不定式是高中英語三種非謂語動詞形式之一。它主要有兩種形式:帶to的不定式和不帶to的不定式。不定式具有動詞的一些特征,有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,見下表:
1. 作主語,如:
To see is to believe.眼見為實。
不定式作主語,往往用it作形式主語,真正的主語(不定式結(jié)構(gòu))放在句子的后面。如:
Its necessary to lock the car when you do not use it.不用車的時候,有必要把它鎖上。
2. 作表語,如:
The important thing is to save lives.救人要緊。
3. 作賓語,如:
They demanded to be shown the authentic documents.
他們要求拿出可信的證據(jù)。
4. 作定語,不定式作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后,往往表示未發(fā)生的動作,如:
The new term is coming and I have a lot of work to do. 新學(xué)期到了,我有許多事要做。
此外,不定式還可用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級形容詞或no,all,any等限定的中心詞。如:
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一位在奧林匹克競賽中獲得金牌的女士。
He was the best man to do the job.
他是最適合做這項工作的人。
(1) 作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,不定式后須有相應(yīng)的介詞。如:
There is nothing to worry about. 沒什么好擔(dān)心的。
Please give me a knife to cut with.
請給我一把切東西的刀。
但如不定式修飾的名詞是time,place或way時,不定式后的介詞通常省略。如:
We are looking for a place to eat.
我們正在找一個吃飯的地方。
I have no time to wait. 我沒有時間等。
(2) have sth. to do 與have sth. to be done 的區(qū)別,如:
I have a lot of things to buy. (to buy動作的執(zhí)行者是主語I)
Do you have anything to be bought?(to be bought動作的執(zhí)行者不是主語you而是問話者)
5. 作狀語,不定式可作目的狀語、結(jié)果狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語等。
(1) 作目的狀語。常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do,only to do(僅僅為了),in order to do,so as to do,so(such)…as to…(如此……以便……, 通常不用于句首)。如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
他飛快地跑著以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say goodbye to you.
我來僅僅是向你告別的。
(2) 作結(jié)果狀語(??梢员硎緵]有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面)。如:
I awoke to find my trunk gone.
我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。
He searched the room only to find nothing.
他搜查了房間,沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。
(3) 作原因狀語,如:
Im glad to see you. 見到你很高興。
She wept to see the sight.
她一看到這情形就哭了。
(4) 作條件狀語,如:
He must be a fool to say so. (= He must be a fool if he says so.)
只有傻瓜才這么說(如果他這么說,他一定是個傻瓜)。
You will do well to speak more carefully. (= You will do well if you speak more carefully.)你要是說話能更注意點就好了。
6. 作補語
下列動詞后常跟不定式作賓語補足語:
advise; allow; cause; challenge; command; compel; drive(驅(qū)使); enable; encourage; forbid; force; impel; induce; instruct; invite; like/love; order; permit; make; let; have; want; get; warn; persuade; request; send; tell; train; urge等。
如:
I want you to be happy.我要你幸福。
I would like you to have an opportunity to appreciate Chinese art.
我想給你一個欣賞中國藝術(shù)的機會。
下列動詞后作賓補的動詞往往是be:
consider; find; believe; think; declare(聲稱); appoint; prove; suppose; feel; understand; imagine; know; guess; fancy(設(shè)想); guess; judge等。
如:
I know this to be a fact. 我知道這是事實。
We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個笨蛋。
I consider him to be too lazy. 我看他太懶了。
在consider,believe,declare,find,prove,think,imagine等之后,to be??墒∪ィòㄔ诒粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中)。如:
We believe him (to be) guilty.
He was considered (to be) too lazy.
1. 情態(tài)動詞之后。
2. 使役動詞 let,have,make;感官動詞 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作賓補的不定式(注意:被動語態(tài)中不能省略 “to”)。如:
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。
被動式:They were made to work the whole night.
3. would rather,had better后。
4. Why…/Why not…句型后。
5. help 后不定式可帶to,也可不帶to:help (sb.) (to) do sth.。
6. but和except前有實義動詞do時,后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。
比較:
He wants to do nothing but go out.他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.除了吃這藥,他什么都信。
7. 由and,or和than連接的兩個不定式,第二個to可以省去。
8. 通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think等詞后作賓語補足語時,可以省去to be。如:
He is supposed (to be) nice.他應(yīng)該是個好人。
“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中起名詞的作用,可作主語、表語、賓語。如:
When to start has not been decided. 何時開始還沒有決定。(不定式作主語)
I asked him how to learn English. 我問他如何學(xué)英語。(不定式作賓語)
He didnt know whether to go there or not. 他不知道是否去那兒。(不定式作賓語)
The question was where to go. 問題是去哪兒。 (不定式作表語)
1. 主要有:
forget to do sth. 忘記去做某事(未做)forget doing sth. 忘記做過了某事(已做)
remember to do sth. 記住去做某事remember doing sth.記得曾做過某事
stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事stop doing sth.停止做某事
try to do sth.努力/試圖做某事try doing sth.嘗試著做某事
go on to do sth.(做完某事)接著做另一件事go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做某事 (同一件事)
cant help to do sth.不能幫助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事
mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味著做某事
regret to do sth.遺憾地去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做了某事
2. 動詞like,love,prefer后接動名詞時表示是經(jīng)常性的動作行為;若要表示具體的行為則常用動詞不定式。如:
I like swimming,but I dont like to swim this afternoon. 我喜歡游泳,但是今天下午我不想去游泳。
3. 動名詞的主動形式表被動意義。動詞need,require,want表“需要”,deserve表“值得”時,常用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。
need require want deserve doing =need require want deserve to be done
如:
The window needs cleaning. (= needs to be cleaned.)