杭州孤山腳下有一座典型的江南樓閣，熟悉它的杭州人都知道，那里曾是為存放國寶《四庫全書》而建的皇家藏書樓文瀾閣?！端膸烊珪肥钱?dāng)年乾隆下詔編纂的，囊括了乾隆之前中國歷史上所有最主要的典籍，直到今天依然是世界上卷帙最為浩大的一套叢書。當(dāng)時乾隆只命人抄寫了四部藏于內(nèi)廷，后

來又一紙詔令建造了江南三閣各存一部，杭州的文瀾閣便由此而來。從此，一座城與一部書的命運緊緊地聯(lián)系在一起。

如今七部抄本（編者注：乾隆帝命人手抄了七部《四庫全書》，下令分別藏于全國各地）留存于世的有四部，分別藏于臺灣、蘭州、北京和杭州，而文瀾閣《四庫全書》歷經(jīng)的磨難卻非其他幾部可比。兩百多年來，文瀾閣《四庫全書》在數(shù)次浩劫中幾乎陷于毀滅，是浙江幾代文化人的俠肝義膽才使其躲過戰(zhàn)火幸存下來，真正的原閣本早已剩下不到四分之一，成了一部經(jīng)后人多次補(bǔ)抄才湊齊的“百衲本”。這是一個在曠世戰(zhàn)火中的傳奇，也成為浙江人竭力護(hù)書搶救文化遺存的歷史群像。浙江有識之士自清代至民國猶如接力棒式的藏書、護(hù)書與補(bǔ)抄，使文瀾閣《四庫全書》劫后余生，在中國乃至世界藏書史上都是個奇跡。

因《四庫全書》而建

《四庫全書》是清代乾隆年間編纂的中國歷史上最大的一部叢書。據(jù)《四庫全書總目》統(tǒng)計，它著錄書籍3461種，存目書籍6793種，總計達(dá)10254種，囊括了從先秦到清代乾隆以前中國歷史上的主要典籍。在18世紀(jì)，像《四庫全書》這樣的文化巨制，不僅在中國，就是在當(dāng)時的世界上也絕無僅有。

《四庫全書》修成以后，為了保管和利用，乾隆皇帝先后下令將其中著錄的3000余種書籍抄成一式七部，每部均為36000余冊、6100余函，分別收藏于仿造寧波天一閣規(guī)制而專門建造的七座藏書閣中。這就是著名的四庫七閣，即北京紫禁城的文淵閣、圓明園的文源閣、承德避暑山莊的文津閣、盛京（今沈陽）故宮的文溯閣，以及江蘇鎮(zhèn)江的文宗閣、揚(yáng)州的文匯閣和浙江杭州的文瀾閣。

文瀾閣坐落在西湖孤山南麓，由圣因寺后玉蘭堂東面的藏書堂改建而成。藍(lán)色的門牌掛在門樓上，門樓正中嵌有“西湖博物館”匾額。民國十八年（1929年），西湖博覽會在杭州開幕，文瀾閣被作為農(nóng)業(yè)館使用。博覽會結(jié)束后，成立西湖博物館，選擇文瀾閣、王陽明祠、羅漢堂、太乙分青室為館址。

進(jìn)入門樓后就來到了垂花門。垂花門又稱宮門，建于乾隆時期，現(xiàn)存建筑為光緒七年（1881年）遺存。垂花門兩側(cè)廂房也稱耳房，現(xiàn)辟為觀眾休息服務(wù)區(qū)。垂花門向北經(jīng)過一座假山，來到的是御座房。御座房現(xiàn)為“文瀾遺澤——文瀾閣與《四庫全書》”專題陳列室，陳列室里系統(tǒng)介紹了文瀾閣與《四庫全書》的歷史變遷，展現(xiàn)了浙江讀書人高尚的文化品格與人文精神。

出御座房，經(jīng)過與西湖相通的水池，文瀾閣主體就映入眼簾。文瀾閣前石座上原有的四件陳設(shè)已遺失，遺失年代不詳。據(jù)《文瀾閣圖》以及《文瀾閣志》中袁昶《文瀾閣銅鹿引》推斷，石座上的陳設(shè)應(yīng)為銅鹿和香爐，在2006年的修繕中，浙江省博物館予以恢復(fù)舊觀。

文瀾閣仿制內(nèi)廷四閣，均為重檐樓閣。文瀾閣的規(guī)制為明二層暗三層，匠人們創(chuàng)造性地在腰檐處增加夾層，內(nèi)為上、中、下三層，擴(kuò)大了藏書空間。文瀾閣夾層上方井口的運用則更有利于書籍的搬運、通風(fēng)和采光。這些設(shè)計體現(xiàn)了古代工匠構(gòu)思精妙的聰明才智和中國古代木構(gòu)建筑靈活多變的結(jié)構(gòu)特點。

文瀾閣初建時，一層明間設(shè)御座和書案，兩側(cè)藏《古今圖書集成》和《四庫全書》經(jīng)部。文瀾閣重建后，一層明間廢御座和書案，除《古今圖書集成》外，增儲《勸善要言》《全唐文》《剿平粵匪方略》等。二、三兩層藏書不變，分別為史部和子部、集部。

據(jù)了解，文瀾閣里的書都是按次序排列在各層，既不能使書之次序顛倒混亂，又不允許架上有高低不齊，《文瀾閣志》中就記載了文瀾閣排架圖。

浙江省藏書文化研究專家顧志興認(rèn)為，關(guān)于“文瀾閣排架圖”有兩點是需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的：一是《文瀾閣排架圖》是由文瀾閣傾圮前具體負(fù)責(zé)館務(wù)的陸光祺事后憑記憶重繪，后《文瀾閣志》據(jù)此刻入;二是《四庫全書》書匣用楠木特制，楠木書匣上刻有書名、冊數(shù)。冊數(shù)多的書，則需數(shù)匣分裝。書匣的高低根據(jù)書的冊數(shù)制造。書在裝匣前又需要用楠木夾板夾緊書冊。書入匣后，又將書匣高低相配，制成書架，然后排架庋藏。

當(dāng)時文瀾閣《四庫全書》的保存之法從《文瀾閣志》的記載中也可看出：每冊底面絹裹粘釘不壓線。每函用香楠木匣收儲，匣內(nèi)襯以香楠夾板，便抽納也。素綾牙簽，冊中夾冰麝樟腦包各二以辟蠹，每歲盛夏暴書凡一月，由鹽運使派儒學(xué)官掌之，可想見東璧琳瑯之美備矣。

歷經(jīng)劫難 重現(xiàn)璀璨

歷數(shù)清代書閣，或坐落于皇家禁地，遠(yuǎn)離戰(zhàn)火;或遭戰(zhàn)火焚毀，閣史中斷;或書藏九州，散落四處。惟有文瀾閣與其《四庫全書》，經(jīng)歷多重磨難與艱辛，在幾代浙江讀書人不懈努力下，巍巍書閣，重現(xiàn)璀璨。

清咸豐三年，江蘇揚(yáng)州文匯閣、鎮(zhèn)江文宗閣慘遭兵燹，夷為平地。咸豐十年、十一年，太平軍兩次攻占杭城，文瀾閣也未逃過戰(zhàn)火劫難，閣圮書散。光緒六年十月初八，文瀾閣進(jìn)行了重修，歷時一年修復(fù)，并把散失、殘缺的書籍收集、補(bǔ)抄起來;辛亥革命后又幾經(jīng)補(bǔ)抄，文瀾閣的《四庫全書》才恢復(fù)舊觀。

在歷次浩劫中幾陷于毀滅，是浙江幾代人的俠肝義膽才使文瀾閣能夠躲過戰(zhàn)亂而幸存下來。1861年，太平軍攻陷杭州，江南著名藏書樓八千卷樓的主人、出身書香門第的錢塘人丁申、丁丙兄弟此時避禍于杭州城西的西溪。一日，兄弟倆在店鋪購物時發(fā)現(xiàn)，用于包裝的紙張竟是鈐有璽印的《四庫全書》，這使他們大驚失色。丁氏兄弟心急如焚，馬上組織家人進(jìn)行搶救。他們冒著戰(zhàn)亂的風(fēng)險，收集殘籍予以保護(hù)，并雇人每日沿街收購散失的書本。如此半年，他們搶救并購回閣書8689冊，占全部文瀾閣本的1/4。

文瀾閣本已殘缺不全，一項浩繁的抄書工程在浙江巡撫譚鐘麟的支持下開始了。丁氏兄弟從寧波天一閣盧氏抱經(jīng)樓、汪氏振綺堂、孫氏壽松堂等江南十?dāng)?shù)藏書名家處借書，招募了100多人抄寫，組織抄書26000余冊。在《四庫全書》編撰過程中編撰官員曾將一些對清政府不利的文字刪除，或?qū)⒉糠謺懦趨矔?，還有部分典籍漏收，丁氏兄弟借此機(jī)會將其收錄補(bǔ)齊。此項工程歷時7年得以完成。1882年，文瀾閣重修完成，丁氏兄弟將補(bǔ)抄后的《四庫全書》全部歸還文瀾閣。

到了民國時代，浙江省圖書館首任館長錢恂繼續(xù)組織補(bǔ)抄，這就是所謂“乙卯補(bǔ)抄”。這次補(bǔ)抄主要由徐錫麟的二弟徐仲蓀及其學(xué)生堵申甫二人自費所為，歷時七年，甚為艱辛。后來，時任浙江教育廳長的張宗祥對徐仲蓀、堵申甫的執(zhí)著精神所感動，在他的重視及關(guān)注下，補(bǔ)抄工作開始由官府組織，費用全部由浙江籍人募集，歷時兩年，史稱“癸亥補(bǔ)抄”。

經(jīng)過丁、錢、張等人的共同努力，最后完成的文瀾閣《四庫全書》有36874冊，其中乾隆時的原抄本9221冊，約占四分之一，其他的為光緒時丁氏或民國時錢氏、張氏等組織補(bǔ)抄。補(bǔ)齊后的文瀾閣《四庫全書》是7部藏書中最完整的一部。因此，文瀾閣本《四庫全書》的歷史文獻(xiàn)價值高于文淵閣本、文津閣本和文溯閣本，是“四庫學(xué)”研究的重要資源。

1937年，抗日戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)，杭州岌岌可危，《四庫全書》又面臨巨大的災(zāi)難。時任國立浙江大學(xué)校長竺可楨和時任浙江圖書館館長陳訓(xùn)慈組織閣書西遷。歷時半年，輾轉(zhuǎn)5省，行程2500公里，1938年4月，《四庫全書》安全運抵貴陽，后又轉(zhuǎn)運到重慶。

1954年4月，浙江省人民政府將青白山居撥浙江圖書館使用。青白山居位于孤山之巔，面對西湖的阮公墩，空氣清新干燥，鋼筋水泥建造，是最好的藏書之地。這樣，文瀾閣《四庫全書》便被搬入青白山居落戶。

1970年1月，根據(jù)當(dāng)時戰(zhàn)備指示，對文瀾閣《四庫全書》又一次進(jìn)行了搬遷，目的地是浙南麗水地區(qū)的龍泉戰(zhàn)備庫。這次搬遷雖只是在省內(nèi)遷徙，但途經(jīng)富陽、桐廬、建德、蘭溪、金華、遂昌、龍泉等7個市縣，來回行程達(dá)1240公里。1976年，文瀾閣《四庫全書》重返杭州。

文瀾閣《四庫全書》如今藏在浙江圖書館孤山分館恒溫恒濕的地下善本庫房，這套曠世巨著才有了一個長久安全的棲息之地。

舊時帝王燕今入百姓家

文瀾閣作為欽定的官家藏書樓，向社會開放、傳播文化，與古代以藏為主的藏書樓顯示出截然不同的職能，但與圖書館相比則為遠(yuǎn)遜。在清末西學(xué)潮流滾滾東來這一特殊時代背景下，圖書館取代藏書樓成為必然。

宣統(tǒng)元年，學(xué)部下文限各地于宣統(tǒng)二年一律建立圖書館。浙江巡撫增韞據(jù)浙江提學(xué)使袁嘉谷提議，奏請“于圣因寺行宮余地建筑，俾于與文瀾閣毗連一氣，……懇請賞給圣因寺行宮內(nèi)文瀾閣旁隙地籌建圖書館”。奏準(zhǔn)后，于宣統(tǒng)三年（1911年）開始建新圖書館。經(jīng)省咨議局討論，決定將文瀾閣歸屬圖書館，六月，末任閣董張蔭椿與浙江圖書館進(jìn)行了交接。民國元年（1912年）浙江圖書館孤山館（今古籍部）落成，將文瀾閣之書全部移藏圖書館，從此書閣分離。

1929年杭州舉辦西湖博覽會，會后成立西湖博物館，以后文瀾閣又歸屬浙江博物館。1981年，文瀾閣被列為省級文物保護(hù)單位。2001年，文瀾閣又被列為全國重點文物單位。文瀾閣《四庫全書》與藏書樓雖已分離，但作為江南僅存的皇家藏書樓，其建筑遺存一直得到充分保護(hù)和利用。2006年起，浙江省博物館負(fù)責(zé)對文瀾閣進(jìn)行大修，歷時8年。這是文瀾閣多次修葺中最近的一次。再繁華的皇家園林也逃脫不了歲月的腐蝕，文瀾閣在漫長的歲月侵襲中，更是脆弱到不堪一擊。

1861年，太平天國軍攻入杭州，本為藏書閣的文瀾閣不幸淪為兵營，閣中的藏書也散佚四處。后來，閣中之書或歸私家，或歸書賈，甚或有流落坊巷間作廢紙拆散裹物者。

光緒六年，文瀾閣重建。在接下來的漫長歲月中，文瀾閣始終沒有逃脫被損毀、遺忘、修復(fù)的命運。接下來，每隔幾年，文瀾閣都要大修一遍。修復(fù)后的文瀾閣仍遵循對外開放的準(zhǔn)則，這讓普通老百姓也能目睹這百年藏書樓的文化底蘊(yùn)，而文瀾閣《四庫全書》影印出版，更是讓文瀾閣《四庫全書》這一歷史珍貴典籍更為開放。

2003年5月，時任杭州出版社總編輯徐海榮無意間得知，北京的商務(wù)印書館即將出版文津閣《四庫全書》，萌生了影印出版文瀾閣《四庫全書》的想法，在徐海榮看來，影印出版文瀾閣《四庫全書》是傳承保護(hù)的另一種方式。

徐海榮的行動獲得了浙江圖書館的支持。2004年5月，合作整理影印出版文瀾閣《四庫全書》的協(xié)議由兩家單位共同簽署。歷經(jīng)整整10年，修訂影印版文瀾閣《四庫全書》完成最后一卷的印制，并正式面市，首印300套。也就是說，以后文瀾閣《四庫全書》將不再只是默默存放在地下的館藏之物。昔日國之瑰寶、皇家御覽藏書，而今已“飛入尋常百姓家”。

Wenlange： Imperial Library in Hangzhou

Wenlange on the West Lake was built to house a copy of Siku Quanshu （Complete Collection of Four Treasures）， compiled at the edict of Emperor Qianlong. Beginning in 1773， 361 scholars， some of them being high-ranking government officials， collected and annotated over 10，000 imperial manuscripts. From them， only 3，461 titles were selected for inclusion. The works are arranged in four divisions of Chinese literature： classics， history， philosophy， and the arts. Together， this knowledge represents 5，000 years of history， astronomy， geography， economy， society， law， politics， science， technology， and philosophy.

It was not the first collection made by a central government in China， but it was the biggest in the history of China. In fact， before Wikipedia， it was the largest collection of human knowledge in the world.

In order to make the books accessible to readers in China， Emperor Qianlong ordered to have seven copies made. About 3，800 scribes took part in copying the texts by hand， painstakingly recreating every last character stroke in perfect calligraphy. In the original collection， there were 3，461 titles copied from cover to cover and there was an additional list of 6，793 titles， which appeared in the collection as titles only and no contents from these books were copied. Each copy had 36，000 volumes contained in more than 6，100 book boxes. Seven copies were housed at seven sites. They were Wenyuange inside the Forbidden City in Beijing， Wenyuange in the Winter Palace in Beijing， Wenjinge at Chengde Imperial Mountain Resort in Hebei Province， Wensuge in Shenyang， Wenzongge in Zhenjiang and Wenhuige in Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province， and Wenlange in Hangzhou.

Wenlange as the physical imperial library on the West Lake was repurposed from a sutra collection pavilion of a Buddhist Temple. The temple itself was repurposed in 1727 from an imperial palace used by Emperor Kangxi. In 1738， the part of the temple was restored as an imperial palace. When the Siku Quanshu was completed， a special reconstruction project started in 1782 to turn the part of the temple into the library. In 1784， Wenlange was completed. Three years later， the books copied in the capital for Wenlange were shipped in batches to Hangzhou and made their ways into the imperial library on the West Lake.

The library looks like a two-story structure， but it has three floors inside： two main floors and a mezzanine， designed to have more space for storage of books， for good lighting and ventilation， and for convenient move of books.

In the winter of 1861， the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army conquered Hangzhou. In January 1862， Ding Shen and Ding Bing， two brothers and book collectors who took refuge in Xixi， a suburb in the west of Hangzhou， when the city fell to the Taiping army， found a peddler near where they were living used book pages to wrap candies and melon seeds. They were astounded to find the pages were from books of the imperial Wenlange Library. It turned out that the peddler had in his possession several dozens of books from the imperial collection. That night， the brothers hurried back to Hangzhou and visited the library. The library was a total mess， a lot of books were missing and the remaining books were scattered everywhere. The two brothers instructed clan members to carry books away. The books in the library collected by the Ding brothers were housed temporarily in a temple in Xixi. The Ding brothers then sent people out to the city proper of Hangzhou to find and buy back books and pages wherever they could be found. In six months， they rescued 8，689 volumes from streets. Thanks to their efforts， about one third of the Wenlange collection was saved. Then the brothers decided to make the collection complete again. It took more than 100 scribes eleven years to copy 26，000 volumes， based on books from other libraries across Zhejiang， including some titles which had been originally dropped for political reasons or for reasons unknown. Thanks to the Ding brothers， the collection was made complete again. After the Qing Dynasty fell apart and the Republic of China came into being in 1911， two more projects were launched respectively in 1915 and in 1923 in Hangzhou， largely to restore books to their total volumes or put deleted contents back. The first project was funded and organized by Xu Zhongsun and his disciple Du Shenfu. It took seven years to complete. Shortly after the first project was concluded， Zhang Zongxiang， then education director of Zhejiang provincial government， launched the second copy project. This time， it was organized by the government and funded by individuals across Zhejiang. This project took two years to complete.

Thanks to these copying projects， the Wenlange collection is the most complete of all the seven copies. The Wenlange collection is now an important resource for scholars when they look into all the issues concerning the imperial collection made in the 18th century.

In 1937， Japan launched a total invasion into China. Hangzhou suffered several air raids. Under the guidance of Chen Xunci， director of Zhejiang Library， the books were packed into 139 large cases and relocated to Fuyang and Jiande in the west of Hangzhou and then to Longquan in the south of Zhejiang for safety. In March 1938， the National Government decided to relocate the Wenlange collection to Guizhou Province in the southwest. The books traveled 2，500 kilometers and through five provinces before it reached Guiyang， the capital of Guizhou Province， at the end of April 1938. It was temporarily housed at the Zhang Clan Ancestral Temple there. Then the collection was further relocated to Chongqing， Chinas wartime capital， in Sichuan Province.

In May 1946， about 9 months after China won the victory of the war of resistance against Japanese aggression， the collection started its return journey from Chongqing. It took six trucks and nearly 20 staff members and guards and over 50 days before it came back safely to Hangzhou.

In April 1954， the collection was relocated to Qingbai Resort on the slope of the Solitary Hill. Not far from Wenlange， the modern building of reinforced concrete was ideal for the storage of the collection.

In January 1970， the collection was relocated secretly again to Longquan in the south of Zhejiang due to the intense international situation. The collection stayed there for about six years. It was not until 1976 that it came back to Hangzhou. The to-and-fro journey was 1，240 kilometers long.

Nowadays， the Wenlange collection of Siku Quanshu is housed in an underground environment with constant relative humidity and temperature. Though the imperial Wenlange Library was open to readers in the past， it cant be compared to a modern-day public library. The approval of the central government of the Qing Dynasty， a public library was set up in 1911 and Wenlange became part of the public library. In 1912， the collection was moved to the Ancient Book Department of Zhejiang Library at Solitary Hill. The Wenlange as a historical building became West Lake Museum in 1929 and then became part of Zhejiang Museum. In 1981， Wenlange was put under the protection of the provincial government. In 2001， it was designated as a key cultural relic unit under the protection of the central government. From 2006 to 2014， Wenlange went through a major restoration project by Zhejiang Museum.

Hangzhou Press Group reprinted the Wenlange collection of Siku Quanshu from 2004 to 2014. The first photocopy edition was 300 sets.