五月六月婷婷俺来也| 国产高清在线观看av片| 国产精品成年片在线观看| 久久精品成人免费观看97| 美女视频在线观看一区二区三区| 久久久久亚洲精品男人的天堂| 一本一道av无码中文字幕| 日本一区二区三区激情视频| 亚洲桃色蜜桃av影院| 国产乱人无码伦av在线a| 狠狠色综合网站久久久久久久| 亚洲中文字幕巨乳人妻| 亚洲av日韩综合一区尤物| 国产乱对白刺激视频| 久久久久久久无码高潮| 中文无码制服丝袜人妻AV| 六月婷婷亚洲性色av蜜桃| 亚洲人成网站色www| 91网站在线看| 男女动态视频99精品| 国产精品久久久久一区二区三区 | 日本女优爱爱中文字幕| 脱了老师内裤猛烈进入| 亚洲av无码精品色午夜果冻不卡| 99成人无码精品视频| av黄色大片久久免费| 国产精品9999久久久久仙踪林| 亚洲图区欧美| 一本久道在线视频播放| 久久久久亚洲av无码专区首| 亚洲精品无码人妻无码 | 亚洲国产一区二区视频| 牛牛在线视频|