建筑設(shè)計(jì)：英根霍芬建筑事務(wù)所

1 德雷施本大廈、米利佩德和霍夫加藤，1964年/Dreischeibenhaus, Tausendfü?ler, Hofgarten, 1964（圖片來源/Sources: city archive Düsseldorf）

城市與公園之間——一種新型的建筑

為回應(yīng)城市現(xiàn)狀，科伯格2號分為商業(yè)和辦公兩部分。梯形主體高5層，其傾斜的外立面朝向彼此，與稍小些的三角形體量遙相對應(yīng)，形成了通向古斯塔夫-格林德根斯廣場的動態(tài)入口。沿著影子商業(yè)街或柏林大道向這里走來，你會看到戰(zhàn)后現(xiàn)代主義的標(biāo)志性建筑——德雷施本大廈和杜塞爾多夫城市劇院——及位于其后側(cè)、種滿了玉蘭樹的霍夫加藤公共花園。正對著古斯塔夫-格林德根斯廣場的科伯格2號，通體覆蓋著綠植，與霍夫加藤公共花園相對話。

從功能性來看，科伯格2號將文化及購物這種城市生活中不同的層面銜接起來，集零售、餐飲、辦公和娛樂于一體，總建筑面積達(dá)42,000m2。緊臨影子商業(yè)街——德國最繁忙的購物街之一——的玻璃立面高27m、長120m。多孔金屬網(wǎng)骨架作為內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，從封閉到開敞，不同視角呈現(xiàn)出的空間透明度各不相同。包含屋頂在內(nèi)的其他外立面則相對柔和，其上種植了長達(dá)8km的角木樹籬——這也是全歐洲最大的綠植立面。對側(cè)空間高10m，與道路相銜接的傾斜屋面也通體覆蓋著綠植，有助于讓來訪者放松身心。綠植區(qū)塊的構(gòu)圖靈感來自于大地藝術(shù)，謹(jǐn)慎地調(diào)和了城市和公園之間的不確定感。

長達(dá)8km的角木樹籬

事務(wù)所選用了當(dāng)?shù)匾环N闊葉植物——角木，該品種在冬季不掉葉子。春季，樹籬上滿是鮮嫩的淺綠色葉片，夏季變?yōu)闈庥舻纳罹G色，秋季則變?yōu)榻瘘S。這些綠植改善了城市小微氣候——在夏季抵御陽光輻射，降低城市高溫，凝結(jié)CO2，儲存水分，吸收噪音且有助于激發(fā)生物多樣性。角木樹籬產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效應(yīng)約等同于80棵成熟的落葉植物。數(shù)十年來，英根霍芬建筑事務(wù)所走訪了不同的氣候區(qū)域，致力于打造盡可能多的綠地以回饋城市。依托于“超級綠色”理念，事務(wù)所正全面實(shí)行可持續(xù)發(fā)展策略。這種根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)厍闆r為每個(gè)項(xiàng)目制定適宜種植計(jì)劃的理念，標(biāo)志著城市應(yīng)對氣候變化的前瞻性思考。

本項(xiàng)目中，事務(wù)所與柏林博伊特應(yīng)用科技大學(xué)的植物學(xué)家施特勞奇博士聯(lián)合制定了詳細(xì)的植物技術(shù)計(jì)劃，并在實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置上進(jìn)行了測試。基于對場地的精確分析，明確了建筑需求，例如高1.3m的樹籬所需種植機(jī)的尺寸與型號。此外，還制定了一個(gè)提供水、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)并對植株進(jìn)行定期修剪的維護(hù)計(jì)劃?？撇?號屋面上的灌木叢生長在常規(guī)植物床基上，北立面和西立面的灌木叢則生長在一種水平設(shè)置的容器中，該特殊培育系統(tǒng)分布在與立面緊密相連的獨(dú)立支撐結(jié)構(gòu)上。苗圃自2016年起就在培育植株，2019年秋季，根系發(fā)育完全的植株被運(yùn)送到了施工現(xiàn)場。

自1992年起推動城市發(fā)展

克里斯托弗·英根霍芬自1992年起就有了重新設(shè)計(jì)杜塞爾多夫市中心的想法。通過調(diào)研、深化城市規(guī)劃理念和具體實(shí)踐，在長期以機(jī)動車及暢通無阻的交通為導(dǎo)向的城市演進(jìn)過程中，他起到了不可或缺的作用。例如，在2003年的MIPIM會議上，他提出了在國王大道、揚(yáng)·韋勒姆廣場、霍夫加滕公園和古斯塔夫-格林德根斯廣場的附近區(qū)域進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)再發(fā)展的設(shè)計(jì)倡議，倡議包括借由隧道緩解交通壓力及拆除高架公路。2014年英根霍芬建筑事務(wù)所在科伯格2號的國際競賽中勝出。2018-2020年，事務(wù)所對杜塞爾多夫劇院進(jìn)行了翻修，同時(shí)，運(yùn)用謹(jǐn)慎且低調(diào)的設(shè)計(jì)策略對古斯塔夫-格林德根斯廣場周邊的建筑進(jìn)行了徹底的內(nèi)部整修。

在這個(gè)立體交通高速路一直占據(jù)主導(dǎo)之地，秉承著庭院建筑師海因里?！は＠詹祭紫Ｌ氐木?，依托于以更多市民為本的城市規(guī)劃策略，霍夫加藤公共花園在2013年重返城市中心。在杜塞爾多夫的新市中心，3個(gè)處于不同的位置的建筑匯聚形成了城市肌理：簡潔冷峻的德雷施本大廈（赫爾穆特·亨特里奇和休伯特·派特克寧格設(shè)計(jì)，1960年），顏色明快、形態(tài)輕盈的城市劇院（波恩哈德·普福設(shè)計(jì)，1970年），以及通體綠色、具有動態(tài)立面的科伯格2號（英根霍芬建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)，2020年）。每個(gè)建筑都代表著其所處的時(shí)代，互不爭搶，各自佇立。（天妮 譯）

Between City and Park – A New Type of Building

K?-Bogen II, a two-part commercial and office building, was developed in response to the existing urban situation. With their sloping fa?ades turned towards each other, the five-storey,trapezoidal main building, together with its smaller,triangular counterpart, form a dynamic entrance to Gustaf-Gründgens-Platz. Approaching the building from Schadowstrasse or Berliner Allee gives an unobstructed view of the icons of postwar modernism - the Dreischeibenhaus and the Schauspielhaus - and behind them the Hofgarten[the public garden] with its magnolia trees. The K?-Bogen fa?ades facing the plaza at Gustaf-Gründgens-Platz are entirely green, entering into a dialogue with the Hofgarten.

Functionally, K?-Bogen II mediates between the different facets of urban life: between the pleasures of culture and of shopping. A variety of uses - retail,gastronomy, offices, and recreation - come together on a gross floor area of 42,000 square metres.Measuring 27 metres high and 120 metres long, the fa?ade of the main building along Schadowstrasse -one of the busiest shopping streets in Germany - is completely glazed. Expanded metal slats structure the interior, varying in transparency from closed to open, depending on the perspective. The other fa?ades including the roof are more tempered and planted with 8 kilometres of hornbeam hedges -Europe's largest green fa?ade. The accessible sloping roof of the 10-metre-high building opposite is also completely green and invites visitors to relax and take in the sun. The composition of these green areas is inspired by Land Art, and enable K?-Bogen II to oscillate in a deliberate indeterminacy between city and park.

Eight Kilometres of Hornbeam Hedges

The hornbeam was chosen as a native hardwood,and the selected varieties keep their leaves in winter. In spring the hedges glisten with their fresh, light green foliage, which deepen to rich, dark green in summer, then to golden brown in autumn.This greenery improves the city's microclimate -it protects against the sun's rays in summer and reduces urban heat, binds carbon dioxide, stores moisture, absorbs noise, and supports biodiversity.The ecological bene fit of the hornbeam hedges equals that of approximately 80 fully grown deciduous trees. Giving back as much green as possible to the city is a task that ingenhoven architects have been working on for decades and across different climate zones. With its supergreen concept the office is taking a comprehensive approach to sustainability.A bespoke planting concept is developed for each project according to the local context and marks a forward-thinking urban response to climate change.

For the project in Düsseldorf, a detailed phytotechnological plan was developed in collaboration with the botanist Prof. Dr. Strauch from Beuth University of Applied Sciences in Berlin,and tested in a trial installation. Based on a precise site analysis, structural requirements were de fined,such as the size and type of planters needed for the 1.3-metre-high hedges. A concept for the supply of water and nutrients along with plant maintenance,including regular pruning, was also developed.While the shrubs on the roof of K?-Bogen II grow in conventional plant beds, those on the north- and west-facing fa?ades are grown in a special system of horizontally arranged containers on a separate supporting structure that is firmly connected to the fa?ade. The plants were supplied by a nursery where they had been growing since 2016, so they could be delivered to the construction site in autumn 2019with fully developed roots.

3 剖面/Sections

4 剖面/Sections

Impulses for Urban Development Since 1992

Christoph Ingenhoven has been pursuing the idea of redesigning the centre of Düsseldorf since 1992. With studies, urban planning concepts, and concrete projects, he has provided essential impulses for the evolution of a city that was long oriented towards cars and the unimpeded flow of traffic. In 2003 at the MIPIM, for example, he presented a design for comprehensive redevelopment in the area around K?nigsallee, Jan-Wellem-Platz, Hofgarten,and Gustaf-Gründgens-Platz, including the transfer of traffic into tunnels and the demolition of the elevated highway. In 2014, ingenhoven architects won the limited international competition for K?-Bogen II. From 2018 to 2020, the office refurbished the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus. The approach was sensitive and understated, while undertaking a clear internal restructuring of the building towards Gustaf-Gründgens-Platz.

Today, at the site where an elevated motorway dominated the landscape until 2013 - in the spirit of the garden architect Heinrich Hillebrecht - the Hofgarten has moved back into the heart of the city through a more people-oriented approach to urban planning. In Düsseldorf's new city centre,three different architectural positions converge to shape the urban fabric: the clear austerity of the Dreischeibenhaus by Helmut Hentrich and Hubert Petschnigg [1960], the buoyant lightness of the Schauspielhaus by Bernhard Pfau [1970],and the entirely green, dynamic fa?ades of K?-Bogen II by ingenhoven architects [2020]. Each representative of its time, none in competition with the others.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

功能/Programme: 零售，餐飲，辦公，地下停車/Retail,gastronomy, offices, underground car park

客戶/Client: Düsseldorf Schadowstra?e 50/52 GmbH & Co.KG, CENTRUM Projektentwicklung GmbH, Düsseldorf and B&L Group, Hamburg

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: ingenhoven architects

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Christoph Ingenhoven, Peter Jan van Ouwerkerk, Cem Uzman, Mehmet Congara, Ben Dieckmann, Patrick Esser, Vanessa Garcia Carnicero, Yulia Grantovskikh, Tomoko Goi, Olga Hartmann, Jakob Hense,Melike Islek, Fabrice-Noel K?hler, Christian Monning,Daniel Pehl, Andres Pena Gomez, Peter Pistorius, Lukas Reichel, Jürgen Schreyer, Susana Somoza Parada, Jonas Unger, Nicolas Witsch, Dariusz Szczygielski, Stefan Boenicke, Thanh Dang

項(xiàng)目管理/Project Management: AIP Bauregie GmbH,Düsseldorf

結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)劃/Structural Planning: Schü?ler-Plan Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Düsseldorf

開發(fā)計(jì)劃/Development Plan: Heinz Jahnen Pflüger -Stadtplaner und Architekten Partnerschaft, Aachen

土木工程咨詢/Geotechnical Consulting: ICG Düsseldorf GmbH & Co. KG

綠色立面設(shè)計(jì)/Fa?ade Planning - Green Fa?ades & Green Roofs: ingenhoven architects

植物科技/Phytotechnology - Building Greenery: Strauch,Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Department of Life Sciences and Technology

植物生態(tài)咨詢/Consultation on Vegetation Ecology: Prof.Dr. Reif, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Chair of Site Classi fication and Vegetation Science

BGF辦公樓面積/BGF Office Building: 41,370 m2

BGF地下車庫面積/BGF Underground Car Park: 23,000 m2施工時(shí)間/Construction Period: 2017-2020

可持續(xù)認(rèn)證/Sustainability Certi ficate: DGNB Platinum pre -certi ficate, supergreen?

攝影/Photos: ingenhoven architects/HGEsch

5 總平面/Site plan

6 屋頂平面/Roof plan

7 鳥瞰/Aerial view

8 首層平面/Ground floor plan

9 立面細(xì)部/Fa?ade detail

評委評語

鮑里斯·沙德-賓索夫：科伯格2號商業(yè)綜合體既是一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的建筑地標(biāo)，也是一個(gè)卓越的生態(tài)標(biāo)桿，從城市規(guī)劃的角度它也很有趣：它完成了一個(gè)廣義上的城市更新，標(biāo)志著從汽車主導(dǎo)的街道向人本城市轉(zhuǎn)型。該建筑是一個(gè)明確的綠色城市設(shè)計(jì)宣言，成就了古斯塔夫-格林德根斯廣場的新建筑群。該項(xiàng)目將自然帶入杜塞爾多夫城市中心。8km長的角木樹籬以及超過30,000株植物形成歐洲最大的綠色外立面——這是一個(gè)前所未有的項(xiàng)目。（龐凌波 譯）

Jury Statement

Boris Schade-Bünsow: K?-Bogen II is both a strong architectural and ecological signature and interesting from an urban planning point of view: Completing an extensive urban renewal project marking a change from the car-dominated street towards a people-oriented city the building makes a clear green urban design statement accomplishing the new building ensemble at the Gustaf-Gründgens-Platz. The project brings nature to the centre of Düsseldorf. With eight kilometres of hornbeam hedges, over 30,000 plants - Europe's largest green fa?ade - this is a project yet unseen here.

10 近景/Nearby view

11 歐洲最大的綠色立面，細(xì)節(jié)/Europe's biggest green fa?ade, detail

12 歐洲最大的綠色立面，細(xì)節(jié)/Europe's biggest green fa?ade, detail