“海絲之路”塑造了城市精神

受訪者：寧波市文物考古研究所所長 王結(jié)華

Wang Jiehua， Director of Ningbo Cultural Heritage

Management Research Institute

寧波是一座向海而生、因海而興的港口城市。寧波的文明發(fā)展史、城市建設(shè)史，實際上是一部海洋開發(fā)史、海絲之路拓展史。早在距今八千多年前，生活在這里的遠古先民已經(jīng)開始了對海洋的原始開發(fā);距今七千年左右，這里產(chǎn)生了著名的河姆渡文化，出現(xiàn)了早期的舟船系泊點;距今兩千多年前，這里出現(xiàn)了第一座港口城市——句章，為后來海上絲綢之路的拓展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

晉代，寧波的海上絲綢之路已經(jīng)萌芽，唐代設(shè)立明州，這時的海上絲綢之路開始進入了興盛階段，到宋元兩代則達到了歷史頂峰。當時的明州港，后來也叫慶元港，是世界上最為知名的港口城市之一。

持續(xù)數(shù)千年的海洋的開發(fā)史和海絲的拓展史，不僅造就了寧波這座城市，也塑造了寧波開拓進取、開放包容的城市精神。這種城市精神千百年來一脈相承，今后也會長久而持續(xù)地傳承并弘揚下去，為寧波經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展提供強大的動力和堅實的支撐。

Ningbo is a city born out of the sea， prospering because of the sea. The citys history is in fact a history of maritime exploration and a history of Maritime Silk Road expansion. Ningbos forebears began their primitive development of the sea more than 8，000 years ago， and Hemudu culture emerged about 1，000 years later. Gouzhang， the first port city in Ningbo， was born over 2，000 years ago. When Mingzhou was set up as a prefecture in the Tang dynasty， Maritime Silk Road began to prosper， and reached its zenith during the Song and Yuan （1206-1368） dynasties， making Mingzhou one of the best-known ports in the world. The maritime development and exploration over the past few thousand years have not only forged Ningbo as it is today， but also fostered the Ningbo spirit of enterprising， inclusiveness and openness， which will serve as the basis of the citys future development for a long time to come.

書藏古今 港通天下

受訪者：寧波海上絲綢之路研究院常務(wù)副院長 徐俠民

Xu Xiamin， Executive Deputy Director， Ningbo Maritime Silk Road Institute

“書藏古今、港通天下”，凝聚了寧波港歷史文化的沉淀。寧波港不光是通天下，它還是一個讓很多寧波人通過港口來運作和學習先進技術(shù)的地方。

1985年，北侖港被列為對外開放的港口;1989年，國務(wù)院發(fā)文，把寧波港作為中國對外開放合作的四個重要的深水港之一;2006年，浙江省提出了寧波、舟山港一體化;2009年，寧波舟山港開始重組，到2015年，兩港實現(xiàn)了真正的一體化。

現(xiàn)在寧波每年舉辦的中國—中東歐國家博覽會，每年有幾萬名外商來參會，來自波蘭、希臘等17個國家的客商、官員到寧波來采購、交易、對接。這期間除了商務(wù)活動之外，還有很多的人文交流活動。截至2019年年底，寧波市教育系統(tǒng)各個高校和中東歐國家高校簽訂了近120個合作協(xié)議、合作項目。雙方每年有不少的學生、老師互來互往，大大促進了思想、教育的提升和促進。

我們的港口是全人類的財富，不是哪一個國家專屬的。實際上在互來互往當中，你中有我，我中有你，彼此相互成長，大家都受益。我有個理論：創(chuàng)新是在邊緣地帶產(chǎn)生的。港口，正好是這種邊緣地帶，非我們的核心，也非他們的核心，而是一種文化交流碰撞的邊界。所以我覺得應(yīng)該站在全人類的角度，從創(chuàng)新的角度來看待港口未來所賦予的內(nèi)涵。

Ningbo Port is not only connecting the world， it is also a place for many local people to operate and learn advanced technologies. From 1985， when Beilun Port was listed as an open port to 2015， when Ningbo Port and Zhoushan Port integrated as Ningbo Zhoushan Port， Ningbo city has witnessed tremendous development. Tens of thousands of foreign businessmen attend the China-Central and Eastern European Countries Expo held annually in Ningbo， during which plenty of cultural exchange activities also take place. By the end of 2019， colleges and universities in Ningbo have signed nearly 120 cooperation agreements and projects with universities in Central and Eastern European countries. Our ports are a treasure for all mankind， not for any one country. In the process of mutual exchange， we all benefit from each other's growth. In my opinion， innovation happens at the margin or the boundary and ports happen to be at the very margin， where cultural interactions the most frequently.

瓷器是支撐海絲之路的主要商品

受訪者：溫州文史館館員 金柏東

Jin Baidong， Researcher at Wenzhou Research Institute of Culture and History

最早記載中形容溫州地形叫“甌居海中”，因為溫州周邊都是水。一千七百年以前，郭璞建城時，他看到了溫州九座山，有四座山組成了一個斗門，華蓋山為斗口，還有幾座山似是斗柄，就這樣形成了一個北斗星狀。這樣的一個自然狀態(tài)，依江、負山、通水，所以溫州被叫作“山水斗城”。

宋元時期，支撐海上絲綢之路的主要大宗商品，已由原來的絲綢變?yōu)榇善鳌Ｑ鼐€國家也開始以陶瓷代稱中國。自Seres（絲）到China（陶瓷）的稱謂變化，從另一個方面佐證了陶瓷在海上絲路中主導(dǎo)地位的獲得。

當時，海上航行的大都是中國的商船，船中大都是瓷器商品。說起制瓷業(yè)的發(fā)達，或當首推盛產(chǎn)青瓷寶劍的浙江龍泉和甌江兩岸。而溫州的瓷器窯，叫甌窯。它創(chuàng)燒于東漢，是全國最早發(fā)現(xiàn)中國瓷器的三個窯址之一。甌窯的特點有兩個，第一它是縹瓷，外觀顏色呈淡青的、微青的一種釉色;第二，甌窯的褐彩應(yīng)用是最早的，也是最廣泛的。

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties， porcelain replaced silk as the main commodity along the Maritime Silk Road. Indeed， countries and regions along the route began to refer to China as the country of porcelain or ceramics： China was no longer Seres （silk）; it would be called “China”. At that time， a large number of the ships sailing on the sea were Chinese merchant ships， mostly carrying porcelain products. The highly developed porcelain industry was concentrated in several places， one of which was Longquan， famous for producing swords and celadon， and another was the area along the Oujiang River banks， well known for its Ou kilns. Started in the Eastern Han Dynasty， they were one of the three sites where Chinese porcelain ware was first made in China.

守土與冒險的雙重性格

受訪者： 溫州大學溫州學研究所所長 洪振寧

Hong Zhenning， Director of Institute of Wenzhou Studies at Wenzhou University

《煙臺條約》簽訂以后，第二年英國的輪船就來到了溫州港口。溫州當時算是真正開埠了。從1877年到1930年期間，溫州進口貿(mào)易量增長22倍，出口貿(mào)易量增長了309倍。

依山拓海是溫州的地理區(qū)位特征，也是甌越文化的基石，它造就了溫州人守土與冒險的雙重性格。貿(mào)易繁盛的溫州孕育了“經(jīng)世致用”的社會文化。兩宋時期，發(fā)源于溫州的永嘉學派提倡事功之學，與朱熹“理學”、陸九淵“心學”鼎足而立，成為中國思想史上的重要流派。

溫州是一個港口城市，這一地理位置使得它成為海上絲綢之路的節(jié)點城市。溫州人有一種移民的性格，是因為人多地少。也正因為這種性格，他們開始從農(nóng)田上轉(zhuǎn)到工業(yè)、手工業(yè)，以商帶工。

五馬街被譽為“浙南第一街”，是溫州最著名的步行商業(yè)街，一百、五味和、金三益、老香山、溫州酒家等一批老字號展示著溫州商業(yè)曾經(jīng)輝煌的歷史。在這里，中國民營經(jīng)濟史掀開了第一章;在這里，推動中國商業(yè)進程的一群人開始了艱辛求索。40年前，溫州以改革開放先行區(qū)的姿態(tài)，在全國范圍內(nèi)率先進行市場化改革，點燃了中國民營經(jīng)濟的“星星之火”，開創(chuàng)了舉世矚目的“溫州模式”，成就了眾多“中國第一”，也鑄就了“敢為人先”的溫商精神。

那時候，有十萬農(nóng)民跑供銷，把信息拿回來，業(yè)務(wù)訂單拿回來，然后再把產(chǎn)品銷到外面去。后來發(fā)現(xiàn)，不僅要走出市門還要走出國門，外面天地寬廣，需要源源不斷的手工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和推陳出新的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品。所以中國的大江南北有很多溫州人，風風火火闖九州。

After Yantai Treaty （also known as the Chefoo Convention） was signed in 1876， British ships arrived at the port of Wenzhou the very next year. From 1877 to 1930， Wenzhous import and export increased by 22 times and 309 times respectively. It is Wenzhous geographical features， namely mountainous and close to the sea， that have created the Wenzhounese “dual character” of fiercely guarding their soil and enjoying venturing out at the same. With its flourishing trade， Wenzhou has nurtured a social culture of “being practical”. The Yongjia School， which originated in Wenzhou during the Song dynasty， is one of the most respected schools in the history of Chinese thought. As a port city， Wenzhou has historically been an important link along the Maritime Silk Road. Wenzhou people， or Wenzhounese， are known for being hard-working， entrepreneurial and open-minded. Forty years ago， Wenzhou took the lead in the nationwide reform and opening-up as a pioneer zone， lit up the “spark” of the development of Chinas private economy， created the world-famous “Wenzhou Model”， achieved many of “Chinas firsts”， and also forged the “pioneering” spirit of Wenzhou businesspeople.

民心相通是最重要的

受訪者：浙江師范大學非洲研究院院長 劉鴻武

Liu Hongwu， Dean of Institute of African Studies， Zhejiang Normal University

中國與非洲國家的合作是中國外交非常重要的領(lǐng)域，2000年中非合作論壇成立以后，中非關(guān)系發(fā)展非常迅速。在這個過程中，國家對非洲研究的需求、對非洲研究的專業(yè)人才的需求也快速地增加。

我們知道“一帶一路”基礎(chǔ)性在于民心相通。民心怎么相通？最好的方式就是把“一帶一路”，包括中非雙方的文化、藝術(shù)、語言、教育方面的通道建設(shè)起來，過去我們對非洲很多不了解、信息不對稱，這對中非合作、“一帶一路”的合作是一個障礙。

而隨著我們研究非洲越來越深入，中非實現(xiàn)了信息雙向互動，我們不僅研究非洲，也推動非洲國家來研究中國。目前，浙江師范大學內(nèi)在讀的非洲留學生將近1000人，在過去10多年里，來自非洲、在浙江師范大學留學或研修、學習漢語的，從本科、碩士、博士到高級官員，已經(jīng)近萬人。這些人在本國就是高級官員、知識精英，來中國以后，了解了中國實際的發(fā)展情況，回去以后成了對華合作的重要推進者。

Regarded as “the foundation of the foundation”， cooperation between China and African countries is crucial for China's diplomacy. Since the establishment of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2000， China-Africa relations have developed rapidly. As a result， demand for African studies and professionals in African studies also saw a corresponding increase. One of the major goals of the Belt and Road， people-to-people bond is now a top priority in promoting China-African cooperation and tackling the problem of information asymmetry. The best way to realize the goal is to build up the cultural， artistic， language and education channels， among others， between the two sides. Indeed， Chinas deepening research on Africa is also encouraging more African countries to study China. Now， there are nearly 1，000 African students studying in Zhejiang Normal University. In the past decade or so， about ten thousand students and senior officials from Africa have studied in our university， and have become important proponents of cooperation with China after their return.

一座心靈的祈禱圣地

受訪者：普陀海洋文化研究會秘書長 孫和軍

Sun Hejun， Secretary General of the Putuo Research Institute of Maritime Culture

舟山的海洋文化內(nèi)容是非常豐富的，先民在大海上討生活，以海上捕撈為主要生產(chǎn)方式形成了魚耕文化。隨后延伸出了一系列舟船文化、漁文化、漁港文化、村落文化、海上貿(mào)易文化，包括一些民間信仰。這都是由于海洋海島地區(qū)的自然環(huán)境造成的。

在海洋的熏陶下、在生活的洗禮中，舟山人形成了獨具特色的海洋藝術(shù)文化。漁民號子、舟山鑼鼓、跳蚤舞……不一而足。明朝時，為了抗擊倭寇，在船上、在漁船上、在海船上，舟山人敲擊鑼鼓、操練兵馬，慢慢形成了一種海上鑼鼓。

在舟山還打撈出了西班牙銀幣，這些銀幣是當時主要的國際流通貨幣。這種銀幣在普陀山就發(fā)現(xiàn)了一千多枚，這也是那時歐洲國家到舟山來進行海上貿(mào)易的一個鐵證。

在古代，海外商人、中國貿(mào)易商在進行海上貿(mào)易前后，都要來普陀山祈求海上平安，普陀山因此成為海商船隊一種共同的心靈祈禱圣地，一直到今天，還享有“海天佛國”的稱譽。

Zhoushan has a very rich maritime culture. Our ancestors made a living on the sea and， based on it， developed Zhoushans fishing culture. Subsequently， a series of subcultures， including boat culture， fishing port culture， fishing village culture， maritime trade culture and even some folk beliefs， were born out of it. Such maritime folk arts and customs as fishermens songs， Zhoushan gongs and drums， flea dance can only be found in Zhoushan. In fact， the origin of Zhoushan gongs and drums can be traced to the Ming dynasty， when local people were fighting against Japanese pirates， and doing military drills by beat gongs and drums on boats and ships. Over 1，000 pieces of Spanish silver coins， dating to the 18th and 19th centuries， were also found in Zhoushan， a testimony to the bustling maritime trade at the time. In olden times， both foreign merchants and Chinese traders would visit Putuo Mountain to pray for safety for their sea travels， and Putuo Mountain has long been a sacred land of Buddhism.

海洋經(jīng)濟的優(yōu)勢是海商之路

受訪者：舟山群島新區(qū)研究中心主任 黃建鋼

Huang Jiangang， Director of the Research Center at Zhoushan Archipelago New Area

這些年來，舟山積極搶抓海洋資源優(yōu)勢，大力培育現(xiàn)代海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)，形成了以船舶制造、港口物流、水產(chǎn)加工、海洋旅游等產(chǎn)業(yè)為支柱，具有鮮明海洋特色的開放型經(jīng)濟體系。

舟山最大的優(yōu)勢在于開發(fā)海洋資源。海洋資源很重要的優(yōu)勢是海商之路，這種優(yōu)勢的具體體現(xiàn)在于舟山是四口之要：一是杭州灣的灣口;二是長江的入?？?三是黃海跟東海的交界口;四是中國內(nèi)海、出海進太平洋之口。當然，海島資源另一個重要優(yōu)勢是深水岸線，深水岸線的深度和長度決定了這個海島在海洋交通運輸上的作用。舟山有個江海聯(lián)運服務(wù)中心，這個“?！保傅牟粌H僅是東海，也不僅僅是海洋，它最主要指的是“21世紀海上絲綢之路”里的“?！?同樣，這個“江”，也不僅僅指的是長江，它指的是錢塘江、寧波的三江口等各種“江”融匯于此。所以，我經(jīng)常認為，除了“一帶一路”，還有一條水路——江河之路。

When the State Council approved the establishment of the “Zhoushan Archipelago New Area”， it put special emphasis on building a “maritime economy-themed new area”， indicating that the authorities hoped Zhoushan would prioritize the development of its maritime economy. Over the years， by fully tapping its maritime resources， Zhoushan has vigorously cultivated modern maritime industries and formed an open economic system mainly based on shipbuilding， port logistics， aquatic processing， maritime tourism and other industries. Zhoushans greatest advantage lies in the exploitation of its maritime resources and the development of maritime commerce. Located at the mouths of the Hangzhou Bay and the Yangtze River， connecting the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea， and as a passage way to enter the Pacific Ocean， Zhoushan is undoubtedly key to the development of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.