張新會
(石家莊二中雄安校區(qū)河北安新中學(xué),河北 安新 071600)
在高中階段,閱讀理解也是高考英語試卷中所占比例最大的必考內(nèi)容并且體裁廣泛。所以學(xué)生在進(jìn)行廣泛的閱讀的同時,遇到生詞再所難免。常用的猜測詞義的方法有:
構(gòu)詞法是高中生必須掌握的語法項目之一,主要是通過詞根或詞干,從詞的前綴,后綴,合成或轉(zhuǎn)化來判斷出詞的詞性和詞義。如表示否定的前綴常見的有dis,un,im,in,il,ir等。如:
(一)Shylock is so iron-hearted that he required a pound of flesh instead of money.
(二)The reorganization of the whole class is a tough task for the head teacher after a long vacation.
這種情況下,生詞往往出現(xiàn)在前面,而定義或解釋跟在生詞的后面。復(fù)述即換用不同的詞語重新表達(dá)同一內(nèi)容,可以是單詞,短語,也可以是從句。要注意復(fù)述部分與被復(fù)述部分往往構(gòu)成同位語關(guān)系,在句中多用逗號連接,有時用破折號,冒號或者分號來連接。如:
(一)His uncle is a zoologist,an expert who does research on animals.
(二)As a freshman,a student who is in his first year in college,he behaves very politely.
在一篇含有因果關(guān)系的文章中,往往原因在前,因果在后,或者結(jié)果在前,原因在后。這可以根據(jù)特定的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。如:
(一)The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom clearly even when it is shallow.
(二)He is such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.
這類題要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言知識和分析能力去搜尋和領(lǐng)會相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,往往會出現(xiàn)but,unlike,in spite of,however等一些介詞或副詞。如:
(一)Mary is wearing so traditional while her twin sister is so modish.
(二)My husband love violent sports very much,but I show a distaste for them.
語言表達(dá)中,人們通常利用同義詞或者近義詞來避免詞匯重復(fù),使文章生動活潑,增加文章的色彩。有的閱讀理解中,作者往往會用反義詞來揭示事物的不同點,形成鮮明的對比以增強(qiáng)鮮明的效果。如:
Thin people might feel depressed during cold weather.Overweight people,on other hand,may feel unhappy in hot summer months.
一詞多義的現(xiàn)象是常見的。閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)某些生詞或者一詞多義的詞匯時,文章的作者通常會在下文舉個例子,使詞義易懂。常見的例證詞有:for example,such as,like等。如:
Most of us know to control basic drives such as hunger when we are very young.此例中drive是熟詞新義,讀了such as后的具體例子,考生就會很快理解drive的特定意義。再如:
(一)I am a terrible coward when it comes to dealing with sick people,i.e.it scares me and I avoided it.
(二)This parrot is an amazing mimic.For example,it may say “hello” and “goodbye” to you if you say those words to your family in front of it often.
語言是文化的載體。在閱讀文章中,作者會或多或少滲透一定的特定文化。在閱讀中,學(xué)生也必須考慮到一定的語言文化背景,也要求利用自身的生活經(jīng)驗和科學(xué)常識進(jìn)行分析推斷。如:
(一)Chongqing is a livable city,all people there feel comfortable and happy with the good environment.
(二)Most people in Chongqing love hot-pot so much no matter how spicy it is.
(三)Terracotta warriors and horses in Xi’an attract a lot of visitors from abroad every year as they are the heritages of the world.
總之,在閱讀過程中,詞義猜測是學(xué)生不可缺少的重要能力之一。如果學(xué)生能夠運(yùn)用和掌握這種能力,就會很大程度上減少生詞的數(shù)量,有助于提高閱讀速度和提升閱讀能力。英語閱讀理解能力的提升和成績的提高是一個循序漸進(jìn)的過程,學(xué)生只要找到適合自己的訓(xùn)練方法并堅持下去,就能攻下閱讀理解這個難關(guān)。