王顏姣 （荷）斯特芬·奈豪斯＊ （荷）鮑勃·烏爾森

1 前言

莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀（heritage estate landscape）由歷史鄉(xiāng)村莊園集群構(gòu)成，表現(xiàn)了歷史進(jìn)程中人文活動(dòng)規(guī)律及人與自然環(huán)境的互動(dòng)（圖1）。莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀既給人們帶來(lái)視覺(jué)享受，也揭示了當(dāng)?shù)靥N(yùn)含的文化背景，對(duì)促進(jìn)區(qū)域發(fā)展的新陳代謝起到重要作用。然而，隨著工業(yè)化與急劇的城市化，遺產(chǎn)景觀面臨著氣候變化與文化特色喪失的威脅[1]。如今，人為干預(yù)、氣候變化、洪澇與干旱以及土壤功能喪失破壞了生態(tài)環(huán)境平衡。同時(shí)，多元化景觀也因景觀均質(zhì)化、景觀元素消失和空間格局碎片化帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響而退化為單一功能的工業(yè)化農(nóng)業(yè)景觀。生態(tài)多樣性的缺失與水土保持能力的下降給景觀的修復(fù)與管理帶來(lái)嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。它們不僅影響了莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀，也給區(qū)域景觀系統(tǒng)帶來(lái)壓力。為應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)以及保護(hù)、恢復(fù)和進(jìn)一步發(fā)展寶貴的文化歷史景觀，引入多尺度的空間規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)方法，并結(jié)合研究場(chǎng)地的景觀特性對(duì)莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步探討。

1 莊園遺址景觀的歷史情況與現(xiàn)狀Typical scene of a heritage estate landscape in history and now

為營(yíng)建能夠積極應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀，基于對(duì)景觀系統(tǒng)性構(gòu)架的理解，生態(tài)視角下的多尺度規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)將是一個(gè)直接有效的方法[2]。它不僅能夠保護(hù)與發(fā)展生態(tài)價(jià)值與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值，還能促進(jìn)小尺度層面各景觀元素的積極互動(dòng)[3]。利益相關(guān)者在區(qū)域構(gòu)架內(nèi)多個(gè)層面的溝通也將通過(guò)研究、設(shè)計(jì)、討論與想法的可視化等過(guò)程得到加強(qiáng)[4]。

本研究選擇荷蘭海德蘭省巴克塞比克地區(qū)的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀和莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀區(qū)內(nèi)的梅德勒和維斯2個(gè)莊園單體，從2個(gè)尺度進(jìn)行研究型設(shè)計(jì)，旨在強(qiáng)調(diào)一種適應(yīng)性的多尺度景觀設(shè)計(jì)方法。對(duì)本研究的研究對(duì)象而言，森林被理解為該莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀特性的主要元素，而森林砍伐被理解為導(dǎo)致區(qū)域空間格局變化、引發(fā)水系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題以及生物多樣性缺失的重要因素[5]?；诖?，森林景觀恢復(fù)（forest landscape restoration, FLR）作用為一種順應(yīng)景觀自然發(fā)展規(guī)律的設(shè)計(jì)策略被引用到不同尺度的退化景觀中，以提升生態(tài)功能與人類(lèi)福祉。本研究中，F(xiàn)LR為基于景觀的區(qū)域規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)提供了可能性，景觀設(shè)計(jì)作為解決區(qū)域問(wèn)題和提升空間質(zhì)量與社會(huì)價(jià)值的有效方法，為莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀面對(duì)來(lái)自當(dāng)下與未來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)提供指導(dǎo)。

2 森林景觀恢復(fù)作為多尺度景觀設(shè)計(jì)策略

FLR的概念由Chazdon等[6]提出并逐漸發(fā)展，是指恢復(fù)森林砍伐后或退化的景觀的生態(tài)功能并提升人類(lèi)福祉的過(guò)程。FLR的提出應(yīng)基于以下6點(diǎn)原則[7]：1）著眼于景觀發(fā)展；2）通過(guò)景觀維護(hù)提升自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；3）促進(jìn)利益相關(guān)者與政府協(xié)調(diào)方的交流與互動(dòng)；4）基于實(shí)際情況使用多種方法；5）以多元化價(jià)值為目的的功能多樣性恢復(fù)；6）因地制宜式的、具有可持續(xù)性韌性的管理措施。

森林景觀恢復(fù)一方面注重種樹(shù)的合理性，另一方面也旨在解決社會(huì)需求與提升人類(lèi)福祉。森林景觀恢復(fù)的不同策略也已通過(guò)多個(gè)實(shí)際項(xiàng)目在全球范圍內(nèi)得到實(shí)踐，例如泰國(guó)的都市森林項(xiàng)目[8]、埃因霍溫的濕地森林[9]、荷蘭高費(fèi)呂韋國(guó)家公園[10]、英國(guó)新森林國(guó)家公園[11]、德國(guó)博肯納天堂自然保護(hù)區(qū)[12]、墨西哥清風(fēng)造林項(xiàng)目[13]等。然而，森林景觀恢復(fù)目前幾乎還未被融入基于景觀的區(qū)域尺度規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的框架中。通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行研究是探索景觀可能性和確定應(yīng)對(duì)方案的方法之一，該方法可以探索設(shè)計(jì)原則應(yīng)用的可能性[14]。通過(guò)這種研究和設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)制，可以揭示區(qū)域研究的相關(guān)信息，從多個(gè)方面探索景觀的發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ蟿?dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的聯(lián)系與發(fā)展愿景。對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的影響價(jià)值進(jìn)行反思，發(fā)現(xiàn)“通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行研究”是一種獲取關(guān)于景觀特征、空間發(fā)展可能性和解決實(shí)際挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用方法。

本研究案例中，F(xiàn)LR作為多尺度景觀設(shè)計(jì)策略，通過(guò)建立鄉(xiāng)村莊園單體之間的系統(tǒng)性聯(lián)系，利用本土歷史與傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)智慧，合理應(yīng)用旨在對(duì)生態(tài)、可識(shí)別景觀、農(nóng)業(yè)3個(gè)方面提升生態(tài)與文化價(jià)值的設(shè)計(jì)原則，對(duì)環(huán)境與空間格局進(jìn)行積極干預(yù)。在研究與設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中，F(xiàn)LR不僅被用來(lái)指導(dǎo)優(yōu)化樹(shù)木群落種植，同時(shí)也促使景觀向應(yīng)對(duì)當(dāng)下和未來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)的方向發(fā)展。在將長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)與短期干預(yù)措施相結(jié)合的過(guò)程中，F(xiàn)LR能為微觀尺度與區(qū)域尺度上的景觀提供優(yōu)質(zhì)生境與生態(tài)功能（圖2）。FLR在本研究案例中的愿景有：1）優(yōu)質(zhì)生態(tài)環(huán)境；2）可識(shí)別景觀；3）多樣化用地類(lèi)型；4）多方合作；5）可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

2 森林景觀恢復(fù)框架——莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀開(kāi)發(fā)與保護(hù)的多尺度景觀設(shè)計(jì)方法Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) framework as multiscale landscape design strategy in heritage estate landscape development and protection

FLR作為系統(tǒng)性方法，被應(yīng)用于巴克塞比克地區(qū)的莊園集群、梅德勒和維斯莊園聯(lián)合體、莊園單體等多個(gè)尺度的景觀中，促進(jìn)了跨尺度景觀間的相互作用。在區(qū)域尺度上，F(xiàn)LR促進(jìn)了莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀空間質(zhì)量的提升。針對(duì)不同的情境，提出對(duì)應(yīng)的設(shè)計(jì)原則和空間干預(yù)措施來(lái)解決特定場(chǎng)地的問(wèn)題。例如，重新引入和演繹歷史及相應(yīng)景觀要素，構(gòu)筑能提高景觀質(zhì)量的新景觀元素，打造智慧農(nóng)場(chǎng)，進(jìn)行恢復(fù)性造林、補(bǔ)充性造林以及加強(qiáng)土地利用。針對(duì)微觀尺度的具體情況，介紹了基于設(shè)計(jì)策略和原則的具體措施方法。為改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，修復(fù)歷史景觀，在適合的地方重建歷史溪流和溝壑林；在地勢(shì)較高且干燥的地區(qū)，提出了將傳統(tǒng)森林景觀類(lèi)型整合到景觀中的發(fā)展策略，使森林草甸、籬笆林、分林等群落形態(tài)融于森林公園景觀；為提升水質(zhì)，在小溪河岸帶建設(shè)森林和人工濕地；通過(guò)引入觀景點(diǎn)、棧道、重要節(jié)點(diǎn)的科普標(biāo)識(shí)，合理梳理道路和河流交叉口的關(guān)系。莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的可達(dá)性和游客的空間體驗(yàn)感得到提升。

3 莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀——以巴克塞比克地區(qū)為例

3.1 巴克塞比克地區(qū)

巴克塞比克位于荷蘭東部的阿赫特虎克片區(qū)，隸屬于海德蘭省的沙質(zhì)景觀區(qū)，是一條從東向西流淌的溪流（圖3）。這條溪流在通往艾瑟爾河的途中，會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)多種類(lèi)型的景觀，如東部洪泛景觀（緩流溪流區(qū)）、莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀（低地溪流區(qū)）、沙脊景觀（臨時(shí)溪流區(qū)）、石南景觀（石南溪流區(qū)）、“坎彭”景觀（濕地溪流區(qū)）和臺(tái)地邊緣景觀（臺(tái)地溪流區(qū)）。各區(qū)域有著獨(dú)特的景觀要素、地理和生態(tài)條件，構(gòu)成了該流域豐富的景觀類(lèi)型（圖4）。遍布巴克塞比克流域的莊園中的別墅與周邊自然景觀融為一體，使該地區(qū)景觀富有濃厚的歷史人文色彩[15]。

3 巴克塞比克地區(qū)區(qū)位圖The Baakse Beek Region in the Netherlands

4 巴克塞比克地區(qū)的6種景觀形態(tài)[15]Six landscape typologies in the watershed of the Baakse Beek Region[15]

然而，該區(qū)域景觀因均質(zhì)化發(fā)展正面臨挑戰(zhàn)，其主要原因是人類(lèi)活動(dòng)和氣候變化給環(huán)境造成了不利影響，使土地很難為人、農(nóng)作物和動(dòng)物提供適宜生活與生存的條件。在莊園區(qū)的發(fā)展歷程中，除了巴克塞比克溪流和莊園本身，森林景觀從歷史到現(xiàn)在也對(duì)該地區(qū)產(chǎn)生了重要影響。森林作為莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀特征的重要組成部分，也是聯(lián)系生態(tài)和社會(huì)文化的紐帶。

在末次冰期（約1萬(wàn)年以前），該地區(qū)的原有植被主要為沼澤與物種豐富的落葉林，15%的地區(qū)被泥炭覆蓋，是對(duì)動(dòng)植物和人文活動(dòng)都具有較高價(jià)值的地區(qū)。大約2 000年前，人們沿著溪流進(jìn)入該地區(qū)，開(kāi)墾農(nóng)田、渠化河道并砍伐大量樹(shù)木獲取木材。18世紀(jì)中葉，在工業(yè)革命開(kāi)始之前，隨著人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)自然景觀的毀壞加劇，荷蘭東部古老森林也因過(guò)度開(kāi)發(fā)而消失。17—18世紀(jì)，巴克塞比克溪流中段出現(xiàn)了鄉(xiāng)村莊園，形成了該地區(qū)早期的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀。同時(shí)，一系列文化運(yùn)動(dòng)及其引發(fā)的現(xiàn)象，包括啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)、人口膨脹、土地改革、世界大戰(zhàn)、工業(yè)革命和農(nóng)業(yè)革命等，推動(dòng)了城市化進(jìn)程，使得對(duì)運(yùn)河網(wǎng)絡(luò)、航運(yùn)系統(tǒng)和木材的需求與日俱增。除此之外，更多的自然用地被開(kāi)發(fā)以用于農(nóng)田擴(kuò)張和速生樹(shù)種植。伐木不僅降低了森林覆蓋率，而且對(duì)人們的農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)和生活環(huán)境也有負(fù)面影響。19世紀(jì)末，在革命時(shí)代景觀與后現(xiàn)代新景觀的過(guò)渡時(shí)期，環(huán)境保護(hù)逐漸引起人們的重視。為抑制森林減少的趨勢(shì)，小型組織開(kāi)始成立，如荷蘭自然古跡保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)（荷蘭語(yǔ)：Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten）。政府也制定了相關(guān)條例以促進(jìn)造林，既為保護(hù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，也旨在發(fā)展木材產(chǎn)業(yè)、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)?！岸?zhàn)”后，景觀逐漸進(jìn)入后現(xiàn)代新景觀時(shí)代。如此，當(dāng)前的景觀是集合了不同發(fā)展階段、顯示了人們的景觀態(tài)度的復(fù)合景觀[16]。

3.2 設(shè)計(jì)挑戰(zhàn)

莊園區(qū)的歷史發(fā)展體現(xiàn)了森林景觀的重要性。然而，近幾十年來(lái)，莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的森林遭受?chē)?yán)重的破壞，面臨水文環(huán)境、氣候變化和景觀特征3方面的問(wèn)題。

3.2.1 莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀與水文環(huán)境

受森林砍伐的影響，莊園區(qū)的自然植被和作物的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境干旱且所處的水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)十分脆弱?？紤]到土壤功能的退化，以及泥炭在經(jīng)過(guò)歷史上的開(kāi)墾活動(dòng)之后幾乎消失，如今土壤的蓄水能力逐漸下降，且土壤類(lèi)型多為缺乏養(yǎng)分的沙質(zhì)土壤，人們很難有效利用土地。

3.2.2 莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀與氣候變化

氣溫升高是氣候變化最重要的表現(xiàn)形式之一，對(duì)該地區(qū)產(chǎn)生了重大影響。根據(jù)STOWA[17]，與1990年相比，2050年荷蘭的夏季平均氣溫將上升1～2 ℃。近年來(lái)的夏季干旱帶來(lái)的缺水問(wèn)題已成為自然保護(hù)主義者、農(nóng)民和業(yè)主必須應(yīng)對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)。冬天，豐富的降水也導(dǎo)致該地區(qū)洪水泛濫。同時(shí)，由于莊園區(qū)位于巴克賽比克溪流的中游地段，農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量和景觀質(zhì)量也會(huì)因此下降[18]。

3.2.3 莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀與景觀特征

多樣化的微地形是巴克塞比克地區(qū)的重要景觀特征。這些小幅度的高差變化也帶來(lái)了多樣的景觀類(lèi)型[19]。本研究對(duì)象為位于低地溪流區(qū)的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀，包含了豐富的自然和文化資源。莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀面臨的挑戰(zhàn)包括可達(dá)性低、文化歷史景觀體驗(yàn)缺失、利益相關(guān)者之間缺乏溝通以及地貌條件與自然類(lèi)型之間的不合理聯(lián)系（圖5）。上述問(wèn)題也造成了莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀場(chǎng)地精神與歷史記憶表達(dá)不足。

5 地質(zhì)地貌條件與原生森林群落[20]Geomorphology condition and their natural forest[20]

目前，巴克塞比克地區(qū)的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀正面臨著生態(tài)和景觀質(zhì)量2方面的挑戰(zhàn)。與此同時(shí)，莊園區(qū)也為設(shè)計(jì)師提供了平衡生態(tài)環(huán)境、農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)和基于景觀的空間質(zhì)量的機(jī)會(huì)。

3.3 森林景觀恢復(fù)在規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用

為應(yīng)對(duì)上述挑戰(zhàn)，設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用FLR作為保護(hù)和發(fā)展生態(tài)環(huán)境、恢復(fù)文化遺產(chǎn)和增進(jìn)人類(lèi)福祉的設(shè)計(jì)策略。基于FLR策略框架[21]，整合多個(gè)關(guān)鍵干預(yù)措施，為莊園區(qū)構(gòu)建了規(guī)劃愿景。例如：恢復(fù)性造林、補(bǔ)充性造林、營(yíng)林生產(chǎn)、農(nóng)林復(fù)合、改良休耕和一些不同形式的干預(yù)措施。這些措施將共同塑造更具韌性的生態(tài)環(huán)境，并使人們的福祉得到改善。該框架在當(dāng)前土地利用類(lèi)型和相應(yīng)的FLR策略之間建立了聯(lián)系。例如，目前的沼澤地是林地的一部分，沒(méi)有樹(shù)木覆蓋。根據(jù)該框架，將在這些沼澤地引入恢復(fù)性造林與補(bǔ)充性造林（圖6）。

6 森林景觀恢復(fù)框架（6-1）及其在區(qū)域尺度上的應(yīng)用（6-2）[21]FLR framework (6-1) and its application at the regional scale (6-2)[21]

3.3.1 區(qū)域性框架的建立

FLR作為設(shè)計(jì)策略，將包含11個(gè)莊園單體及其附屬農(nóng)場(chǎng)、建成區(qū)和自然片區(qū)在內(nèi)的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀元素整合為全面的區(qū)域性景觀規(guī)劃框架。該框架主要包含了生態(tài)、可識(shí)別景觀與農(nóng)業(yè)3個(gè)方面的措施與方針（圖7）。

7 適應(yīng)性森林景觀恢復(fù)框架的3個(gè)層面Three layers of the adaptive FLR framework

3.3.1.1 生態(tài)

基于該地區(qū)的地貌條件以及自然萌發(fā)的潛在植被作為發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)，提出了FLR框架下的生態(tài)層面策略。根據(jù)植被的生長(zhǎng)習(xí)性，不同的森林群落被合理規(guī)劃到符合相應(yīng)生長(zhǎng)條件的區(qū)域。在低洼潮濕地區(qū)，規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)適宜在該生境下生長(zhǎng)的、由原生樹(shù)木和其他植物多層次組合的植物群落。對(duì)于干旱和中度干旱地區(qū)，可以發(fā)展櫟–山毛櫸群落和樺–櫟群落，并利用自然演替規(guī)律保證其持續(xù)性；對(duì)于較為濕潤(rùn)的地區(qū)，榿–白蠟群落和濕地榿木群落則作為主要的森林群落被引入。因地制宜地規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)森林群落，有助于創(chuàng)造各種有價(jià)值的棲息地，從而提高該地區(qū)的生態(tài)效益，促進(jìn)作為“綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”的新景觀提高該地區(qū)的蓄水能力、水土保持能力和生物多樣性。

此外，F(xiàn)LR也能促進(jìn)莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀中的水文循環(huán)。基于自然網(wǎng)絡(luò)中豐富的物種和群落層次，景觀與水系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系更加緊密。結(jié)合下層的樹(shù)木和植被在水文循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中的重要作用，降水量增加時(shí)，落葉喬木也可以有效阻止水分蒸發(fā)[22]，土壤水分也可以在地下得到積累和保持。同時(shí)，落葉殘余和溶解性有機(jī)物的滲漏有助于增加土壤礦物質(zhì)。

充分利用樹(shù)木生態(tài)價(jià)值能促進(jìn)景觀質(zhì)量的提升。樹(shù)木的蒸騰作用和其他生理功能驅(qū)動(dòng)自然環(huán)境（特別是水文環(huán)境）中關(guān)鍵的水分循環(huán)和碳氮循環(huán)，合理的植被密度也有助于保證溪流中水質(zhì)達(dá)標(biāo)，從而為游客提供美麗的景色。基于農(nóng)業(yè)用地的FLR，通過(guò)選擇闊葉樹(shù)種和適宜的農(nóng)作物減少水分流失、積累土壤礦物質(zhì)，從而促進(jìn)水文循環(huán)。

因?yàn)榍f園區(qū)現(xiàn)有的森林區(qū)域的規(guī)劃側(cè)重考慮其經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值，缺乏對(duì)植被適應(yīng)和自然系統(tǒng)保護(hù)的關(guān)注，所以現(xiàn)存森林群落構(gòu)成仍需進(jìn)一步調(diào)整。從景觀發(fā)展史的第二階段（革命時(shí)代景觀）開(kāi)始，原有的森林群落就已逐漸被生產(chǎn)林和農(nóng)田所取代。物種多樣性的缺失不但影響了生態(tài)多樣性，同時(shí)也影響著水文環(huán)境；氣候變化也逐漸改變了森林群落的組成、功能、生產(chǎn)力和生境，并影響著生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡[23]。而這些原始森林群落中存在的豐富物種，經(jīng)歷長(zhǎng)期繁衍、適應(yīng)生境后，往往能在不同層次上通過(guò)持續(xù)的合作為生境帶來(lái)持續(xù)的積極影響。基于此，恢復(fù)物種多樣性后的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀將促進(jìn)景觀與生態(tài)環(huán)境形成更緊密的聯(lián)系，同時(shí)增強(qiáng)人們與自然的互動(dòng)。通過(guò)合理規(guī)劃森林群落類(lèi)型，新莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀可以向游客展現(xiàn)景觀的歷史故事，并更好地提供場(chǎng)地感觀體驗(yàn)。在沃爾登片區(qū)的森林景觀恢復(fù)工作建設(shè)完成后，綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施將發(fā)展成為具有更大生態(tài)調(diào)控能力的頂級(jí)森林，從而進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)穩(wěn)定、有彈性的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。

3.3.1.2 可識(shí)別景觀

可識(shí)別景觀是具有明顯空間特性和景觀特征，并能讓游客感知當(dāng)?shù)貧v史的景觀?；谧匀痪坝^特征，開(kāi)發(fā)新的體驗(yàn)路線(xiàn)和科普娛樂(lè)目的地，從而加強(qiáng)歷史森林景觀與現(xiàn)代莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的聯(lián)系。利用森林資源研究發(fā)展具有獨(dú)特空間特征的森林類(lèi)型，使莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的歷史層面更加清晰，并為人們提供多樣化和有意義的空間體驗(yàn)（圖8、9）。

8 巴克塞比克地區(qū)的4種歷史森林形態(tài)Four historical forest types in the context of the Baakse Beek Region

9 FLR作為提升空間景觀形態(tài)的策略FLR as a means to develop spatial landscape typologies

此外，歷史森林類(lèi)型的修復(fù)有助于發(fā)展歷史景觀的空間格局（圖10）。受歷史上的土地復(fù)墾的影響，以及對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境和未來(lái)發(fā)展的考慮的缺少，人們很難從目前的網(wǎng)格狀空間格局和同質(zhì)化景觀中了解莊園背后的故事。通過(guò)FLR的介入，歷史空間格局的有機(jī)形態(tài)得以恢復(fù)，且更具韌性與表達(dá)性。

10 區(qū)域尺度上空間格局的恢復(fù)Restoring the spatial pattern at the regional scale

通過(guò)森林景觀恢復(fù)，加強(qiáng)莊園周?chē)木坝^與內(nèi)部獨(dú)具特色的花園建筑的視覺(jué)聯(lián)系，從而揭示各莊園歷代關(guān)于自然和文化的故事。另外，鄉(xiāng)村別墅的花園與周?chē)趾娃r(nóng)田等用地內(nèi)的新景觀元素，如果樹(shù)、牛和農(nóng)舍等，相互滲透、過(guò)渡并融于莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀中，這也體現(xiàn)了與中國(guó)園林建筑中相似的“借景”原則。

基于生態(tài)層面的策略，歷史森林景觀的恢復(fù)可以突出森林景觀類(lèi)型與景觀體驗(yàn)的聯(lián)系。通過(guò)恢復(fù)與更新森林景觀，合理規(guī)劃不同活動(dòng)場(chǎng)景下的樹(shù)木群落，使莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的特性可以以更直觀的方式被呈現(xiàn)。

3.3.1.3 農(nóng)業(yè)

基于與新的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施合作的設(shè)計(jì)策略，農(nóng)業(yè)方面的干預(yù)策略以農(nóng)林結(jié)合為主要形式、作用于目前碎片化的農(nóng)業(yè)用地，持續(xù)地豐富農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)類(lèi)型。目前農(nóng)業(yè)用地是該區(qū)域的主要用地類(lèi)型，這也使得農(nóng)業(yè)具有巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?，并進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、使其智能化?？紤]到農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)通常排布有排水溝和灌溉溝，循環(huán)垂直的人工濕地在菜園區(qū)的應(yīng)用則具有一定的潛力。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)不僅可以改善水質(zhì)，減少衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題，還可以提高作物產(chǎn)量[24]。另外，該技術(shù)也有助于農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)發(fā)展成為游客互動(dòng)與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)相結(jié)合的平臺(tái)?；▓@還包含不同的蔬果種植模式，以便更好地利用有限的土地、土壤營(yíng)養(yǎng)和陽(yáng)光[25]。例如種植結(jié)構(gòu)下層是漿果灌木和多年生草本植物，主要用于季節(jié)性生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)家采摘活動(dòng)，使區(qū)域獲得更大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。對(duì)于保留的耕地，智能管理和監(jiān)測(cè)是必要環(huán)節(jié)。耕地內(nèi)主要作物種類(lèi)多為闊葉樹(shù)種，如玉米，配合小喬木或樹(shù)籬種植，以促進(jìn)養(yǎng)分和水分循環(huán)，有利于提高產(chǎn)量。考慮到木材生產(chǎn)是該地區(qū)的主要生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)之一，且有較大的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，F(xiàn)LR策略中的矮林將作為可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)林的新形式在這里進(jìn)行引用并發(fā)揮潛力。

在農(nóng)業(yè)方面，設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)合農(nóng)耕活動(dòng)，灰柳（Salix cinerea）、黑橡樹(shù)（Quercus velutina）、歐榛（Corylus avellana）等飼用樹(shù)種擬在森林邊緣區(qū)種植，根據(jù)種植日歷合理規(guī)劃農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)，為游客提供更多通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)感知景觀的新視角，以維護(hù)市場(chǎng)需求，同時(shí)保障農(nóng)民利益?；▓@森林不僅可以作為游客的休閑目的地，為他們提供食品，還可以支持當(dāng)?shù)剡z產(chǎn)保護(hù)項(xiàng)目：“高稈水果方舟”（Achterhoek）：通過(guò)在花園森林中種植當(dāng)?shù)靥囟ㄆ贩N的蘋(píng)果樹(shù)，以保護(hù)該地區(qū)的特殊遺產(chǎn)。參照《高稈果樹(shù)手冊(cè)》，7種蘋(píng)果樹(shù)①將在研究區(qū)進(jìn)行引種。

通過(guò)運(yùn)用FLR，農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)不僅用于生產(chǎn)，也是人們休閑娛樂(lè)的可食景觀體驗(yàn)區(qū)。設(shè)計(jì)將農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、農(nóng)場(chǎng)與娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)相結(jié)合，縮小農(nóng)民、當(dāng)?shù)厥称泛腿藗冎g的距離，同時(shí)也吸引了更多的游客前來(lái)參觀。在此之前，消費(fèi)者至少需要4個(gè)步驟才能購(gòu)買(mǎi)到產(chǎn)品，而且由于耗時(shí)較長(zhǎng)，食品的新鮮度會(huì)受到影響。然而，F(xiàn)LR策略下的農(nóng)林復(fù)合經(jīng)營(yíng)策略和營(yíng)銷(xiāo)模式使得農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交易過(guò)程既省時(shí)又具有娛樂(lè)性。

3.3.2 在地尺度上的設(shè)計(jì)探索

在區(qū)域尺度上基于FLR的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃中，在地尺度的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的具體設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)得到了進(jìn)一步確定與闡述，并從生態(tài)、可識(shí)別景觀和農(nóng)業(yè)3個(gè)角度應(yīng)對(duì)各自的挑戰(zhàn)，為莊園增添價(jià)值。

維斯莊園（荷蘭語(yǔ)：De Wiersse）及其游園和花園是一個(gè)以傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)格來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)并與周?chē)坝^緊密融合的集合體。莊園選址靠近水源，同時(shí)片區(qū)內(nèi)包含多樣化的土地用途，例如牧場(chǎng)與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品種植等。莊園中也富含包括森林（例如溝壑林，Rabatten）、景觀視線(xiàn)，房屋和雕像等在內(nèi)的歷史遺留的景觀元素。但是，水質(zhì)水量的不足給如今的莊園帶來(lái)巨大挑戰(zhàn)，同時(shí)對(duì)原始的棲息地與自然環(huán)境產(chǎn)生很大的影響。

在FLR框架下，干預(yù)措施以營(yíng)林、農(nóng)林業(yè)和補(bǔ)充性造林3種形式為主，旨在共同促進(jìn)生態(tài)環(huán)境和空間體驗(yàn)的發(fā)展。在維斯莊園的新景觀中，歷史悠久的溪流和河道可通過(guò)新的河岸緩沖區(qū)和巴克塞比克地區(qū)沿岸的植物群落來(lái)過(guò)濾和調(diào)節(jié)土壤的蓄水能力并提高水質(zhì)（圖11）；“溝壑林”和“森林草甸”等歷史森林景觀的恢復(fù)可以促進(jìn)該莊園現(xiàn)有森林和營(yíng)林的發(fā)展（圖12）。樹(shù)木不僅能調(diào)控二氧化碳的循環(huán)，而且可以提升該地區(qū)的“海綿”能力。此外，它還促進(jìn)人們與歷史森林景觀的共鳴，加強(qiáng)人們對(duì)區(qū)域特性的辨識(shí)度。通過(guò)在莊園列植樹(shù)木，強(qiáng)調(diào)軸線(xiàn)，從而形成具有視覺(jué)價(jià)值的景象。功能單一和工業(yè)化的農(nóng)業(yè)用地通過(guò)合理引入當(dāng)?shù)毓麡?shù)品種、馬匹等轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槎喙δ艿纳只▓@。通過(guò)應(yīng)用農(nóng)林業(yè)結(jié)合的市場(chǎng)模式，促進(jìn)生物多樣性以及游客與景觀的互動(dòng)。因此，森林景觀恢復(fù)的森林密度與組成類(lèi)型的多樣性有助于加強(qiáng)莊園的生態(tài)和社會(huì)價(jià)值。這也將對(duì)位于維斯莊園下游的其他莊園（如梅德勒莊園）的景觀產(chǎn)生積極影響。

11 FLR干預(yù)下的維斯莊園FLR at De Wiersse

12 溝壑林作為造林干預(yù)維斯莊園的一種形式（12-1）以及溝壑林的后期管理（12-2）[26]“Rabatten” forest as a tool of silviculture at De Wiersse(12-1) and its management (12-2)[26]

梅德勒莊園（荷蘭語(yǔ)：Het Medler）的主體建筑被護(hù)城河環(huán)繞，所處地勢(shì)較高，其附屬的農(nóng)場(chǎng)和儲(chǔ)藏室則位于較低的位置?；谇f園內(nèi)多次的土地交換歷史，莊園區(qū)內(nèi)的農(nóng)舍具有深厚的文化底蘊(yùn)，整個(gè)莊園與若干農(nóng)舍點(diǎn)綴組合而成的獨(dú)特景觀也使得景觀體驗(yàn)感更加豐富。但是，由于溝渠干涸、天然林工業(yè)化帶來(lái)的物種多樣性缺失、莊園和草甸的低可達(dá)性，莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的復(fù)原力正面臨挑戰(zhàn)。此外，莊園內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)的增加也不斷損害著植被的多樣性，并導(dǎo)致莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的均質(zhì)化。在梅德勒莊園采用農(nóng)林業(yè)結(jié)合的方式，與農(nóng)民共同決策土地的多樣化合理使用，推動(dòng)歷史悠久的農(nóng)舍融于景觀，引導(dǎo)游客感知該地區(qū)的文化歷史（圖13）。此外，這些干預(yù)措施也為生態(tài)環(huán)境帶來(lái)了好處。因地制宜地對(duì)本土物種和植物群落進(jìn)行規(guī)劃，依靠自然植被的生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程逐漸解決水質(zhì)水量的問(wèn)題。此外，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)物理和視覺(jué)的聯(lián)系，使得梅德勒莊園與維斯莊園等周邊景觀的聯(lián)系進(jìn)一步加深（圖14）。

13 FLR干預(yù)下的梅德勒莊園FLR at Het Medler

14 在地尺度上空間格局的發(fā)展The development of spatial patterns at the local scale

因此，F(xiàn)LR的設(shè)計(jì)策略也具有解決微觀尺度上莊園個(gè)體所面臨的個(gè)別問(wèn)題的能力。同時(shí)，通過(guò)在各個(gè)莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀單體之間建立空間聯(lián)系，為整個(gè)區(qū)域提供了可以產(chǎn)生更多積極效應(yīng)的可能性。

4 結(jié)論與討論

4.1 莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀設(shè)計(jì)的重要性

莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀是社會(huì)因素與生態(tài)環(huán)境緊密聯(lián)系的復(fù)合體。開(kāi)發(fā)和保護(hù)此類(lèi)景觀可以為地區(qū)帶來(lái)重要的社會(huì)和生態(tài)價(jià)值。例如，通過(guò)提升可達(dá)性和景觀質(zhì)量，改善水環(huán)境質(zhì)量，并配置能有效適應(yīng)環(huán)境的各種森林群落等設(shè)計(jì)策略，促進(jìn)旅游和娛樂(lè)、增加生物多樣性。除此之外，人類(lèi)福祉也能通過(guò)宜人的自然環(huán)境得到促進(jìn)?？紤]到莊園內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)會(huì)密切影響經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，因此景觀的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展應(yīng)在規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)中著重考慮，以確保各利益相關(guān)者的利益。特別是在面對(duì)與土地所有權(quán)和土地管理機(jī)制相關(guān)的復(fù)雜情況時(shí)，只有通過(guò)多方有效溝通才能解決問(wèn)題。因此，在協(xié)作過(guò)程中應(yīng)注重有效設(shè)計(jì)方法的必要性，以增加相互了解，共同制定方案，周全考慮自然和人類(lèi)之間的平衡關(guān)系。

同時(shí)，莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程揭示了基于景觀的區(qū)域韌性發(fā)展的廣泛可能性。不僅限于打造水敏感和生態(tài)良好的環(huán)境，而且為景觀文化元素的修復(fù)提供機(jī)會(huì)，增強(qiáng)空間體驗(yàn)、豐富空間特性。

4.2 FLR作為設(shè)計(jì)策略在莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的應(yīng)用

區(qū)域景觀設(shè)計(jì)方法對(duì)于多學(xué)科合作至關(guān)重要，它能有效從區(qū)域和地方尺度上將生態(tài)、休閑和社會(huì)系統(tǒng)的新陳代謝等方面整合到空間發(fā)展。在巴克塞比克地區(qū)，市政、設(shè)計(jì)師和其他利益相關(guān)者正在采用這種方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)具有氣候韌性的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀。本研究將FLR理解為適用于多尺度的潛在設(shè)計(jì)策略，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行多視角的討論。

在本研究案例中，F(xiàn)LR為莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀提供了韌性發(fā)展的方向。根據(jù)水系統(tǒng)管理和森林演替發(fā)展的不同階段，遵循區(qū)域尺度上指定的戰(zhàn)略框架，確定了遠(yuǎn)期定位。這一框架不僅可以幫助制定區(qū)域韌性發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略決策，也為短期的地方干預(yù)和潛在景觀開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。例如，恢復(fù)歷史河道及其生態(tài)環(huán)境將需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，但可以在短期內(nèi)對(duì)局部河道實(shí)施技術(shù)解決方案，為實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)做準(zhǔn)備。此外，應(yīng)用水處理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來(lái)改善水質(zhì)、增強(qiáng)生態(tài)價(jià)值，如植物過(guò)濾器。除了利用恢復(fù)性造林和補(bǔ)充性造林等策略?xún)?yōu)化生態(tài)環(huán)境與景觀體驗(yàn)外，樹(shù)木生長(zhǎng)規(guī)律與自然演替周期也被充分考慮到設(shè)計(jì)中，以使新景觀長(zhǎng)期、動(dòng)態(tài)并可持續(xù)地針對(duì)生態(tài)、可識(shí)別景觀和農(nóng)業(yè)3方面發(fā)揮作用。另外，從空間、生態(tài)和歷史的視角來(lái)看，2個(gè)孤立的莊園之間也通過(guò)藍(lán)綠基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建立連接（圖15）。

15 在地尺度上的莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的不同發(fā)展階段Development phases of the estate landscape at the local scale

靈活性是空間面向未來(lái)發(fā)展的重要特征之一。FLR作為區(qū)域視角下的設(shè)計(jì)策略，結(jié)合策略框架，將不同尺度下的景觀整合為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，從而使設(shè)計(jì)師在景觀的分析階段為目標(biāo)地區(qū)提供多種解決方案；微觀尺度方面，遵循區(qū)域尺度策略的指導(dǎo)，F(xiàn)LR為特定地區(qū)靈活設(shè)定的潛在設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)可以有效應(yīng)對(duì)景觀缺乏文化認(rèn)同與溝渠的干旱或富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的情境。簡(jiǎn)而言之，將系統(tǒng)中每個(gè)景觀要素作為一個(gè)整體是一個(gè)重要視角。這種看待景觀的靈活視角不僅在解決當(dāng)前問(wèn)題方面，而且在韌性景觀規(guī)劃中都起到關(guān)鍵作用。雖然，F(xiàn)LR作為一種多尺度設(shè)計(jì)策略，可以調(diào)節(jié)生態(tài)環(huán)境，文化遺產(chǎn)以及人們的景觀體驗(yàn)和景觀需求之間的平衡關(guān)系，但是FLR也存在局限性。例如，由于策略框架與土地利用類(lèi)型之前的緊密關(guān)聯(lián)，該策略在區(qū)域尺度的實(shí)際應(yīng)用中可能缺乏靈活性。

本研究中的設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容通過(guò)探討不同類(lèi)型的干預(yù)措施方法，為探索以莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀為背景的森林景觀恢復(fù)應(yīng)用提供了一種直觀的方法，同時(shí)激發(fā)FLR在不同方面的可能性。

4.3 巴克塞比克案例對(duì)當(dāng)代中國(guó)的啟示

莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀不僅是人類(lèi)與自然環(huán)境互動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物，它還承載著應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)的使命，這對(duì)當(dāng)代區(qū)域發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。在本研究中，莊園遺產(chǎn)景觀的韌性設(shè)計(jì)策略中闡述的多尺度景觀設(shè)計(jì)方法揭示了以增強(qiáng)景觀韌性和文化遺產(chǎn)參與度為目的，且基于景觀的包容性設(shè)計(jì)方法。

在當(dāng)今的中國(guó)，為了重建文化自信，承載文化和精神價(jià)值的文化遺產(chǎn)在社會(huì)發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著日漸重要的作用。然而，隨著近年來(lái)城市化和工業(yè)化進(jìn)程的加速，傳統(tǒng)景觀逐漸被現(xiàn)代文明所取代。為保護(hù)文化遺產(chǎn)，中央政府在2020年新提出了相關(guān)文件，例如新的《國(guó)家歷史文化名城名城申報(bào)管理辦法》（試行版），以加強(qiáng)對(duì)歷史文化資源的普查，并推動(dòng)保護(hù)城市景觀環(huán)境和整體空間格局的有關(guān)工作。

巴克塞比克地區(qū)的設(shè)計(jì)方法對(duì)當(dāng)代中國(guó)在應(yīng)對(duì)遺產(chǎn)景觀保護(hù)和開(kāi)發(fā)方面的類(lèi)似挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)起到借鑒作用。此外，F(xiàn)LR的應(yīng)用可以促進(jìn)利益相關(guān)者之間的協(xié)作?；谏鷳B(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的FLR策略會(huì)是中國(guó)遺產(chǎn)景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的有用工具。但是，中國(guó)目前的協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制使得不同利益相關(guān)者的參與有所欠缺，這也為FLR提供了機(jī)遇。本研究提出的方法以從多尺度視角正確理解景觀為基礎(chǔ)，其關(guān)鍵在于研究與設(shè)計(jì)的緊密結(jié)合。對(duì)于中國(guó)歷史文化名城在不同尺度上的獨(dú)特性方面，特別是關(guān)于如何通過(guò)發(fā)展來(lái)保護(hù)歷史文化名城，仍有待進(jìn)一步研究。鑒于中國(guó)文化景觀的保護(hù)和發(fā)展還處于早期階段，其他有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的國(guó)家和地區(qū)的案例研究將起到充分的借鑒作用。

致謝：

本文作者在此對(duì)本文的寫(xiě)作與發(fā)表的過(guò)程中給予幫助并提出建議的審稿人員表示感謝，對(duì)就中文版本譯稿進(jìn)行指點(diǎn)與修正的郭巍教授、雷蕓副教授和宋巖表示感謝，對(duì)指導(dǎo)過(guò)研究最初期工作的別克·卡圖爾表示感謝。

注釋?zhuān)?/p>

① 參照《高稈果樹(shù)手冊(cè)》，7種蘋(píng)果樹(shù)分別為‘Bismarck’、‘Brabantse Bellefleur’、‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’בCox’s Pomona’、‘Keulema’、‘Koningszuur’、‘Notarisappel’和‘Zoete Bloemee’。

圖片來(lái)源：

圖1-1引自www.dewiersse.com，1-2由Hans Hendriksen拍攝；圖2、7～11、13～15由作者繪制；圖3由作者繪制，數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于ArcGIS；圖4由作者根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[15]繪制；圖5由作者根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[20]繪制；圖6由作者根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[21]繪制；圖12由作者根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[26]繪制。

（編輯/王亞鶯）

Forest Landscape Restoration as Design Strategy for Resilient Heritage Estate Landscapes: The Case of the Baakse Beek Region, Gelderland Province, the Netherlands

WANG Yanjiao, (NLD) Steffen Nijhuis＊, (NLD) Bob Ursem

1 Introduction

Heritage estate landscapes are clusters of historic country estates and express the interaction between human activities and the natural environment throughout history (Fig. 1).These historical estates landscapes present visual enjoyment, reveal the hidden cultural layer and continuingly function as a structure contributing to regional metabolism. However, along with industrial development and the rapid urbanisation, heritage landscapes are challenged by climate change effects and vanishing cultural identity[1]. By recent human intervention, climate change, flooding, drought,and soil degradation suppress the eco-environment.Meanwhile, landscape standardisation, disappearing landscape elements and spatial fragmentation,transform the highly diverse landscapes into monotone industrial agriculture landscapes,declining biodiversity and lack of sponge capacity.This causes problematic situations for individual estates and has significant impacts on the regional landscape system. Multi-scale spatial planning and design approaches are needed to address these challenges and at the same time, protect, restore and develop these valuable landscapes.

To achieve future-proof estate heritage landscapes, employing ecological thinking in the planning and design process is one of the keys for successful solutions[2]. Ecological thinking is part of a regional landscape-based design approach in which the landscape is understood as a dynamic complex system in which natural and socialcultural processes and structures interact and exert influence on each other at multiple scale levels[3]. In this approach the multi-scale planning and design process offers a powerful method to understand and developed systemic and coherent structures, that one hand safeguard and develop ecological values socio-cultural values, and at the same time facilitate local interaction and infill. The dialogue between the different layers and stakeholders is promoted by a strong connection between research and design,and visual thinking and communication[4].

This paper addresses an adaptive and multiscale landscape design approach for the development of a more resilient heritage estate landscape, taking the Estate landscape in the Baakse Beek Region(a region in the East of the Netherlands) as a case study, in particular focusing on two estates, Het Medler and De Wiersse. Deforestation is identified as one of the critical agents of spatial change in the region, causing significant water system problems and biodiversity loss[5]. Based on a regional analysis of the estate landscape’s historical development,Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) is employed as a contextual design strategy to regain ecological functionality and enhance human wellbeing in the degraded landscape across different scales.Here forests are identified as a central element in the identity of this estate landscape. FLR offers excellent potential in landscape-based regional design as a driving force to address the problems the region faces and add new values. In this paper,FLR is used as a strategy to revitalize the estate heritage landscape to meet current and future needs.

2 Forest Landscape Restoration as Multi-scale Landscape Design Strategy

The concept of FLR is introduced and developed by Chazdon et al.[6]. FLR is defined as a process that aims to regain ecological functionality and enhance human wellbeing in deforested or degraded landscapes. This aim is based on the following principles[7]:1) Focus on landscape development; 2) Maintain and enhance the natural ecosystem within landscapes; 3) Engage stakeholders and support participatory governance; 4) Tailor to the local context using a variety of approaches; 5) Restore multiple functions for multiple benefits; 7) Manage adaptively for long-term resilience.

FLR is thus not only about intelligently planting trees, but also addresses societal needs and human wellbeing. FLR also has been widely applied to projects all over the world, such as the Metro-Forest Project in Thailand[8], Rabattenbos Eindhoven[9]and De Hoge Veluwe nature park in the Netherlands[10], New Forest National Park in England[11], Borkener Paradies in Germany[12],Fresh Breeze Afforestation Project in Mexico[13],and so on. However, FLR is hardly applied in the framework of landscape-based regional design.

In this paper FLR is employed as a multi-scale landscape design strategy to address environmental and spatial challenges by 1) exploiting systemic relations between country estates, 2) by using local historical and traditional ecological knowledge,and 3) applying principles that leverage ecological and cultural values. In this perspective is FLR not only about planting trees but also on landscape development to meet present and future needs and connect long-term perspective and short-term interventions to provide livelihoods and Ecosystem services from a regional scale to a local scale(Fig. 2). FLR is here considered as a means to achieve: recognisable landscape; improved ecology quality; multifunctional land use; collaborative effort; sustainable development.

FLR is an approach that addresses multiple scale levels, ranging from the estate zone in BB region, the De Wiersse-Het Medler cluster to the individual estate. At the regional scale, FLR helps to develop and safeguard the spatial and ecological qualities of the estate landscape. Depending on the situation design principles and spatial interventions are proposed to deal with the site-specific problems and potentials. This entails interpreting landscape history and re-introducing lost landscape elements,illustrated by the reconstruction of the former brook and “rabatten” forest. The development of a forest park landscape in which traditional forest types like forest meadow and hedgerows fringed forest play an important role, are proposed at the higher and dryer parts of the grounds. Water purification is achieved by the construction of forests in the riparian zone of the brook together with helophyte filters, recalling the wetlands that used to grow in this situation. Of course， it also about introducing new landscape structures and functions,by reforestation, afforestation and intensified land use (e.g. smart farming) in a context specific sensitive manner. By introducing viewpoints,elevated pathways, and designing roads and stream crossings appropriately, estates’ accessibility could be enhanced and visitors’ spatial experience could be enriched.

Research through design is a constituent element of the approach to explore the possibilities and identify solutions[4]. Design experiments are employed to explore the possibilities of applying design principles derived from design research[14].By this research and design mechanism, related information of the study area could be exposed,possibilities from multiple aspects can be explored to make a holistic vision and connection between a dynamic environment and human activities. With the reflection on the design’s values, “research through design” is a practical approach to gaining knowledge about landscape characters, spatial development possibilities, and practical solutions to challenges.

3 Heritage Estate Landscape Baakse Beek as Case

3.1 The Baakse Beek Region

The Baakse Beek Region is located the province of Gelderland, in the eastern part of the Netherlands. The Baakse Beek is a brook (small water stream) flowing from the east towards the west in a sandy landscape (Fig. 3). On the way to the river IJssel, the brook passes various types of landscape,such as eastern flood landscape (slow-flowing brook area), estate landscape (lowland brook area),sand ridge landscape (temporary brook area), heath landscape (heath brook area), “Kampen”-landscape(wetland brook area) and terrace edge landscape(terrace edge brook area). Each zone has distinctive landscape elements, geographical and ecological conditions that characterise distinctive landscape types in the basin area[15](Fig. 4).

These estates in the watershed, with their identical country houses and various surrounding landscapes, make the region under the impact of history and culture. It is because of the Baakse Beek that estates in the region are where history and nature meet and communicate.

However, this variation in landscape types is now declining and the region develops into a more homogeneous landscape. The environment suffers from adverse impacts from human activities and climate change, making it challenging to provide fertile land for crops, places of suitable quality for people’s living, and habitats for animals. As for estate zone’s development across time, not only the Baakse Beek stream and estates play an essential role in this area, but also the forest landscape plays an significant role in the history as in the situation nowadays (Fig.5). Forests are part of the primary identity of this landscape and are an important condition for the ecological and sociocultural system in this region.

During the last glacial period (< 10,000 years B.P.), the landscape was characterised by swampy grassland, a species-rich deciduous forest and 15%of the region was covered with peat, which turned out to be a fertile and attractive area for vegetation’s growth, animals and people’s living. About 2,000 years ago, people moved into the region along the water stream. They began to cut down trees for more agriculture land and more wood materials.Also, more watercourses were excavated and extended. Especially before the industrial revolution started in the mid-18th century, the landscape went through accelerated deforestation, and all remaining historical forests got disappeared in Eastern Netherlands as a consequence of overexploitation. During the 17th century and 18th century, country estates emerged along the middle part of Baakse Beek stream, which shaped the estate landscape in this region in the early period.With a series of cultural revolutions, such as the Age of Enlightenment, demographic changes,land reforms, world wars, industrial processes and agriculture revolutions, etc. there was increasing demand for wood to develop canal networks,shipping systems and boost urbanisation. Apart from that, more natural land got exploited for more farmland and softwood planting. Deforestation had negative impacts not only on the forest cover,but also on people’s agricultural activities and their living environment. In the late 19th century,during the transition period between landscape of the revolutions age and post-modern new landscape, people were aware the importance of environmental preservation. To reverse the trend of forests’ decline, private societies, like Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten, were formed and governments also established regulations to contribute to reforestation. Some of these regulations were made for promoting ecosystem,while some reforestation projects were for wood selling to boost the economy. After world war II,post-modern new landscapes emerged. As such the current landscape is palimpsest, that showcases different stages of its development and display the people’s attitude towards the landscape[16].

3.2 Design Challenges

The historical development of the estate zone illustrates the critical role of forests. However, in recent decades the estate landscape suffered from severe deforestation and therefore faces three types of problems

3.2.1 Estate Landscape and Hydrology Environment

Negatively impacted by deforestation, natural vegetation and crops in the estate zone live in a dry habitat where the aquatic ecosystem is vulnerable.Because of the degradation of the former forest soils the sponge capacity of the soil is decreasing.This is also related to the fact that the soil in this area is mostly sandy while peat had almost disappeared after historical reclamation. Suffering from the sandy soil with little nutrients and poor functions, land here is hardly in other good use.

3.2.2 Estate Landscape and Climate Change

Temperature rise is one of the most important expressions of climate change. According to STOWA[17], the Netherlands will face an increase in average summer temperatures of between 1 and 2 degrees Celsius in 2050 compared to 1990, and will exert a great influence on the region. In the summers of previous years, drought manifested itself already and became a serious problem for nature conservationists, farmers and estate owners,which had to deal with a shortage of water. In winters, there is an abundance of water which causes flooding in several parts of the region.Meanwhile, as the middle reaches of the stream, the estate zone area will suffer from yield depression and lower quality of the landscape[18].

3.2.3 Estate Landscape and Landscape Characteristics

The Baakse Beek basin area is characterised by an undulating landscape with subtle, but important height differences. These height differences create a diversity of landscape types[19]. Here the focus is on the estate landscape located in the lowland brook area. Considering that the site contains rich materials in natural and cultural backgrounds.Challenges the estate landscape faces include lack of accessibility, cultural-historical landscape experience, negotiations among stakeholders and the relations between geomorphology condition and nature type, contribute to the lack of connection to the estate landscape from the site spirit, from the past (Fig. 5).

The estate landscape of Baakse Beek basin area now is facing challenges from both ecological and landscape quality aspects. Meanwhile, the estate zone also shows designers opportunities in achieving a balance among ecological environment, agricultural activities and landscape-based spatial quality.

3.3 Planning and Design Application of FLR

To address the challenges, FLR is used as a design strategy to conserve and develop the ecological environment, restoring the cultural heritage, and enhancing human wellbeing. Based on the FLR options framework[21], the plan proposed for the estate zone integrates several critical interventions that together result in a more resilient ecological environment and appropriates people’s wellbeing:such as reforestation, afforestation, silviculture,agroforestry, improved fallow and some riparian tools in diverse forms. The framework creates links between current land-use types and corresponding FLR strategies. For example, the current swamps are part of forest land without trees covered. Based on the framework, afforestation and reforestation would be introduced to these swamps (Fig. 6).

3.3.1 Towards a Regional Framework

The whole estate zone contains 11 different estates, farmland, built-up area and nature area. All these elements are united into a coherent regional landscape framework in which FLR is employed as a design strategy. The landscape framework addresses three layers: ecology, recognizable landscape and agriculture (Fig. 7).

3.3.1.1 Ecology

The ecology-layer of the framework is based on the geomorphological conditions of the area.The FLR takes the natural potential vegetation as the basis for its development. In lowlying wet areas you will find different communities, than in higher, dryer ones. These forest communities are the combinations of native trees and other plants at different layers.Different forest communities rely on the areas of corresponding conditions as their suitable habits.For dry and moderately dry areas, beech-oak forest and birch-oak forest can be promoted using natural succession. Alder-ash forest and swampy alder grove are the main forest communities introduced to the wet area. In this way, the forests would grow well and help to create a variety of valuable habitats and therefore increase the ecological quality of the region.The new “green infrastructure” would increase water storage capacity, water and soil conservation and enrich the biodiversity.

Water circulation in the new estate landscape would be reactivated through FLR as well. After enriching species and layers in the estate cluster’s natural network, the relationship with water flow is enhanced. Since trees and vegetation in lower layers play an essential role in the hydrological circulation system, precipitation would increase, and water evaporation can be blocked effectively by deciduous trees with board leaves[22]. Thus, soil moisture can be accumulated and maintained underground.Besides, leaf residues and dissolved organic matter percolation help to increase soil minerals.

Affected by trees’ ecological values, landscape quality gets enhanced. The transpiration and other physiological functions of trees boost the water cycle and carbon and nitrogen cycle in the nature environment, which are essential in hydrological environment conservation. Trees’ enclosure also contributes to sufficient and clean water in the stream so that visitors can enjoy the nice view.Through FLR in the agriculture area, hydrological circulation also gets stimulated. Crops and trees with wide leaves are chosen to help to decrease water runoff and increase soil minerals.

As for the current situation, forest communities in the estate zone are not in the most suitable condition, since they were planned for wood production and its economic values are the aspect considered at most, instead of vegetation adaptation and nature system preservation. Since the second period of landscape development history (landscape of revolutions age), increasing original forest communities had been being replaced by production forest and farm land.Species diversity is lost to maintain the ecological diversity and also affects the hydrological environment. Climate change also changes forests’compositions, functioning, productivity, habitats and affects the de ecosystem’s balance[23]. However,the abundant species in these original forest communities used to cooperate sustainably with each other at different layers after living together harmoniously and adapting to the habitat for long time. The estate landscape with rich species after restoration creates a better connection between the landscape and the ecology environment.Meanwhile, it can enhance people’s interaction with nature. Strategically planning forest communities in appropriate types could show suggestions of landscape history to visitors and offer better sitespecific sensory experience. After constructing the forest landscape restoration in Vorden cluster, the green infrastructure will gradually develop into a climax forest with more considerable capabilities than forests at initial development stages to contribute to a stable and resilient ecosystem.

3.3.1.2 Recognizable Landscape

To strengthen the connection between the historic forest landscape and the modern estate landscape, FLR is employed to develop forest types with particular spatial characteristics (Fig.8-9). The layer “recognizable landscape” is focused on reinforcing landscape characteristics based on the natural conditions. This means strengthening the landscape identity with landscape elements and characteristics that increases or strengthens the legibility of the landscape, helping visitors to understand the diversity of the landscape and experience the local history in a meaningful way.This layer therefore also addresses optimization of the existing accessibility network and the development of new recreational routes with new educational and recreational destinations.

Besides, the forest typologies together contribute to restoring the spatial pattern of the historical estate landscape (Fig. 10). As for the current grid-like spatial pattern, it is partly caused by the historical land reclamation without considering eco-environment and future development. The homogenised landscape makes the story behind the current estate landscape even harder to be perceived.Through interventions of FLR, the organic spatial pattern would be restored, which is similar to the historical situation, but with more resilience.

Another distinguished feature is the specific garden architecture related to the direct environs of the respective estates. The gardens contain stories on the relation on nature and culture throughout the ages. While applying the FLR approach the gardens of the country houses can be developed by strengthening visual relationships with the surrounding forests and agriculture field, with pastoral views of grazing animals and farmhouses,recalling the “borrowing scenery” principle known from Chinese garden architecture.

Based on the ecology layer, proposed historical forest communities organise these tree groups to restore the relation between forest landscape typologies and estate landscape experience. More trees of various species are proposed in different programs for multiple activities. A new forest landscape could be restored and shaped in the context of estate landscape, to contribute to a more perceivable way to understand the landscape.

3.3.1.3 Agriculture Layer

The agriculture layer is to cooperate with the new green infrastructure and sustainably enrich agriculture activities, mainly in agroforestry.

The potential of agricultural development is promising, considering currently it is the primary land use of the whole region. However, to enhance and make it smart, fragmented agriculture lands are proposed to be applied with agroforestry strategies.

Typically, the agriculture area has ditches for drainage and irrigation. In this regard, it shows good potential for the recirculating vertical flow constructed wetland’s application in the vegetable garden area. The sustainable alternative technology improves water quality, reduces sanitation problems,and increases crop yields[24]. The agricultural sightseeing garden is a combination of visitors’interaction and agriculture products producing.The garden also contains diverse layers to use better-limited land, soil nutrition, and daylight for vegetables and fruits growing[25]. Lower layers are occupied with berry fruit shrubs and perennial herbs.They are proposed mainly for seasonally producing and farm picking activities for tourists to gain more economic and societal benefits. As for the remained cropland, smart management and monitoring are of necessity. Maincrop species should be broadleaf crops, like maise, and cooperated with small trees or hedge planting. The nutrients and water circulation can be stimulated, which is useful for increasing the yield. Considering the wooden material production is one of the main producing activities in the region, this field’s development opportunity should be considered. The plan shows the potential of introducing coppice woodland as a sustainable form of production forest. Interacted with farming activities, fodder trees, like willow (Salix cinerea),black oak (Quercus velutina） and hazelnut (Corylus avellana), are proposed to be planted in the fringe area. Reasonable planting calendar in agricultural garden maintains markets’ demanding and farmers’benefits. Also, it shows more opportunities for visitors engaging with the landscape from the farming aspect. The garden forest not only can provide a rural recreational destination for tourists and food production, but it can also help to support the Leader project “Achterhoek”: Ark for high-stem fruit’. Apple trees of specific local species are planted in the garden forest to preserve the region’s particular kind of heritage. According to the Handbook of high-stem fruit, seven species of apple trees, are selected to be introduced in the study area.

By integrating agriculture products, farms with recreational activities, the gap among farmers, local food, and people get closed. Meanwhile, it attracts more tourists to have a visit. At least four steps are needed before consumers getting products, and the freshness of foods will be affected due to the time-consuming procedure. However, agroforestry strategies and marketing model make the products exchange procedure time-saving and recreational at the same time. The agricultural area is a place for producing and a recreational and edible landscape for people’s engaging.

3.3.2 Design Elaborations at the Local Scale

The design assignment at the local scale has been indicated in the strategic plan at the regional scale. Within the FLR framework, the design approach also helps individual estate combat its site-specific challenges and generated added values.

De Wiersse, together with its park and gardens,is an estate designed in a formal style and integrated into its surrounding landscape. Like farming and crops planting, various land utilities are involved within the estate’s territory, considering that the location is ideally close to water. Historical landscape compositions, such as “Rabatten”-forest (groove forest), landscape sightline, the house and statues,also survive from a long time ago. Nowadays,water shortage and low water quality are the main challenges the estate is facing. This has a great impact on the original habitats and related vegetation.

Three primary interventions promote the ecoenvironment and spatial experience in forms of silviculture, agroforestry and afforestation. The new estate landscape of the De Wiersse includes a new riparian buffer zone and helophyte filters along the Baakse Beek. The historic stream and watercourse near the estate can easily increase the water storage capacity and enhances water quality by its riparian zones (Fig. 11). Historical forest types,such as “Rabatten”-forest and “forest meadow”,are proposed to promote the development of the existing forest and silviculture at the estate(Fig. 12). More trees will enhance carbon dioxide sequestration and increase the “sponge” capacity of the area. Besides, it will remind people of the historical forest landscape, as a signifier of regional identity. Also, mono-functional and industrial agricultural land is transformed into multifunctional forest gardens. Through applying agroforestry tools, biodiversity and the visitors’ engagement with the landscape is stimulated. Thus, with restoring forest landscape consisting of different forest densities and various types, the estate’s ecological and societal values will be strengthened. It will also make a positive impact on other estates’ landscape,i.e. Het Melder, which is in the downstream of De Wiersse.

Surrounded by a moat, the main house of Het Medler is located in higher ground, while farms and storage houses are located in the lower ground.The history of exchanging land to farmers makes farmer houses within the estate area containing the rich historical value. Experienced from the roads the characteristic views with sometimes farm houses make the whole estate more attractive in a unique landscape scene. However, insufficient water in ditches, industrial forests, lacking access to the estate and meadow, are challenging the estate’s resilience.Besides, increasing agricultural activities on the estate gradually eradicated the diversity of vegetation and contributed to the homogenization of the estate landscape. For Het Medler, we provided possibilities for exchanging land with farmers by introducing agroforestry programs in such a way that the historic farmhouses become part of the scenery. This will help visitors to become more aware of the culturalhistorical clues in the area (Fig. 13). Moreover, these interventions also bring benefit to the ecological environment. According to local conditions, water quality and quantity issues are addressed by planting trees and stimulating natural growth with native species and plant communities. The relation with De Wiersse and surrounding landscape is strengthened by establishing physical and visual links (Fig. 14).

Thus, design strategy of FLR also has the capacity to address specific issues in the estate landscape at the local scale. Moreover, it presents the possibility to generate overall impacts to the region by creating spatial connections between individual estates.

4 Discussion and Conclusion

4.1 The Significance of Designing Resilient Heritage Estate Landscapes

Heritage estate landscapes are complex systems in which society and ecology are closely connected. The development and protection of these landscapes can provide important societal and ecological values. For instance, by boosting tourism and recreation through increased accessibility and stunning views, improving the aquatic environment quality, and increasing biodiversity by developing a variety of forest communities based on the natural conditions and succession. Apart from that, people’s wellbeing is promoted through an enjoyable natural environment. Since economic conditions get closely affected by agricultural activities in estates’ territories, ensuring various stakeholders’benefits through long-term landscape development are considered in the landscape planning and design. Especially the complex situation of land ownership and land management mechanism can only be addressed by involving the land owners,estate managers, etc. Therefore, a practical design approach is inevitable in a collaborative process to increase mutual understanding and develop joint solutions that carefully considers the precious balance between nature and humans.

Meanwhile, designing resilient heritage estate landscapes reveals a wide range of possibilities for context sensitive landscape development.Creating resilient heritage landscapes is not exclusively focused on creating a water sensitive and ecological sound environment, but also offers opportunities to restore cultural elements of and in the landscape, as well provides means to enhance spatial experience and identity.

4.2 The Applicability of FLR as Design Strategy for Heritage Estate Landscapes

Comprehensive spatial development that integrates ecological, recreational, and societal metabolism aspects at the regional and local scale level, a regional landscape design approach is vital to cooperate knowledge from multiple disciplines.In Baakse Beek region, municipalities, designers,and many other stakeholders are employing such an approach to achieve a climate-resilient heritage estate landscape. Here FLR is explored as potential design strategy at different scales.

In this case, FLR contributed to a long-term perspective for a resilient estate heritage landscape.Based on different stages of the development of the water management system and forest succession,a long term vision was developed in the form of a regional framework. This framework can inform strategic decisions, but also provide a solid basis for short term local interventions and projects. For instance, the restoration of the historical stream and its ecological environment will take a long time, but creating technical solutions that create conditions for that can be done tomorrow. Also, water treatment infrastructure, like helophyte filters, can be introduced to improve the water quality. To strengthen ecological value and improve visiting experience, afforestation and reforestation played a key role. Forests’ habits and succession cycle are considered in the design so that heritage estate landscape could achieve dynamic balance from ecology, recognizable landscape and agriculture aspects. In the meantime, a green and blue link between the two isolated estates from spatial,ecological and historical aspects is generated (Fig. 15).

FLR as a design strategy from a regional perspective, generates robust impacts on multiple scales, and they compose systems to complement each other. On the regional scale, FLR provides an adaptive landscape-based developing framework to different zones. Thus, with clear guidance to diagnose the landscape, problematic situations could be addressed by multiple solutions. Moreover, the flexibility for future development is considered as an essential feature. As for the local design, following the guidance from the regional scale, potential design assignments with design tools can address a lack of cultural identity and specific water issues like drought or eutrophication in the moat. In short, seeing every single landscape element together as a whole in a system is a practical cut-in point not only in tackling current problems but also in resilient landscape planning.

FLR, as a multi-scale design strategy, can be charge with the role of a connector to obtain balance among ecological environment, cultural heritage, and people’s landscape experience and needs from the landscape. Meanwhile, FLR still exists limitations.For instance, FLR might lack its flexibility in the application at the regional scale, considering that the framework closely depends on land use types.

The design presents an intuitive way to experiment with FLR’s applicability in the context of heritage estate landscape. It also helps to arouse different possibilities of FLR from various aspects by developing different types of intervention tools.

4.3 Inspiration from the Case of Baakse Beek to Contemporary China

Heritage estate landscape are an expression of interaction between humankind and the natural environment. Nowadays, it is also charged with being resilient to future challenges, which is of vital importance in contemporary regional development. In this paper, the multi-scale spatial approach elaborated in the resilient estate landscape design reveals its landscape-based inclusive way to strengthen landscape resilience and engage cultural heritage.

In today’s China, to rebuild cultural confidence,cultural heritage, which contains cultural and spiritual values, has an increasingly important role in societal development. However, with the rapid growth of urbanisation and industrialisation these years, the traditional view is gradually replaced by the modern civilisation landscape. In 2020, to preserve valuable heritage, the national government has come up with documents, like new Administrative Measures for Declaration of National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities(trial implementation version), to strengthen general survey of historical and cultural resources,and to drive the protection of urban landscape environment and overall spatial pattern.

The design approach introduced in the case of Baakse Beek can be of inspiration to similar challenges in contemporary China regarding the preservation and development of heritage landscapes. FLR could be a useful tool for heritage landscapes’ planning and design in China when the ecological environment preservation is kept in mind. In addition, FLR application process can contribute to collaboration among stakeholders.However, the mostly-seen top-down coordination mechanism in China make the involvement from different stakeholders lacking, which also shows opportunities to FLR. The proposed approach relies on the proper understanding of the landscape and a multi-scale perspective, in which research and design are strongly interconnected. Further studies on the uniqueness of Chinese historical and cultural cities at different scale are needed; especially on how to protect through development. Given that the protection and development of cultural landscape in China are still at an early stage, it is useful to study cases from other experienced countries and regions.

Acknowledgments:

We would like to thank the reviewers for their help and constructive comments. We also appreciate the help of Guo Wei, Lei Yun and Song Yan with the Chinese version of the publication. We also acknowledge Bieke Cattoor for her help and input in the initial stages of this work.

Notes:

① According to theHandbook of High-Stem Fruit, seven species of apple trees areMalus domestica‘Bismarck’,M.domestica‘Brabantse Bellefleur’,M.domestica‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’×M.domestica‘Cox’s Pomona’,M.domestica‘Keulema’,M.domestica‘Koningszuur’,M.domestica‘Notarisappel’,M.domestica‘Zoete Bloemee’.

Sources of Figures:

Fig.1-1 ? www.dewiersse.com; Fig. 1-2 ? Hans Hendriksen;Fig. 2, 7-11, 13-15 ? Wang Yanjiao; Fig. 3 ? Wang Yanjiao draw based on maps from www.ArcGIS.com; Fig.4 ?Wang Yanjiao draw based on reference [15]; Fig. 5 ? Wang Yanjiao draw based on the reference [20] ; Fig. 6 ? Wang Yanjiao draw based on the reference [21]; Fig. 12 ? Wang Yanjiao draw based on reference [26].

(Editor / WANG Yaying)