李波?陳中婕?奚玲如?匡祖穎?潘夢秋?葉錦龍?邱偉?王展航
【摘要】目的 探討成人髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)細胞糖蛋白(MOG)抗體相關性腦脊髓炎(MOG-EM)患者的臨床特點。方法 回顧性分析15例成人MOG-EM患者的臨床癥狀、影像學特點、實驗室檢查、預后及隨訪等情況。結(jié)果 15例患者中男7例、女8例,起病年齡(39.0±14.7)歲。臨床癥狀以視力下降最多見(7例,7/15),其次為肢體麻木或肢體癱瘓(5例,5/15),部分患者有構(gòu)音不清、視物重影、行走不穩(wěn)等腦干、小腦癥狀或意識障礙、癲癇發(fā)作、記憶力下降等急性播散性腦脊髓炎樣癥狀。15例患者行頭顱MRI檢查,13例(13/15)顯示有異常病灶,以大腦皮層及皮層下白質(zhì)(8例,8/13)、橋腦(4例,4/13)受累多見,丘腦、小腦、胼胝體亦可見受累。9例患者行全脊髓MRI檢查,3例(3/9)有異常病灶、均累及頸髓,1例(1/3)累及胸髓。15例患者血清MOG-IgG均陽性,其中11例行腦脊液MOG-IgG檢測,5例(5/11) 陽性。8例(8/15) 患者臨床復發(fā)。10例患者復查血清MOG-IgG,5例(5/10)抗體轉(zhuǎn)陰,其中4例(4/5)無復發(fā);5例(5/10)抗體呈持續(xù)陽性,均復發(fā)。所有患者經(jīng)甲潑尼龍及Ig治療,1例加用嗎替麥考酚酯治療,預后均良好。結(jié)論 成人MOG-EM以視神經(jīng)炎表現(xiàn)常見,大腦皮層、皮層下白質(zhì)、腦橋易受累,預后較好,臨床復發(fā)率較高,血清MOG-IgG持續(xù)陽性者易復發(fā)。
【關鍵詞】髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)細胞糖蛋白抗體相關性腦脊髓炎;脫髓鞘疾病;
中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng);髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)細胞糖蛋白;成人
Clinical characteristics of 15 adult cases of MOG-IgG-associated encephalomyelitis Li Bo, Chen Zhongjie, Xi Lingru, Kuang Zuying, Pan Mengqiu, Ye Jinlong, Qiu Wei, Wang Zhanhang. Department of Neurology, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou 510510, China
Corresponding author, Wang Zhanhang, E-mail: kedafu2005@ sina. com. cn
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of 15 adult patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunoglobulin-G (IgG)-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM). Methods The clinical symptoms, MRI features, laboratory examination, clinical prognosis and follow-up of 15 MOG-EM patients were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsAmong 15 patients, 7 cases were male and 8 female. The average age of onset was (39.0±14.7) years. The most common clinical symptoms were visual impairment(7/15), followed by limb numbness and paralysis (5/15). Partial patients presented with relevant symptoms of the brainstem and cerebellum (dysarthria, double vision and unstable walking) or relevant signs of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, such as consciousness disorder, seizure and memory loss, etc. MRI results detected abnormal lesions in 13 cases (13/15) including 8 cases of cortical/subcortical white matter involvement (8/13) and 4 cases of pontile involvement (4/13). The thalamus, cerebellum and corpus callosum were also involved. Nine patients received MRI of the whole spinal cord. Among them, 3 cases presented with abnormal lesions, all of which were involved with the cervical spinal cord and 1 case of thoracic spinal cord (1/3). All 15 patients were tested positive for serum MOG-IgG. Among 11 cases receiving detection of MOG-IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid, 5 cases were positive for MOG-IgG. Eight (8/15) patients recurred. Ten patients received repeated detection of serum MOG-IgG. Among them,5 cases turned negative and 4 of them did not recur. The remaining 5 cases remained positive and recurred. All patients were treated with methylprednisolone and Ig. One patient was supplemented with mycophenolate mofetil. Favorable clinical prognosis was obtained. Conclusions Adult patients with MOG-EM are primarily manifested with optic neuritis, which is involved with cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter and pons. Relatively favorable clinical prognosis can be obtained. The cliical recurrence rate is relatively high. Patients persistently positive for serum MOG-IgG are likely to recur.
【Key words】Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin-G-associated encephalomyelitis;
Demyelinating disease;Central nervous system;
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein;Adult
近幾年髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)細胞糖蛋白(MOG)抗體在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎性脫髓鞘疾病中的作用得到越來越多的關注,已有研究證實其與成人和兒童視神經(jīng)炎、脊髓炎、腦干腦炎、急性播散性腦脊髓炎(ADEM)樣癥狀密切相關。目前大多數(shù)專家認為MOG抗體陽性的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎性脫髓鞘疾病是一種獨立的疾病實體,其臨床特點和免疫病理學機制均不同于多發(fā)性硬化(MS)和水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)抗體陽性的視神經(jīng)脊髓炎譜系疾?。∟MOSD),因此又被稱為MOG抗體相關性腦脊髓炎(MOG-EM)[1-2]。
MOG抗體可表達于成人及兒童患者體內(nèi),有研究者認為成人與兒童在臨床癥狀、治療轉(zhuǎn)歸方面有很大不同。筆者對12例MOG-EM兒童患者進行臨床研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)其一般以意識水平下降、癲癇大發(fā)作等ADEM樣癥狀或視力下降起病,預后均良好[3]。目前關于MOG-EM成人患者方面的報道較少,因本病相對少見,在本文中,我們回顧性分析了15例成人MOG-EM患者的臨床資料,對其臨床癥狀、影像學特點、實驗室檢查、治療及預后情況進行總結(jié)分析,以期為深入研究該病提供參考。
對象與方法
一、研究對象
收集2017 年 7 月至 2020年4月于廣東三九腦科醫(yī)院住院就診的15例成人MOG-EM患者的資料,15例均按照2020年新發(fā)表的《抗髓鞘少突膠質(zhì)細胞糖蛋白免疫球蛋白G抗體相關疾病診斷和治療中國專家共識》的標準重核診斷,并參照以下納入及排除標準[4]。納入標準:符合以下所有標準,①用全長人MOG作為靶抗原的細胞法檢測血清MOG-IgG陽性;②臨床有下列表現(xiàn)之一或組合,a.視神經(jīng)炎,包括慢性復發(fā)性炎性視神經(jīng)病變,b.橫貫性脊髓炎(TM),c.腦炎或腦膜腦炎,d.腦干腦炎;③與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)脫髓鞘相關的MRI或電生理[孤立性視神經(jīng)炎(ON)患者的視覺誘發(fā)電位(VEP)]檢查結(jié)果;④排除其他診斷;⑤年齡> 18歲。排除標準:非炎癥性的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)脫髓鞘病變。復發(fā)標準:在急性期治療后原有臨床癥狀加重或出現(xiàn)新的癥狀或體征,影像學檢查可見新的責任病灶。
二、方 法
收集15例患者的臨床資料,包括一般資料、臨床癥狀、影像學資料、實驗室檢查、治療及預后情況。收集復發(fā)患者復發(fā)時的臨床癥狀、影像學資料、抗體檢測情況。收集患者復查時的臨床資料。
三、統(tǒng)計學處理
使用SPSS 20.0對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計學描述,符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以表示,非正態(tài)分布的計量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)表示,計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(相對比)表示。
結(jié)果
一、一般情況
15例患者中男7例、女8例,起病年齡(39.0 ±14.7)歲,起病至我院就診時間32.3(32.2)d。起病前有發(fā)熱3例,均為上呼吸道感染。8例患者出現(xiàn)復發(fā),復發(fā)時間間隔為8.4(6.9)個月。15例中7例為視神經(jīng)炎,5例為腦干腦炎,7例為腦炎,3例為腦膜腦炎,2例為TM。
二、臨床特點
本組15例患者中以視力下降最多見,共7例(7/15),4例(4/15)出現(xiàn)行走不穩(wěn),5例(5/15)肢體癱瘓或肢體麻木,4例(4/15)出現(xiàn)行走不穩(wěn),2例(2/15)記憶力下降,2例(2/15)構(gòu)音不清,2例(2/15)精神異常,1例(1/15)視物重影,1例(1/15)意識障礙。6例(6/15)伴有頭痛,2例(2/15)伴有頭暈, 2例(2/15)伴有嘔吐。7例以單發(fā)臨床癥狀起病,8例以2組或2組以上臨床癥狀同時起病。
8例(8/15)患者出現(xiàn)復發(fā),3例(3/8)復發(fā)時表現(xiàn)為行走不穩(wěn),2例(2/8)表現(xiàn)為構(gòu)音不清, 2例(2/8)出現(xiàn)精神癥狀,1例(1/8)出現(xiàn)視野缺損,1例(1/8)癲癇發(fā)作,1例(1/8)出現(xiàn)肢體麻木,1例(1/8)再發(fā)頭痛。
三、實驗室檢查
15例患者均進行了腦脊液檢查,4例(4/15)腦脊液壓力升高,最高達320 mm H2O(1 mm H2O=0.0098 kPa),11例(11/15)壓力在正常范圍內(nèi);8例(8/15)白細胞增多,均< 100×106/L,細胞學分類以淋巴細胞、單核細胞比率升高為主;5例(5/15)蛋白含量升高,但均< 1 g/L。12例行腦脊液寡克隆抗體檢測,均陰性。7例患者行ESR檢測,6例(6/7)升高。2例患者血清抗鏈球菌溶血素(ASO)明顯升高。1例患者合并抗干燥綜合征A抗體(抗SSA抗體)、抗核抗體(ANA)陽性。15例患者血清MOG-IgG陽性,其中11例行腦脊液MOG-IgG檢測,5例(5/11)陽性。8例(8/15)患者臨床復發(fā)。10例復查血清MOG-IgG,5例(5/10)抗體轉(zhuǎn)陰,這5例中4例(4/5)無復發(fā),1例(1/5)臨床復發(fā),表現(xiàn)為視力下降加重,影像學檢查病灶范圍擴大;另5例(5/10)血清MOG-IgG持續(xù)陽性,均復發(fā),出現(xiàn)新的臨床癥狀。3例(3/15)血清MOG-IgG陽性合并腦脊液抗谷氨酸受體(NMDA型)抗體陽性,均復發(fā)。
四、影像學特點
15例患者均行頭顱MRI+增強檢查,9例行脊髓MRI+增強檢查。15例患者中13例(13/15)可見顱內(nèi)異常病灶,其中2例(2/13)合并脊髓病灶;1例(1/15)頭顱MRI正常,脊髓MRI有異常病灶;另1例(1/15)頭顱、脊髓MRI均無異常病灶。13例頭顱MRI有異常病灶的患者中,病灶累及大腦皮層及皮層下白質(zhì)8例(8/13),累及橋腦4例(4/13),累及丘腦2例(2/13),累及小腦2例(2/13),累及胼胝體1例(1/13);其中11例(11/13)增強可見病灶強化,多為斑點狀、斑片狀、線樣強化,部分為環(huán)形強化,5例(5/13)可見軟腦膜強化。9例進行脊髓MRI檢查的患者中3例(3/9)可見異常病灶,均累及頸髓,1例累及胸髓。9例患者行動脈自旋標記(ASL)顯示7例(7/9)呈低灌注,2例(2/9)呈等灌注。部分患者臨床復發(fā),復發(fā)后病灶范圍擴大。典型病例的MRI檢查見圖1。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-15)
(本文編輯:洪悅民)