建筑設(shè)計(jì)：羅宇杰工作室

“生長的建造”

我崇尚自然，看著那些不斷向上生長的植物入迷，它們不斷攀升的形態(tài)萬千，只為去尋求更多的陽光，這種自然的張力，產(chǎn)生出眾多美妙智慧的結(jié)構(gòu)原型，吸引人去探究……

背景

上云臺(tái)是山西陵川的一個(gè)自然景區(qū)，位于云臺(tái)山景區(qū)的上方而得名，地處太行山脈與中原平原地質(zhì)斷裂帶處，是太行風(fēng)光最美之所在，有極佳的觀景視野。

景區(qū)管理方之前是山西當(dāng)?shù)氐男∶禾康V主，在1990年代末獲得不錯(cuò)的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益，隨后礦主選擇退出對(duì)礦產(chǎn)資源的開采，轉(zhuǎn)而投資當(dāng)?shù)氐牡刭|(zhì)景觀區(qū)域，承包了該鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的一個(gè)景觀片區(qū)，為當(dāng)?shù)卦写迓湫拗斯?。龐大的地域?guī)模，比預(yù)想的投資大得多，與山下河南焦作地區(qū)的云臺(tái)山景區(qū)也因?yàn)榉N種原因沒有形成旅游資源互動(dòng)。景區(qū)在進(jìn)行非常前期的建設(shè)之后，就陷入了停滯的困境，形成了一個(gè)初開發(fā)狀態(tài)，產(chǎn)生了很多只做完基礎(chǔ)或者結(jié)構(gòu)框架的施工未完成建筑物，停滯長達(dá)10年之久。

外荒村位于上云臺(tái)與云臺(tái)山景區(qū)最險(xiǎn)要的交匯處，也是最好的觀景區(qū)。景區(qū)管理方做了一些觀景設(shè)施，包括八角亭臺(tái)，曾經(jīng)計(jì)劃在外荒聚落的東南邊修建一處供游客使用的衛(wèi)生間，由于投資資金斷裂，僅僅完成衛(wèi)生間的基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)就被擱置。

優(yōu)美的風(fēng)景吸引了大量游客前來參觀，但周邊居住條件和衛(wèi)生環(huán)境低劣，無法滿足旅行者的游憩需求。利用現(xiàn)有停滯建設(shè)的衛(wèi)生間的基礎(chǔ)，滿足部分旅行者的休憩需求，通過驛站經(jīng)營刺激并促生當(dāng)?shù)氐穆眯蟹?wù)生態(tài)，是本項(xiàng)目的由來。

空間懸挑

原衛(wèi)生間的矩形基礎(chǔ)平面軸線為10m×6m，面積有限，為了獲得更多的休息空間以及更好的景觀視野，必須通過局部空間懸挑來實(shí)現(xiàn)。將衛(wèi)浴、儲(chǔ)物等建造結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)密集（荷載也相對(duì)較重）的空間組成部件放置在原衛(wèi)生間基礎(chǔ)的內(nèi)部，將旅居臥室大空間（荷載也相對(duì)較輕）置于懸挑的區(qū)域。這種布局原則既符合結(jié)構(gòu)受力，又符合觀景的視覺空間邏輯。

密集柱陣

現(xiàn)狀基礎(chǔ)為毛石砌筑，基地為巨型巖石，山路崎嶇，重型器械無法駛?cè)胧┕ぃ蚨捎脛蛸|(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)柱形成矩陣獲得協(xié)同受力體系，將整體建筑的受力均勻消解在基座部分。木結(jié)構(gòu)以1m的柱距密陣排列在基礎(chǔ)之上，形成一個(gè)完整均衡的結(jié)構(gòu)體。結(jié)構(gòu)主體通過毛石基礎(chǔ)的圈梁形成整板基礎(chǔ)受力，獲得對(duì)原毛石基礎(chǔ)更有利（更?。┑膲毫ΑＣ芗騼?nèi)的柱陣，和上部的結(jié)構(gòu)梁交織形成完整的統(tǒng)一體，縱橫貫穿的水平向梁，從兩頭同時(shí)伸出，像扁擔(dān)兩頭平衡受力。豎向的柱子與水平向的橫梁，在外部墻體的夾接處，采用曲木梁支撐的銜接關(guān)系。上下水平梁之間，增加斜拉木梁加強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)聯(lián)的三角受力。

遺留基礎(chǔ)的加固

現(xiàn)狀基礎(chǔ)的下部是毛石砌筑，頂部有一圈混凝土梁，圈梁上部預(yù)留了很多預(yù)埋金屬板構(gòu)件，金屬板構(gòu)件的間隔尺寸為2m。通過在周圈圈梁的基礎(chǔ)上，增加密梁“井”字交叉，交織的密梁，為1m的間隔，在每一個(gè)交叉點(diǎn)，向下部焊接鋼柱，鋼柱之間通過斜叉的交織梁進(jìn)行焊接。獲得更穩(wěn)定的底部支撐。由于基礎(chǔ)的底部地層是巨型巖石，采用了化學(xué)錳酸進(jìn)行鉆孔技術(shù)，以類似“玉米稈”稈節(jié)上的細(xì)根理念：玉米稈瘦長，易彎，在稈的下部，每一層稈節(jié)處都會(huì)生長出細(xì)根，像傘的骨架一樣撐開落地。將鋼柱與鉆孔后預(yù)埋螺栓再進(jìn)行鋼筋焊接，類似玉米稈底部與細(xì)根連接的原理，使得所有基礎(chǔ)達(dá)到一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。

所有底部構(gòu)件均采用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)材料，在中心的結(jié)構(gòu)圈層里，澆筑混凝土，讓中心所有的部件形成一個(gè)完整的可以抵抗上部建筑側(cè)向推力的敦實(shí)基座。

交通分“界”

上云臺(tái)的景色四面俱佳，登高遠(yuǎn)望，在驛站內(nèi)部設(shè)環(huán)形階梯，以10m長的南北兩個(gè)邊設(shè)置踏步，以中間為軸分4段樓梯踏步，每上升1/4建筑的邊長即上至一個(gè)平臺(tái)層，從某種意義來看，這也是水平交通與垂直交通的并置處理，傳統(tǒng)意義上消極的垂直交通變成了與水平交通共生的積極空間，垂直交通也是水平交通的一部分。交通空間的護(hù)欄，并沒有把護(hù)欄當(dāng)作基本構(gòu)件來設(shè)計(jì)，而是采用了單層書擱架的方式設(shè)置，上下擱架桿之間，采用合適的間隔以達(dá)到安全，這些擱架與書的安放，形成空間屏障，從頂部滲透下來的光線，透過書架彌散下來。交通分隔帶來空間的內(nèi)聚與外延：內(nèi)聚的空間靜謐幽閉，只有頂光自上部滲透下來；外延的空間開放遼闊，從封閉靜謐的樓梯層，推開休憩房間的門，豁然開朗，可以觀遠(yuǎn)山和云海。

生長

從廢舊場(chǎng)地更新的邏輯來看，這個(gè)建筑是重生于廢棄之上的，從建筑空間形態(tài)來看，這個(gè)建筑也是逐級(jí)向上遞進(jìn)生長的，這兩者同時(shí)也順應(yīng)了場(chǎng)地上人工的建造遺棄之物和自然的大山延綿起伏之勢(shì)。（撰文：羅宇杰）

1 總平面/Site plan

2 基地現(xiàn)狀/Site situation

3 外景效果圖/Exterior view

4 分解圖/Exploded diagram

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

業(yè)主/Client: 上云臺(tái)景區(qū)/Shangyuntai Scenic Area

項(xiàng)目地址/Location: 中國山西省陵川縣奪火鄉(xiāng)外荒村/Waihuang Village, Duohuo Town, Lingchuan County, Shanxi Province, China

建筑師/Architects: 羅宇杰，黃尚萬/LUO Yujie, HUANG Shangwan

承建商/Construction Firm: 上木造（北京）建筑科技有限公司/Shinewood Building Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.

建筑面積/Floor Area: 310 m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2020.09

擬竣工時(shí)間/Proposed Completion Time: 2021.08

"Construction of Growth"

I admire nature and I am fascinated in plants that keep growing upwards. Their diversified growing gestures are just for getting more sunlight.This kind of natural tension creates large number of wonderful and intelligent structures, which attracts people to explore.

Background

Shangyuntai is a natural scenic spot in Lingchuan, Shanxi Province, China, and it is so named because it sits above the Yuntai Mountain Scenic Area in Jiaozuo, Henan Province. Located at the geological fault zone of Taihang Mountains and the Central Plains, it offers spectacular scenery and provides a great view to the surrounding landscape.

The previous operator of the scenic spot was a local coal mining owner, who gained considerable economic bene fits in the late 1990s, and later chose to withdraw from the mineral industry and started investing in local geological landscape areas. The coal mining owner undertook a scenic area in the town,and has built roads for local villages. However, the large geographical scope of the scenic area requires much more investment than expected. And for various reasons, there was no interaction between tourists and the area down the hill. After the earlystage construction of the Shangyuntai Scenic Area,it fells into a deadlock and stayed un-developed,leaving many incomplete buildings with merely built foundations or structural frames. The construction has been suspended for 10 years.

Waihuang Village is located at the most precipitous intersection of Shangyuntai and Yuntai Mountain Scenic Area, and provides the best view to the natural surroundings. The operator of the Shangyuntai Scenic Area has built some landscape viewing facilities, such as octagonal pavilions.Besides, a public restroom for tourists was planned to be constructed at the southeast of Waihuang Village. However, due to investment capital rupture,the plan was shelved after the completion of the restroom's foundation.

The beautiful sceneries of the area have attracted a large number of tourists, but the poor living conditions and sanitary environment couldn't meet the demands of travellers for resting and accommodation. The intention of this project is to build a hostel based on the foundation of the uncompleted restroom, so as to provide tourists with a place for taking a rest and to stimulate,promote the development of local tourism services.

5 平面/Plan

6 剖面/Section

Overhanging Spaces

The rectangular plane of the original restroom is 10m long and 6m wide, so the area is limited.In order to obtain more resting space and better view of landscape, we must create overhanging spaces. The programmes with relatively dense structures (holding a relatively heavy weight) such as bathroom, storage, etc. are placed within the foundation of the original restroom, while large bedrooms (with relatively a light load) are set at overhanging areas. Such a strategy of spatial organisation is not only in line with structural load,but also matches the logic of landscape viewing from the spaces.

Dense Column Grid

The existing foundation is rubble masonry,and what is beneath it is a huge rock. The mountain road is rugged, so heavy machinery can't drive into the construction site. Therefore, an evenlydistributed structural column grid is used to form a matrix to obtain a coordinated load bearing system, and the load bearing of the overall building is evenly distributed on the base. The wooden structure featuring dense arrangement of columns(column spacing: 1 m) was managed to be put on the foundation, hence generating a complete and balanced structural system. The main body of the structure forms the entire slab foundation through the ring beams of the rubble foundation, and realizes a more favourable (smaller) pressure on the existing foundation. The densely inward column matrix interweaves with the upper structural beams to form a complete unity. The horizontal beams cross each other and are extended to both ends at the same time, like a shoulder pole to balance the load bearing. Vertical columns and horizontal beams are connected by curved wooden beams at the junctions of the external walls.Between the upper and lower horizontal beams,inclined wooden beams are added to strengthen the triangular load bearing associated with the structure.

Reinforcement of the Existing Foundation

The lower part of the existing foundation was made of rubble masonry, and there is a ring of concrete beams on top. A lot of embedded metal plate members are reserved on the upper part of the ring beam for future construction. The spacing between the metal plate members is 2 m. In order to get a more stable support on the bottom, a dense grid-like beam system is introduced on the basis of the perimetre beams. The spacing between those interwoven dense beams is 1 m. At each intersection,the steel columns are welded to the lower part and strengthened by diagonal criss-crossing beams.Since the bottom layer of the foundation was a giant rock, manganese acid is used for drilling, which adopts a "corn stalk" concept - corn stalks are long and thin, easy to bend, and thinner branches can grow from each node of the stalks and spread out like the skeleton of an umbrella. Steel columns are welded with the embedded bolts after the drilling work. Such treatment is similar to the concept of connecting the bottom of the corn stalk with the thinner branches, so that all the elements of the foundation can reach a stable status.

All the bottom components are made of steel.And concrete is poured in the central structure, so that all components in the centre can work together to form a complete solid foundation that can resist against the lateral force of the upper construction.

Traf fic "Boundaries"

Shangyuntai has charming natural scenery in all directions. A spiral stairs is inserted into the space for landscape viewing. Stairs are set along the 2 north-south edges that stretch 10 metres,and are divided into 4 sections based on the centre axis. There is a platform after climbing every 1/4 of the length of the building's side. In a sense, this realises the juxtaposition of horizontal and vertical circulations, and helps to convert the dull vertical traffic into a dynamic experience that integrated with the horizontal circulation. Safety rails are not just treated as basic components, but are integrated into single-level bookshelves. The upper and lower shelf rods are separated by suitable gaps to ensure safety. The arrangement of shelves and books form a spatial barrier and a light diffuser. Traffic separation brings in both cohesion and extension of the space.Inward-looking areas are quiet and enclosed, with only the top light penetrating and casting down,leaving outward-facing spaces open and expansive.As tourists pass the closed, quiet stairs and then open the door of bedrooms, the view towards hills that are from distance and sea of clouds will be suddenly opened up.

Growth

The building is reborn from a waste field and grows upwards layer by layer in terms of architecture form. It conforms to the artificial construction of abandoned objects on the site and the continuous undulation of natural mountains.(Text by LUO Yujie )

7 室內(nèi)公共交通 /Interior public circulation

8 室內(nèi)公共交通 /Interior public circulation